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30 // Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
32 // Google Test - The Google C++ Testing Framework
34 // This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
35 // value of any type T:
37 // void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr);
39 // It uses the << operator when possible, and prints the bytes in the
40 // object otherwise. A user can override its behavior for a class
41 // type Foo by defining either operator<<(::std::ostream&, const Foo&)
42 // or void PrintTo(const Foo&, ::std::ostream*) in the namespace that
43 // defines Foo.
45 #include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"
46 #include <ctype.h>
47 #include <stdio.h>
48 #include <ostream> // NOLINT
49 #include <string>
50 #include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
52 namespace testing {
54 namespace {
56 using ::std::ostream;
58 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE // Windows CE does not define _snprintf_s.
59 # define snprintf _snprintf
60 #elif _MSC_VER >= 1400 // VC 8.0 and later deprecate snprintf and _snprintf.
61 # define snprintf _snprintf_s
62 #elif _MSC_VER
63 # define snprintf _snprintf
64 #endif // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
66 // Prints a segment of bytes in the given object.
67 void PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t start,
68 size_t count, ostream* os) {
69 char text[5] = "";
70 for (size_t i = 0; i != count; i++) {
71 const size_t j = start + i;
72 if (i != 0) {
73 // Organizes the bytes into groups of 2 for easy parsing by
74 // human.
75 if ((j % 2) == 0)
76 *os << ' ';
77 else
78 *os << '-';
80 snprintf(text, sizeof(text), "%02X", obj_bytes[j]);
81 *os << text;
85 // Prints the bytes in the given value to the given ostream.
86 void PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
87 ostream* os) {
88 // Tells the user how big the object is.
89 *os << count << "-byte object <";
91 const size_t kThreshold = 132;
92 const size_t kChunkSize = 64;
93 // If the object size is bigger than kThreshold, we'll have to omit
94 // some details by printing only the first and the last kChunkSize
95 // bytes.
96 // TODO(wan): let the user control the threshold using a flag.
97 if (count < kThreshold) {
98 PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, count, os);
99 } else {
100 PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, kChunkSize, os);
101 *os << " ... ";
102 // Rounds up to 2-byte boundary.
103 const size_t resume_pos = (count - kChunkSize + 1)/2*2;
104 PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, resume_pos, count - resume_pos, os);
106 *os << ">";
109 } // namespace
111 namespace internal2 {
113 // Delegates to PrintBytesInObjectToImpl() to print the bytes in the
114 // given object. The delegation simplifies the implementation, which
115 // uses the << operator and thus is easier done outside of the
116 // ::testing::internal namespace, which contains a << operator that
117 // sometimes conflicts with the one in STL.
118 void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
119 ostream* os) {
120 PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(obj_bytes, count, os);
123 } // namespace internal2
125 namespace internal {
127 // Depending on the value of a char (or wchar_t), we print it in one
128 // of three formats:
129 // - as is if it's a printable ASCII (e.g. 'a', '2', ' '),
130 // - as a hexidecimal escape sequence (e.g. '\x7F'), or
131 // - as a special escape sequence (e.g. '\r', '\n').
132 enum CharFormat {
133 kAsIs,
134 kHexEscape,
135 kSpecialEscape
138 // Returns true if c is a printable ASCII character. We test the
139 // value of c directly instead of calling isprint(), which is buggy on
140 // Windows Mobile.
141 inline bool IsPrintableAscii(wchar_t c) {
142 return 0x20 <= c && c <= 0x7E;
145 // Prints a wide or narrow char c as a character literal without the
146 // quotes, escaping it when necessary; returns how c was formatted.
147 // The template argument UnsignedChar is the unsigned version of Char,
148 // which is the type of c.
149 template <typename UnsignedChar, typename Char>
150 static CharFormat PrintAsCharLiteralTo(Char c, ostream* os) {
151 switch (static_cast<wchar_t>(c)) {
152 case L'\0':
153 *os << "\\0";
154 break;
155 case L'\'':
156 *os << "\\'";
157 break;
158 case L'\\':
159 *os << "\\\\";
160 break;
161 case L'\a':
162 *os << "\\a";
163 break;
164 case L'\b':
165 *os << "\\b";
166 break;
167 case L'\f':
168 *os << "\\f";
169 break;
170 case L'\n':
171 *os << "\\n";
172 break;
173 case L'\r':
174 *os << "\\r";
175 break;
176 case L'\t':
177 *os << "\\t";
178 break;
179 case L'\v':
180 *os << "\\v";
181 break;
182 default:
183 if (IsPrintableAscii(c)) {
184 *os << static_cast<char>(c);
185 return kAsIs;
186 } else {
187 *os << String::Format("\\x%X", static_cast<UnsignedChar>(c));
188 return kHexEscape;
191 return kSpecialEscape;
194 // Prints a char c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
195 // necessary; returns how c was formatted.
196 static CharFormat PrintAsWideStringLiteralTo(wchar_t c, ostream* os) {
197 switch (c) {
198 case L'\'':
199 *os << "'";
200 return kAsIs;
201 case L'"':
202 *os << "\\\"";
203 return kSpecialEscape;
204 default:
205 return PrintAsCharLiteralTo<wchar_t>(c, os);
209 // Prints a char c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
210 // necessary; returns how c was formatted.
211 static CharFormat PrintAsNarrowStringLiteralTo(char c, ostream* os) {
212 return PrintAsWideStringLiteralTo(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), os);
215 // Prints a wide or narrow character c and its code. '\0' is printed
216 // as "'\\0'", other unprintable characters are also properly escaped
217 // using the standard C++ escape sequence. The template argument
218 // UnsignedChar is the unsigned version of Char, which is the type of c.
219 template <typename UnsignedChar, typename Char>
220 void PrintCharAndCodeTo(Char c, ostream* os) {
221 // First, print c as a literal in the most readable form we can find.
222 *os << ((sizeof(c) > 1) ? "L'" : "'");
223 const CharFormat format = PrintAsCharLiteralTo<UnsignedChar>(c, os);
224 *os << "'";
226 // To aid user debugging, we also print c's code in decimal, unless
227 // it's 0 (in which case c was printed as '\\0', making the code
228 // obvious).
229 if (c == 0)
230 return;
231 *os << " (" << String::Format("%d", c).c_str();
233 // For more convenience, we print c's code again in hexidecimal,
234 // unless c was already printed in the form '\x##' or the code is in
235 // [1, 9].
236 if (format == kHexEscape || (1 <= c && c <= 9)) {
237 // Do nothing.
238 } else {
239 *os << String::Format(", 0x%X",
240 static_cast<UnsignedChar>(c)).c_str();
242 *os << ")";
245 void PrintTo(unsigned char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
246 PrintCharAndCodeTo<unsigned char>(c, os);
248 void PrintTo(signed char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
249 PrintCharAndCodeTo<unsigned char>(c, os);
252 // Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
253 // code otherwise and also as its code. L'\0' is printed as "L'\\0'".
254 void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ostream* os) {
255 PrintCharAndCodeTo<wchar_t>(wc, os);
258 // Prints the given array of characters to the ostream.
259 // The array starts at *begin, the length is len, it may include '\0' characters
260 // and may not be null-terminated.
261 static void PrintCharsAsStringTo(const char* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
262 *os << "\"";
263 bool is_previous_hex = false;
264 for (size_t index = 0; index < len; ++index) {
265 const char cur = begin[index];
266 if (is_previous_hex && IsXDigit(cur)) {
267 // Previous character is of '\x..' form and this character can be
268 // interpreted as another hexadecimal digit in its number. Break string to
269 // disambiguate.
270 *os << "\" \"";
272 is_previous_hex = PrintAsNarrowStringLiteralTo(cur, os) == kHexEscape;
274 *os << "\"";
277 // Prints a (const) char array of 'len' elements, starting at address 'begin'.
278 void UniversalPrintArray(const char* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
279 PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin, len, os);
282 // Prints the given array of wide characters to the ostream.
283 // The array starts at *begin, the length is len, it may include L'\0'
284 // characters and may not be null-terminated.
285 static void PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(const wchar_t* begin, size_t len,
286 ostream* os) {
287 *os << "L\"";
288 bool is_previous_hex = false;
289 for (size_t index = 0; index < len; ++index) {
290 const wchar_t cur = begin[index];
291 if (is_previous_hex && isascii(cur) && IsXDigit(static_cast<char>(cur))) {
292 // Previous character is of '\x..' form and this character can be
293 // interpreted as another hexadecimal digit in its number. Break string to
294 // disambiguate.
295 *os << "\" L\"";
297 is_previous_hex = PrintAsWideStringLiteralTo(cur, os) == kHexEscape;
299 *os << "\"";
302 // Prints the given C string to the ostream.
303 void PrintTo(const char* s, ostream* os) {
304 if (s == NULL) {
305 *os << "NULL";
306 } else {
307 *os << ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
308 PrintCharsAsStringTo(s, strlen(s), os);
312 // MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
313 // of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
314 // would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
315 // possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
316 // memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
317 // wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
318 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
319 // Prints the given wide C string to the ostream.
320 void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ostream* os) {
321 if (s == NULL) {
322 *os << "NULL";
323 } else {
324 *os << ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
325 PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(s, wcslen(s), os);
328 #endif // wchar_t is native
330 // Prints a ::string object.
331 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
332 void PrintStringTo(const ::string& s, ostream* os) {
333 PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
335 #endif // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
337 void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string& s, ostream* os) {
338 PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
341 // Prints a ::wstring object.
342 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
343 void PrintWideStringTo(const ::wstring& s, ostream* os) {
344 PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
346 #endif // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
348 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
349 void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ostream* os) {
350 PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
352 #endif // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
354 } // namespace internal
356 } // namespace testing