1 # Contributing to Nixpkgs packages
3 This document is for people wanting to contribute specifically to the package collection in Nixpkgs.
4 See the [CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md) document for more general information.
8 - [`top-level`](./top-level): Entrypoints, package set aggregations
9 - [`impure.nix`](./top-level/impure.nix), [`default.nix`](./top-level/default.nix), [`config.nix`](./top-level/config.nix): Definitions for the evaluation entry point of `import <nixpkgs>`
10 - [`stage.nix`](./top-level/stage.nix), [`all-packages.nix`](./top-level/all-packages.nix), [`by-name-overlay.nix`](./top-level/by-name-overlay.nix), [`splice.nix`](./top-level/splice.nix): Definitions for the top-level attribute set made available through `import <nixpkgs> {…}`
11 - `*-packages.nix`, [`linux-kernels.nix`](./top-level/linux-kernels.nix), [`unixtools.nix`](./top-level/unixtools.nix): Aggregations of nested package sets defined in `development`
12 - [`aliases.nix`](./top-level/aliases.nix), [`python-aliases.nix`](./top-level/python-aliases.nix): Aliases for package definitions that have been renamed or removed
13 - `release*.nix`, [`make-tarball.nix`](./top-level/make-tarball.nix), [`packages-config.nix`](./top-level/packages-config.nix), [`metrics.nix`](./top-level/metrics.nix), [`nixpkgs-basic-release-checks.nix`](./top-level/nixpkgs-basic-release-checks.nix): Entry-points and utilities used by Hydra for continuous integration
14 - [`development`](./development)
15 - `*-modules`, `*-packages`, `*-pkgs`: Package definitions for nested package sets
16 - All other directories loosely categorise top-level package definitions, see [category hierarchy][categories]
17 - [`build-support`](./build-support): [Builders](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#part-builders)
18 - `fetch*`: [Fetchers](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#chap-pkgs-fetchers)
19 - [`stdenv`](./stdenv): [Standard environment](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#part-stdenv)
20 - [`pkgs-lib`](./pkgs-lib): Definitions for utilities that need packages but are not needed for packages
21 - [`test`](./test): Tests not directly associated with any specific packages
22 - [`by-name`](./by-name): Top-level packages organised by name ([docs](./by-name/README.md))
23 - All other directories loosely categorise top-level packages definitions, see [category hierarchy][categories]
25 ## Quick Start to Adding a Package
27 We welcome new contributors of new packages to Nixpkgs, arguably the greatest software database known. However, each new package comes with a cost for the maintainers, Continuous Integration, caching servers and users downloading Nixpkgs.
29 Before adding a new package, please consider the following questions:
31 * Is the package ready for general use? We don't want to include projects that are too immature or are going to be abandoned immediately. In case of doubt, check with upstream.
32 * Does the project have a clear license statement? Remember that software is unfree by default (all rights reserved), and merely providing access to the source code does not imply its redistribution. In case of doubt, ask upstream.
33 * How realistic is it that it will be used by other people? It's good that nixpkgs caters to various niches, but if it's a niche of 5 people it's probably too small.
34 * Are you willing to maintain the package? You should care enough about the package to be willing to keep it up and running for at least one complete Nixpkgs' release life-cycle.
35 * In case you are not able to maintain the package you wrote, you can seek someone to fill that role, effectively adopting the package.
37 If any of these questions' answer is no, then you should probably not add the package.
39 This is section describes a general framework of understanding and exceptions might apply.
41 Luckily it's pretty easy to maintain your own package set with Nix, which can then be added to the [Nix User Repository](https://github.com/nix-community/nur) project.
45 Now that this is out of the way. To add a package to Nixpkgs:
47 1. Checkout the Nixpkgs source tree:
50 $ git clone https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs
54 2. Create a package directory `pkgs/by-name/so/some-package` where `some-package` is the package name and `so` is the lowercased 2-letter prefix of the package name:
57 $ mkdir -p pkgs/by-name/so/some-package
60 For more detailed information, see [here](./by-name/README.md).
62 3. Create a `package.nix` file in the package directory, containing a Nix expression — a piece of code that describes how to build the package. In this case, it should be a _function_ that is called with the package dependencies as arguments, and returns a build of the package in the Nix store.
65 $ emacs pkgs/by-name/so/some-package/package.nix
66 $ git add pkgs/by-name/so/some-package/package.nix
69 If the package is written in a language other than C, you should use [the corresponding language framework](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#chap-language-support).
71 You can have a look at the existing Nix expressions under `pkgs/` to see how it’s done, some of which are also using the [category hierarchy](#category-hierarchy).
72 Here are some good ones:
74 - GNU Hello: [`pkgs/by-name/he/hello/package.nix`](./by-name/he/hello/package.nix). Trivial package, which specifies some `meta` attributes which is good practice.
76 - GNU cpio: [`pkgs/tools/archivers/cpio/default.nix`](tools/archivers/cpio/default.nix). Also a simple package. The generic builder in `stdenv` does everything for you. It has no dependencies beyond `stdenv`.
78 - GNU Multiple Precision arithmetic library (GMP): [`pkgs/development/libraries/gmp/5.1.x.nix`](development/libraries/gmp/5.1.x.nix). Also done by the generic builder, but has a dependency on `m4`.
80 - Pan, a GTK-based newsreader: [`pkgs/applications/networking/newsreaders/pan/default.nix`](applications/networking/newsreaders/pan/default.nix). Has an optional dependency on `gtkspell`, which is only built if `spellCheck` is `true`.
82 - Apache HTTPD: [`pkgs/servers/http/apache-httpd/2.4.nix`](servers/http/apache-httpd/2.4.nix). A bunch of optional features, variable substitutions in the configure flags, a post-install hook, and miscellaneous hackery.
84 - buildMozillaMach: [`pkgs/applications/networking/browser/firefox/common.nix`](applications/networking/browsers/firefox/common.nix). A reusable build function for Firefox, Thunderbird and Librewolf.
86 - JDiskReport, a Java utility: [`pkgs/tools/misc/jdiskreport/default.nix`](tools/misc/jdiskreport/default.nix). Nixpkgs doesn’t have a decent `stdenv` for Java yet so this is pretty ad-hoc.
88 - XML::Simple, a Perl module: [`pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix`](top-level/perl-packages.nix) (search for the `XMLSimple` attribute). Most Perl modules are so simple to build that they are defined directly in `perl-packages.nix`; no need to make a separate file for them.
90 - Adobe Reader: [`pkgs/applications/misc/adobe-reader/default.nix`](applications/misc/adobe-reader/default.nix). Shows how binary-only packages can be supported. In particular the [builder](applications/misc/adobe-reader/builder.sh) uses `patchelf` to set the RUNPATH and ELF interpreter of the executables so that the right libraries are found at runtime.
94 - Add yourself as the maintainer of the package.
96 - All other [`meta`](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#chap-meta) attributes are optional, but it’s still a good idea to provide at least the `description`, `homepage` and [`license`](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#sec-meta-license).
98 - The exact syntax and semantics of the Nix expression language, including the built-in functions, are [Nix language reference](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/).
100 5. To test whether the package builds, run the following command from the root of the nixpkgs source tree:
103 $ nix-build -A some-package
106 where `some-package` should be the package name. You may want to add the flag `-K` to keep the temporary build directory in case something fails. If the build succeeds, a symlink `./result` to the package in the Nix store is created.
108 6. If you want to install the package into your profile (optional), do
111 $ nix-env -f . -iA libfoo
114 7. Optionally commit the new package and open a pull request [to nixpkgs](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls), or use [the Patches category](https://discourse.nixos.org/t/about-the-patches-category/477) on Discourse for sending a patch without a GitHub account.
116 ## Commit conventions
118 - Make sure you read about the [commit conventions](../CONTRIBUTING.md#commit-conventions) common to Nixpkgs as a whole.
120 - Format the commit messages in the following way:
123 (pkg-name): (from -> to | init at version | refactor | etc)
125 (Motivation for change. Link to release notes. Additional information.)
130 * nginx: init at 2.0.1
131 * firefox: 54.0.1 -> 55.0
133 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/55.0/releasenotes/
135 ## Category Hierarchy
136 [categories]: #category-hierarchy
138 Most top-level packages are organised in a loosely-categorised directory hierarchy in this directory.
139 See the [overview](#overview) for which directories are part of this.
141 This category hierarchy is partially deprecated and will be migrated away over time.
142 The new `pkgs/by-name` directory ([docs](./by-name/README.md)) should be preferred instead.
143 The category hierarchy may still be used for packages that should be imported using an alternate `callPackage`, such as `python3Packages.callPackage` or `libsForQt5.callPackage`.
145 If that is the case for a new package, here are some rules for picking the right category.
146 Many packages fall under several categories; what matters is the _primary_ purpose of a package.
147 For example, the `libxml2` package builds both a library and some tools; but it’s a library foremost, so it goes under `pkgs/development/libraries`.
150 <summary>Categories</summary>
152 **If it’s used to support _software development_:**
154 - **If it’s a _library_ used by other packages:**
156 - `development/libraries` (e.g. `libxml2`)
158 - **If it’s a _compiler_:**
160 - `development/compilers` (e.g. `gcc`)
162 - **If it’s an _interpreter_:**
164 - `development/interpreters` (e.g. `guile`)
166 - **If it’s a (set of) development _tool(s)_:**
168 - **If it’s a _parser generator_ (including lexers):**
170 - `development/tools/parsing` (e.g. `bison`, `flex`)
172 - **If it’s a _build manager_:**
174 - `development/tools/build-managers` (e.g. `gnumake`)
176 - **If it’s a _language server_:**
178 - `development/tools/language-servers` (e.g. `ccls` or `nil`)
182 - `development/tools/misc` (e.g. `binutils`)
188 **If it’s a (set of) _tool(s)_:**
190 (A tool is a relatively small program, especially one intended to be used non-interactively.)
192 - **If it’s for _networking_:**
194 - `tools/networking` (e.g. `wget`)
196 - **If it’s for _text processing_:**
198 - `tools/text` (e.g. `diffutils`)
200 - **If it’s a _system utility_, i.e., something related or essential to the operation of a system:**
202 - `tools/system` (e.g. `cron`)
204 - **If it’s an _archiver_ (which may include a compression function):**
206 - `tools/archivers` (e.g. `zip`, `tar`)
208 - **If it’s a _compression_ program:**
210 - `tools/compression` (e.g. `gzip`, `bzip2`)
212 - **If it’s a _security_-related program:**
214 - `tools/security` (e.g. `nmap`, `gnupg`)
220 **If it’s a _shell_:**
222 - `shells` (e.g. `bash`)
224 **If it’s a _server_:**
226 - **If it’s a web server:**
228 - `servers/http` (e.g. `apache-httpd`)
230 - **If it’s an implementation of the X Windowing System:**
232 - `servers/x11` (e.g. `xorg` — this includes the client libraries and programs)
238 **If it’s a _desktop environment_:**
240 - `desktops` (e.g. `kde`, `gnome`, `enlightenment`)
242 **If it’s a _window manager_:**
244 - `applications/window-managers` (e.g. `awesome`, `stumpwm`)
246 **If it’s an _application_:**
248 A (typically large) program with a distinct user interface, primarily used interactively.
250 - **If it’s a _version management system_:**
252 - `applications/version-management` (e.g. `subversion`)
254 - **If it’s a _terminal emulator_:**
256 - `applications/terminal-emulators` (e.g. `alacritty` or `rxvt` or `termite`)
258 - **If it’s a _file manager_:**
260 - `applications/file-managers` (e.g. `mc` or `ranger` or `pcmanfm`)
262 - **If it’s for _video playback / editing_:**
264 - `applications/video` (e.g. `vlc`)
266 - **If it’s for _graphics viewing / editing_:**
268 - `applications/graphics` (e.g. `gimp`)
270 - **If it’s for _networking_:**
272 - **If it’s a _mailreader_:**
274 - `applications/networking/mailreaders` (e.g. `thunderbird`)
276 - **If it’s a _newsreader_:**
278 - `applications/networking/newsreaders` (e.g. `pan`)
280 - **If it’s a _web browser_:**
282 - `applications/networking/browsers` (e.g. `firefox`)
286 - `applications/networking/misc`
290 - `applications/misc`
292 **If it’s _data_ (i.e., does not have a straight-forward executable semantics):**
294 - **If it’s a _font_:**
298 - **If it’s an _icon theme_:**
302 - **If it’s related to _SGML/XML processing_:**
304 - **If it’s an _XML DTD_:**
306 - `data/sgml+xml/schemas/xml-dtd` (e.g. `docbook`)
308 - **If it’s an _XSLT stylesheet_:**
310 (Okay, these are executable...)
312 - `data/sgml+xml/stylesheets/xslt` (e.g. `docbook-xsl`)
314 - **If it’s a _theme_ for a _desktop environment_, a _window manager_ or a _display manager_:**
318 **If it’s a _game_:**
332 The key words _must_, _must not_, _required_, _shall_, _shall not_, _should_, _should not_, _recommended_, _may_, and _optional_ in this section are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119). Only _emphasized_ words are to be interpreted in this way.
334 In Nixpkgs, there are generally three different names associated with a package:
336 - The `pname` attribute of the derivation. This is what most users see, in particular when using `nix-env`.
338 - The variable name used for the instantiated package in `all-packages.nix`, and when passing it as a dependency to other functions. Typically this is called the _package attribute name_. This is what Nix expression authors see. It can also be used when installing using `nix-env -iA`.
340 - The filename for (the directory containing) the Nix expression.
342 Most of the time, these are the same. For instance, the package `e2fsprogs` has a `pname` attribute `"e2fsprogs"`, is bound to the variable name `e2fsprogs` in `all-packages.nix`, and the Nix expression is in `pkgs/os-specific/linux/e2fsprogs/default.nix`.
344 There are a few naming guidelines:
346 - The `pname` attribute _should_ be identical to the upstream package name.
348 - The `pname` and the `version` attribute _must not_ contain uppercase letters — e.g., `"mplayer"` instead of `"MPlayer"`.
350 - The `version` attribute _must_ start with a digit e.g., `"0.3.1rc2"`.
352 - If a package is a commit from a repository without a version assigned, then the `version` attribute _should_ be the latest upstream version preceding that commit, followed by `-unstable-` and the date of the (fetched) commit. The date _must_ be in `"YYYY-MM-DD"` format.
354 Example: Given a project had its latest releases `2.2` in November 2021, and `3.0` in January 2022, a commit authored on March 15, 2022 for an upcoming bugfix release `2.2.1` would have `version = "2.2-unstable-2022-03-15"`.
356 - If a project has no suitable preceding releases - e.g., no versions at all, or an incompatible versioning / tagging schema - then the latest upstream version in the above schema should be `0`.
358 Example: Given a project that has no tags / released versions at all, or applies versionless tags like `latest` or `YYYY-MM-DD-Build`, a commit authored on March 15, 2022 would have `version = "0-unstable-2022-03-15"`.
360 - Dashes in the package `pname` _should_ be preserved in new variable names, rather than converted to underscores or camel cased — e.g., `http-parser` instead of `http_parser` or `httpParser`. The hyphenated style is preferred in all three package names.
362 - If there are multiple versions of a package, this _should_ be reflected in the variable names in `all-packages.nix`, e.g. `json-c_0_9` and `json-c_0_11`. If there is an obvious “default” version, make an attribute like `json-c = json-c_0_9;`. See also [versioning][versioning].
365 [versioning]: #versioning
367 Because every version of a package in Nixpkgs creates a potential maintenance burden, old versions of a package should not be kept unless there is a good reason to do so. For instance, Nixpkgs contains several versions of GCC because other packages don’t build with the latest version of GCC. Other examples are having both the latest stable and latest pre-release version of a package, or to keep several major releases of an application that differ significantly in functionality.
369 If there is only one version of a package, its Nix expression should be named `e2fsprogs/default.nix`. If there are multiple versions, this should be reflected in the filename, e.g. `e2fsprogs/1.41.8.nix` and `e2fsprogs/1.41.9.nix`. The version in the filename should leave out unnecessary detail. For instance, if we keep the latest Firefox 2.0.x and 3.5.x versions in Nixpkgs, they should be named `firefox/2.0.nix` and `firefox/3.5.nix`, respectively (which, at a given point, might contain versions `2.0.0.20` and `3.5.4`). If a version requires many auxiliary files, you can use a subdirectory for each version, e.g. `firefox/2.0/default.nix` and `firefox/3.5/default.nix`.
371 All versions of a package _must_ be included in `all-packages.nix` to make sure that they evaluate correctly.
375 * `meta.description` must:
376 * Be short, just one sentence.
378 * Not start with the definite or an indefinite article.
379 * Not start with the package name.
380 * More generally, it should not refer to the package name.
381 * Not end with a period (or any punctuation for that matter).
382 * Provide factual information.
383 * Avoid subjective language.
384 * `meta.license` must be set and match the upstream license.
385 * If there is no upstream license, `meta.license` should default to `lib.licenses.unfree`.
386 * If in doubt, try to contact the upstream developers for clarification.
387 * `meta.mainProgram` must be set to the name of the executable which facilitates the primary function or purpose of the package, if there is such an executable in `$bin/bin/` (or `$out/bin/`, if there is no `"bin"` output).
388 * Packages that only have a single executable in the applicable directory above should set `meta.mainProgram`. For example, the package `ripgrep` only has a single executable `rg` under `$out/bin/`, so `ripgrep.meta.mainProgram` is set to `"rg"`.
389 * Packages like `polkit_gnome` that have no executables in the applicable directory should not set `meta.mainProgram`.
390 * Packages like `e2fsprogs` that have multiple executables, none of which can be considered the main program, should not set `meta.mainProgram`.
391 * Packages which are not primarily used for a single executable do not need to set `meta.mainProgram`.
392 * Always prefer using a hardcoded string (don't use `pname`, for example).
393 * When in doubt, ask for reviewer input.
394 * `meta.maintainers` must be set for new packages.
396 See the Nixpkgs manual for more details on [standard meta-attributes](https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/#sec-standard-meta-attributes).
398 ## Import From Derivation
400 [Import From Derivation](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/unstable/language/import-from-derivation) (IFD) is disallowed in Nixpkgs for performance reasons:
401 [Hydra](https://github.com/NixOS/hydra) evaluates the entire package set, and sequential builds during evaluation would increase evaluation times to become impractical.
403 Import From Derivation can be worked around in some cases by committing generated intermediate files to version control and reading those instead.
407 Always fetch source files using [Nixpkgs fetchers](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#chap-pkgs-fetchers).
408 Use reproducible sources with a high degree of availability.
409 Prefer protocols that support proxies.
411 A list of schemes for `mirror://` URLs can be found in [`pkgs/build-support/fetchurl/mirrors.nix`](build-support/fetchurl/mirrors.nix), and is supported by [`fetchurl`](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#fetchurl).
412 Other fetchers which end up relying on `fetchurl` may also support mirroring.
414 The preferred source hash type is `sha256`.
416 Examples going from bad to best practices:
418 - Bad: Uses `git://` which won't be proxied.
423 url = "git://github.com/NixOS/nix.git";
424 rev = "1f795f9f44607cc5bec70d1300150bfefcef2aae";
425 hash = "sha256-7D4m+saJjbSFP5hOwpQq2FGR2rr+psQMTcyb1ZvtXsQ=";
430 - Better: This is ok, but an archive fetch will still be faster.
435 url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nix.git";
436 rev = "1f795f9f44607cc5bec70d1300150bfefcef2aae";
437 hash = "sha256-7D4m+saJjbSFP5hOwpQq2FGR2rr+psQMTcyb1ZvtXsQ=";
442 - Best: Fetches a snapshot archive for the given revision.
446 src = fetchFromGitHub {
449 rev = "1f795f9f44607cc5bec70d1300150bfefcef2aae";
450 hash = "sha256-7D4m+saJjbSFP5hOwpQq2FGR2rr+psQMTcyb1ZvtXsQ=";
456 > When fetching from GitHub, always reference revisions by their full commit hash.
457 > GitHub shares commit hashes among all forks and returns `404 Not Found` when a short commit hash is ambiguous.
458 > It already happened in Nixpkgs for short, 6-character commit hashes.
460 > Pushing large amounts of auto generated commits into forks is a practical vector for a denial-of-service attack, and was already [demonstrated against GitHub Actions Beta](https://blog.teddykatz.com/2019/11/12/github-actions-dos.html).
464 Sometimes, changes are needed to the source to allow building a derivation in nixpkgs, or to get earlier access to an upstream fix or improvement.
465 When using the `patches` parameter to `mkDerivation`, make sure the patch name clearly describes the reason for the patch, or add a comment.
467 Patches already merged upstream or published elsewhere should be retrieved using `fetchpatch`.
473 name = "fix-check-for-using-shared-freetype-lib.patch";
474 url = "http://git.ghostscript.com/?p=ghostpdl.git;a=patch;h=8f5d285";
475 hash = "sha256-uRcxaCjd+WAuGrXOmGfFeu79cUILwkRdBu48mwcBE7g=";
481 Otherwise, you can add a `.patch` file to the `nixpkgs` repository.
482 In the interest of keeping our maintenance burden and the size of nixpkgs to a minimum, only do this for patches that are unique to `nixpkgs` or that have been proposed upstream but are not merged yet, cannot be easily fetched or have a high chance to disappear in the future due to unstable or unreliable URLs.
483 The latter avoids link rot when the upstream abandons, squashes or rebases their change, in which case the commit may get garbage-collected.
485 If a patch is available online but does not cleanly apply, it can be modified in some fixed ways by using additional optional arguments for `fetchpatch`. Check [the `fetchpatch` reference](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#fetchpatch) for details.
489 patches = [ ./0001-changes.patch ];
493 If you do need to do create this sort of patch file, one way to do so is with git:
495 1. Move to the root directory of the source code you're patching.
498 $ cd the/program/source
501 2. If a git repository is not already present, create one and stage all of the source files.
508 3. Edit some files to make whatever changes need to be included in the patch.
510 4. Use git to create a diff, and pipe the output to a patch file:
513 $ git diff -a > nixpkgs/pkgs/the/package/0001-changes.patch
516 ## Deprecating/removing packages
518 There is currently no policy when to remove a package.
520 Before removing a package, one should try to find a new maintainer or fix smaller issues first.
522 ### Steps to remove a package from Nixpkgs
524 We use jbidwatcher as an example for a discontinued project here.
526 1. Have Nixpkgs checked out locally and up to date.
527 1. Create a new branch for your change, e.g. `git checkout -b jbidwatcher`
528 1. Remove the actual package including its directory, e.g. `git rm -rf pkgs/applications/misc/jbidwatcher`
529 1. Remove the package from the list of all packages (`pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix`).
530 1. Add an alias for the package name in `pkgs/top-level/aliases.nix` (There is also `pkgs/applications/editors/vim/plugins/aliases.nix`. Package sets typically do not have aliases, so we can't add them there.)
532 For example in this case:
536 jbidwatcher = throw "jbidwatcher was discontinued in march 2021"; # added 2021-03-15
540 The throw message should explain in short why the package was removed for users that still have it installed.
542 1. Test if the changes introduced any issues by running `nix-env -qaP -f . --show-trace`. It should show the list of packages without errors.
543 1. Commit the changes. Explain again why the package was removed. If it was declared discontinued upstream, add a link to the source.
546 $ git add pkgs/applications/misc/jbidwatcher/default.nix pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix pkgs/top-level/aliases.nix
550 Example commit message:
555 project was discontinued in march 2021. the program does not work anymore because ebay changed the login.
557 https://web.archive.org/web/20210315205723/http://www.jbidwatcher.com/
560 1. Push changes to your GitHub fork with `git push`
561 1. Create a pull request against Nixpkgs. Mention the package maintainer.
563 This is how the pull request looks like in this case: [https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/116470](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/116470)
567 To run the main types of tests locally:
569 - Run package-internal tests with `nix-build --attr pkgs.PACKAGE.passthru.tests`
570 - Run [NixOS tests](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/unstable/#sec-nixos-tests) with `nix-build --attr nixosTests.NAME`, where `NAME` is the name of the test listed in `nixos/tests/all-tests.nix`
571 - Run [global package tests](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#sec-package-tests) with `nix-build --attr tests.PACKAGE`, where `PACKAGE` is the name of the test listed in `pkgs/test/default.nix`
572 - See `lib/tests/NAME.nix` for instructions on running specific library tests
574 Tests are important to ensure quality and make reviews and automatic updates easy.
576 The following types of tests exists:
578 * [NixOS **module tests**](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-nixos-tests), which spawn one or more NixOS VMs. They exercise both NixOS modules and the packaged programs used within them. For example, a NixOS module test can start a web server VM running the `nginx` module, and a client VM running `curl` or a graphical `firefox`, and test that they can talk to each other and display the correct content.
579 * Nix **package tests** are a lightweight alternative to NixOS module tests. They should be used to create simple integration tests for packages, but cannot test NixOS services, and some programs with graphical user interfaces may also be difficult to test with them.
580 * The **`checkPhase` of a package**, which should execute the unit tests that are included in the source code of a package.
582 Here in the nixpkgs manual we describe mostly _package tests_; for _module tests_ head over to the corresponding [section in the NixOS manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-nixos-tests).
584 ### Writing inline package tests
586 For very simple tests, they can be written inline:
589 { /* ... , */ yq-go }:
595 simple = runCommand "${pname}-test" {} ''
596 echo "test: 1" | ${yq-go}/bin/yq eval -j > $out
597 [ "$(cat $out | tr -d $'\n ')" = '{"test":1}' ]
603 Any derivaton can be specified as a test, even if it's in a different file.
604 Such a derivaton that implements a test can depend on the package under test, even in the presence of `overrideAttrs`.
606 In the following example, `(my-package.overrideAttrs f).passthru.tests` will work as expected, as long as the definition of `tests` does not rely on the original `my-package` or overrides all occurrences of `my-package`:
609 # my-package/default.nix
610 { stdenv, callPackage }:
611 stdenv.mkDerivation (finalAttrs: {
613 passthru.tests.example = callPackage ./example.nix { my-package = finalAttrs.finalPackage; };
618 # my-package/example.nix
619 { runCommand, lib, my-package, ... }:
620 runCommand "my-package-test" {
621 nativeBuildInputs = [ my-package ];
622 src = lib.sources.sourcesByRegex ./. [ ".*.in" ".*.expected" ];
625 my-package <example.in >example.actual
626 diff -U3 --color=auto example.expected example.actual
631 ### Writing larger package tests
632 [larger-package-tests]: #writing-larger-package-tests
634 This is an example using the `phoronix-test-suite` package with the current best practices.
636 Add the tests in `passthru.tests` to the package definition like this:
639 { stdenv, lib, fetchurl, callPackage }:
641 stdenv.mkDerivation {
645 simple-execution = callPackage ./tests.nix { };
652 Create `tests.nix` in the package directory:
655 { runCommand, phoronix-test-suite }:
658 inherit (phoronix-test-suite) pname version;
661 runCommand "${pname}-tests" { meta.timeout = 60; }
663 # automatic initial setup to prevent interactive questions
664 ${phoronix-test-suite}/bin/phoronix-test-suite enterprise-setup >/dev/null
665 # get version of installed program and compare with package version
666 if [[ `${phoronix-test-suite}/bin/phoronix-test-suite version` != *"${version}"* ]]; then
667 echo "Error: program version does not match package version"
671 ${phoronix-test-suite}/bin/phoronix-test-suite dummy_module.dummy-command >/dev/null
672 # needed for Nix to register the command as successful
677 ### Running package tests
679 You can run these tests with:
683 $ nix-build -A phoronix-test-suite.tests
686 ### Examples of package tests
688 Here are examples of package tests:
690 - [Jasmin compile test](development/compilers/jasmin/test-assemble-hello-world/default.nix)
691 - [Lobster compile test](development/compilers/lobster/test-can-run-hello-world.nix)
692 - [Spacy annotation test](development/python-modules/spacy/annotation-test/default.nix)
693 - [Libtorch test](development/libraries/science/math/libtorch/test/default.nix)
694 - [Multiple tests for nanopb](development/libraries/nanopb/default.nix)
696 ### Linking NixOS module tests to a package
698 Like [package tests][larger-package-tests] as shown above, [NixOS module tests](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-nixos-tests) can also be linked to a package, so that the tests can be easily run when changing the related package.
700 For example, assuming we're packaging `nginx`, we can link its module test via `passthru.tests`:
703 { stdenv, lib, nixosTests }:
705 stdenv.mkDerivation {
709 nginx = nixosTests.nginx;
716 ## Automatic package updates
717 [automatic-package-updates]: #automatic-package-updates
719 Nixpkgs periodically tries to update all packages that have a `passthru.updateScript` attribute.
722 > A common pattern is to use the [`nix-update-script`](../pkgs/common-updater/nix-update.nix) attribute provided in Nixpkgs, which runs [`nix-update`](https://github.com/Mic92/nix-update):
725 > { stdenv, nix-update-script }:
726 > stdenv.mkDerivation {
728 > passthru.updateScript = nix-update-script { };
732 > For simple packages, this is often enough, and will ensure that the package is updated automatically by [`nixpkgs-update`](https://ryantm.github.io/nixpkgs-update) when a new version is released.
733 > The [update bot](https://nix-community.org/update-bot) runs periodically to attempt to automatically update packages, and will run `passthru.updateScript` if set.
734 > While not strictly necessary if the project is listed on [Repology](https://repology.org), using `nix-update-script` allows the package to update via many more sources (e.g. GitHub releases).
736 The `passthru.updateScript` attribute can contain one of the following:
738 - an executable file, either on the file system:
742 stdenv.mkDerivation {
744 passthru.updateScript = ./update.sh;
748 or inside the expression itself:
751 { stdenv, writeScript }:
752 stdenv.mkDerivation {
754 passthru.updateScript = writeScript "update-zoom-us" ''
755 #!/usr/bin/env nix-shell
756 #!nix-shell -i bash -p curl pcre2 common-updater-scripts
760 version="$(curl -sI https://zoom.us/client/latest/zoom_x86_64.tar.xz | grep -Fi 'Location:' | pcre2grep -o1 '/(([0-9]\.?)+)/')"
761 update-source-version zoom-us "$version"
766 - a list, a script file followed by arguments to be passed to it:
770 stdenv.mkDerivation {
772 passthru.updateScript = [ ../../update.sh pname "--requested-release=unstable" ];
776 - an attribute set containing:
779 A string or list in the [format expected by `passthru.updateScript`][automatic-package-updates]
781 - `attrPath` (optional)
783 A string containing the canonical attribute path for the package.
785 If present, it will be passed to the update script instead of the attribute path on which the package was discovered during Nixpkgs traversal.
787 - `supportedFeatures` (optional)
789 A list of the [extra features the script supports][supported-features].
793 stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
794 pname = "my-package";
796 passthru.updateScript = {
797 command = [ ../../update.sh pname ];
799 supportedFeatures = [ /* ... */ ];
804 ### How are update scripts executed?
806 Update scripts are to be invoked by the [automatic package update script](../maintainers/scripts/update.nix).
807 You can run `nix-shell maintainers/scripts/update.nix` in the root of Nixpkgs repository for information on how to use it.
808 `update.nix` offers several modes for selecting packages to update, and it will execute update scripts for all matched packages that have an `updateScript` attribute.
810 Each update script will be passed the following environment variables:
812 - [`UPDATE_NIX_NAME`] – content of the `name` attribute of the updated package
813 - [`UPDATE_NIX_PNAME`] – content of the `pname` attribute of the updated package
814 - [`UPDATE_NIX_OLD_VERSION`] – content of the `version` attribute of the updated package
815 - [`UPDATE_NIX_ATTR_PATH`] – attribute path the `update.nix` discovered the package on (or the package's specified `attrPath` when available). Example: `pantheon.elementary-terminal`
818 > An update script will be usually run from the root of the Nixpkgs repository, but you should not rely on that.
819 > Also note that `update.nix` executes update scripts in parallel by default, so you should avoid running `git commit` or any other commands that cannot handle that.
821 While update scripts should not create commits themselves, `update.nix` supports automatically creating commits when running it with `--argstr commit true`.
822 If you need to customize commit message, you can have the update script implement the `commit` feature.
824 ### Supported features
825 [update-script-supported-features]: #supported-features
829 This feature allows update scripts to *ask* `update.nix` to create Git commits.
831 When support of this feature is declared, whenever the update script exits with `0` return status, it is expected to print a JSON list containing an object described below for each updated attribute to standard output.
837 "attrPath": "volume_key",
838 "oldVersion": "0.3.11",
839 "newVersion": "0.3.12",
841 "/path/to/nixpkgs/pkgs/development/libraries/volume-key/default.nix"
848 When `update.nix` is run with `--argstr commit true`, it will create a separate commit for each of the objects.
849 An empty list can be returned when the script did not update any files; for example, when the package is already at the latest version.
851 The commit object contains the following values:
853 - `attrPath` – a string containing the attribute path
854 - `oldVersion` – a string containing the old version
855 - `newVersion` – a string containing the new version
856 - `files` – a non-empty list of file paths (as strings) to add to the commit
857 - `commitBody` (optional) – a string with extra content to be appended to the default commit message (useful for adding changelog links)
858 - `commitMessage` (optional) – a string to use instead of the default commit message
860 If the returned list contains exactly one object (e.g. `[{}]`), all values are optional and will be determined automatically.
862 ## Reviewing contributions
866 A package update is the most trivial and common type of pull request. These pull requests mainly consist of updating the version part of the package name and the source hash.
868 It can happen that non-trivial updates include patches or more complex changes.
872 - Ensure that the package versioning [fits the guidelines](#versioning).
873 - Ensure that the commit text [fits the guidelines](../CONTRIBUTING.md#commit-conventions).
874 - Ensure that the package maintainers are notified.
875 - [CODEOWNERS](https://help.github.com/articles/about-codeowners) will make GitHub notify users based on the submitted changes, but it can happen that it misses some of the package maintainers.
876 - Ensure that the meta field information [fits the guidelines](#meta-attributes) and is correct:
877 - License can change with version updates, so it should be checked to match the upstream license.
878 - If the package has no maintainer, a maintainer must be set. This can be the update submitter or a community member that accepts to take maintainership of the package.
879 - Ensure that the code contains no typos.
880 - Build the package locally.
881 - Pull requests are often targeted to the master or staging branch, and building the pull request locally when it is submitted can trigger many source builds.
882 - It is possible to rebase the changes on nixos-unstable or nixpkgs-unstable for easier review by running the following commands from a nixpkgs clone.
885 $ git fetch origin nixos-unstable
886 $ git fetch origin pull/PRNUMBER/head
887 $ git rebase --onto nixos-unstable BASEBRANCH FETCH_HEAD
890 - The first command fetches the nixos-unstable branch.
891 - The second command fetches the pull request changes, `PRNUMBER` is the number at the end of the pull request title and `BASEBRANCH` the base branch of the pull request.
892 - The third command rebases the pull request changes to the nixos-unstable branch.
893 - The [nixpkgs-review](https://github.com/Mic92/nixpkgs-review) tool can be used to review a pull request content in a single command. `PRNUMBER` should be replaced by the number at the end of the pull request title. You can also provide the full github pull request url.
896 $ nix-shell -p nixpkgs-review --run "nixpkgs-review pr PRNUMBER"
900 Sample template for a package update review is provided below.
903 ##### Reviewed points
905 - [ ] package name fits guidelines
906 - [ ] package version fits guidelines
907 - [ ] package builds on ARCHITECTURE
908 - [ ] executables tested on ARCHITECTURE
909 - [ ] all depending packages build
910 - [ ] patches have a comment describing either the upstream URL or a reason why the patch wasn't upstreamed
911 - [ ] patches that are remotely available are fetched rather than vendored
913 ##### Possible improvements
920 New packages are a common type of pull requests. These pull requests consists in adding a new nix-expression for a package.
924 - Ensure that all file paths [fit the guidelines](../CONTRIBUTING.md#file-naming-and-organisation).
925 - Ensure that the package name and version [fits the guidelines](#package-naming).
926 - Ensure that the package versioning [fits the guidelines](#versioning).
927 - Ensure that the commit text [fits the guidelines](../CONTRIBUTING.md#commit-conventions).
928 - Ensure that the meta fields [fits the guidelines](#meta-attributes) and contain the correct information:
929 - License must match the upstream license.
930 - Platforms should be set (or the package will not get binary substitutes).
931 - Maintainers must be set. This can be the package submitter or a community member that accepts taking up maintainership of the package.
932 - The `meta.mainProgram` must be set if a main executable exists.
933 - Report detected typos.
934 - Ensure the package source:
935 - Uses `mirror://` URLs when available.
936 - Uses the most appropriate functions (e.g. packages from GitHub should use `fetchFromGitHub`).
937 - Build the package locally.
940 Sample template for a new package review is provided below.
943 ##### Reviewed points
945 - [ ] package path fits guidelines
946 - [ ] package name fits guidelines
947 - [ ] package version fits guidelines
948 - [ ] package builds on ARCHITECTURE
949 - [ ] executables tested on ARCHITECTURE
950 - [ ] `meta.description` is set and fits guidelines
951 - [ ] `meta.license` fits upstream license
952 - [ ] `meta.platforms` is set
953 - [ ] `meta.maintainers` is set
954 - [ ] `meta.mainProgram` is set, if applicable.
955 - [ ] build time only dependencies are declared in `nativeBuildInputs`
956 - [ ] source is fetched using the appropriate function
957 - [ ] the list of `phases` is not overridden
958 - [ ] when a phase (like `installPhase`) is overridden it starts with `runHook preInstall` and ends with `runHook postInstall`.
959 - [ ] patches have a comment describing either the upstream URL or a reason why the patch wasn't upstreamed
960 - [ ] patches that are remotely available are fetched rather than vendored
962 ##### Possible improvements
969 ### Submitting security fixes
970 [security-fixes]: #submitting-security-fixes
972 Security fixes are submitted in the same way as other changes and thus the same guidelines apply.
974 - If a new version fixing the vulnerability has been released, update the package;
975 - If the security fix comes in the form of a patch and a CVE is available, then add the patch to the Nixpkgs tree, and apply it to the package.
976 The name of the patch should be the CVE identifier, so e.g. `CVE-2019-13636.patch`; If a patch is fetched the name needs to be set as well, e.g.:
980 name = "CVE-2019-11068.patch";
981 url = "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxslt/commit/e03553605b45c88f0b4b2980adfbbb8f6fca2fd6.patch";
982 hash = "sha256-SEKe/8HcW0UBHCfPTTOnpRlzmV2nQPPeL6HOMxBZd14=";
986 If a security fix applies to both master and a stable release then, similar to regular changes, they are preferably delivered via master first and cherry-picked to the release branch.
988 Critical security fixes may by-pass the staging branches and be delivered directly to release branches such as `master` and `release-*`.
990 ### Vulnerability Roundup
994 Vulnerable packages in Nixpkgs are managed using issues.
995 Currently opened ones can be found using the following:
997 [github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is:issue+is:open+"Vulnerability+roundup"](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+%22Vulnerability+roundup%22)
999 Each issue correspond to a vulnerable version of a package; As a consequence:
1001 - One issue can contain several CVEs;
1002 - One CVE can be shared across several issues;
1003 - A single package can be concerned by several issues.
1006 A "Vulnerability roundup" issue usually respects the following format:
1009 <link to relevant package search on search.nix.gsc.io>, <link to relevant files in Nixpkgs on GitHub>
1011 <list of related CVEs, their CVSS score, and the impacted NixOS version>
1013 <list of the scanned Nixpkgs versions>
1015 <list of relevant contributors>
1018 Note that there can be an extra comment containing links to previously reported (and still open) issues for the same package.
1021 #### Triaging and Fixing
1023 **Note**: An issue can be a "false positive" (i.e. automatically opened, but without the package it refers to being actually vulnerable).
1024 If you find such a "false positive", comment on the issue an explanation of why it falls into this category, linking as much information as the necessary to help maintainers double check.
1026 If you are investigating a "true positive":
1028 - Find the earliest patched version or a code patch in the CVE details;
1029 - Is the issue already patched (version up-to-date or patch applied manually) in Nixpkgs's `master` branch?
1031 - [Submit a security fix][security-fixes];
1032 - Once the fix is merged into `master`, [submit the change to the vulnerable release branch(es)](../CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-backport-pull-requests);
1033 - **Yes**: [Backport the change to the vulnerable release branch(es)](../CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-backport-pull-requests).
1034 - When the patch has made it into all the relevant branches (`master`, and the vulnerable releases), close the relevant issue(s).