4 `fix f` computes the fixed point of the given function `f`. In other words, the return value is `x` in `x = f x`.
6 `f` must be a lazy function.
7 This means that `x` must be a value that can be partially evaluated,
8 such as an attribute set, a list, or a function.
9 This way, `f` can use one part of `x` to compute another part.
11 **Relation to syntactic recursion**
13 This section explains `fix` by refactoring from syntactic recursion to a call of `fix` instead.
15 For context, Nix lets you define attributes in terms of other attributes syntactically using the [`rec { }` syntax](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/constructs.html#recursive-sets).
23 { bar = "bar"; foo = "foo"; foobar = "foobar"; }
26 This is convenient when constructing a value to pass to a function for example,
27 but an equivalent effect can be achieved with the `let` binding syntax:
30 nix-repl> let self = {
33 foobar = self.foo + self.bar;
35 { bar = "bar"; foo = "foo"; foobar = "foobar"; }
38 But in general you can get more reuse out of `let` bindings by refactoring them to a function.
44 foobar = self.foo + self.bar;
48 This is where `fix` comes in, it contains the syntactic recursion that's not in `f` anymore.
52 let self = f self; in self;
55 By applying `fix` we get the final result.
59 { bar = "bar"; foo = "foo"; foobar = "foobar"; }
62 Such a refactored `f` using `fix` is not useful by itself.
63 See [`extends`](#function-library-lib.fixedPoints.extends) for an example use case.
64 There `self` is also often called `final`.
70 : 1\. Function argument
80 ## `lib.fixedPoints.fix` usage example
83 fix (self: { foo = "foo"; bar = "bar"; foobar = self.foo + self.bar; })
84 => { bar = "bar"; foo = "foo"; foobar = "foobar"; }
86 fix (self: [ 1 2 (elemAt self 0 + elemAt self 1) ])
100 A variant of `fix` that records the original recursive attribute set in the
101 result, in an attribute named `__unfix__`.
103 This is useful in combination with the `extends` function to
104 implement deep overriding.
110 : 1\. Function argument
122 Return the fixpoint that `f` converges to when called iteratively, starting
126 nix-repl> converge (x: x / 2) 16
134 : 1\. Function argument
138 : 2\. Function argument
151 if x' == x then x else converge f x';
154 Extend a function using an overlay.
156 Overlays allow modifying and extending fixed-point functions, specifically ones returning attribute sets.
157 A fixed-point function is a function which is intended to be evaluated by passing the result of itself as the argument.
158 This is possible due to Nix's lazy evaluation.
160 A fixed-point function returning an attribute set has the form
163 final: { # attributes }
166 where `final` refers to the lazily evaluated attribute set returned by the fixed-point function.
168 An overlay to such a fixed-point function has the form
171 final: prev: { # attributes }
174 where `prev` refers to the result of the original function to `final`, and `final` is the result of the composition of the overlay and the original function.
176 Applying an overlay is done with `extends`:
180 f = final: { # attributes };
181 overlay = final: prev: { # attributes };
182 in extends overlay f;
185 To get the value of `final`, use `lib.fix`:
189 f = final: { # attributes };
190 overlay = final: prev: { # attributes };
191 g = extends overlay f;
196 The argument to the given fixed-point function after applying an overlay will *not* refer to its own return value, but rather to the value after evaluating the overlay function.
198 The given fixed-point function is called with a separate argument than if it was evaluated with `lib.fix`.
203 # Extend a fixed-point function with an overlay
205 Define a fixed-point function `f` that expects its own output as the argument `final`:
212 # b depends on the final value of a, available as final.a
217 Evaluate this using [`lib.fix`](#function-library-lib.fixedPoints.fix) to get the final result:
224 An overlay represents a modification or extension of such a fixed-point function.
225 Here's an example of an overlay:
228 overlay = final: prev: {
229 # Modify the previous value of a, available as prev.a
232 # Extend the attribute set with c, letting it depend on the final values of a and b
233 c = final.a + final.b;
237 Use `extends overlay f` to apply the overlay to the fixed-point function `f`.
238 This produces a new fixed-point function `g` with the combined behavior of `f` and `overlay`:
241 g = extends overlay f
244 The result is a function, so we can't print it directly, but it's the same as:
248 # The constant from f, but changed with the overlay
254 # Extended in the overlay
255 c = final.a + final.b;
259 Evaluate this using [`lib.fix`](#function-library-lib.fixedPoints.fix) again to get the final result:
263 => { a = 11; b = 13; c = 24; }
271 : The overlay to apply to the fixed-point function
275 : The fixed-point function
280 extends :: (Attrs -> Attrs -> Attrs) # The overlay to apply to the fixed-point function
281 -> (Attrs -> Attrs) # A fixed-point function
282 -> (Attrs -> Attrs) # The resulting fixed-point function
287 ## `lib.fixedPoints.extends` usage example
290 f = final: { a = 1; b = final.a + 2; }
295 fix (extends (final: prev: { a = prev.a + 10; }) f)
296 => { a = 11; b = 13; }
298 fix (extends (final: prev: { b = final.a + 5; }) f)
301 fix (extends (final: prev: { c = final.a + final.b; }) f)
302 => { a = 1; b = 3; c = 4; }
309 # The result should be thought of as a function, the argument of that function is not an argument to `extends` itself
315 prev // overlay final prev
319 Compose two overlay functions and return a single overlay function that combines them.
320 For more details see: [composeManyExtensions](#function-library-lib.fixedPoints.composeManyExtensions).
325 fApplied = f final prev;
326 prev' = prev // fApplied;
328 fApplied // g final prev';
331 Composes a list of [`overlays`](#chap-overlays) and returns a single overlay function that combines them.
334 The result is produced by using the update operator `//`.
335 This means nested values of previous overlays are not merged recursively.
336 In other words, previously defined attributes are replaced, ignoring the previous value, unless referenced by the overlay; for example `final: prev: { foo = final.foo + 1; }`.
343 : A list of overlay functions
345 The order of the overlays in the list is important.
348 : Each overlay function takes two arguments, by convention `final` and `prev`, and returns an attribute set.
349 - `final` is the result of the fixed-point function, with all overlays applied.
350 - `prev` is the result of the previous overlay function(s).
359 OverlayFn = { ... } -> { ... } -> { ... };
361 composeManyExtensions :: ListOf OverlayFn -> OverlayFn
366 ## `lib.fixedPoints.composeManyExtensions` usage example
370 # The "original function" that is extended by the overlays.
371 # Note that it doesn't have prev: as argument since no overlay function precedes it.
372 original = final: { a = 1; };
374 # Each overlay function has 'final' and 'prev' as arguments.
375 overlayA = final: prev: { b = final.c; c = 3; };
376 overlayB = final: prev: { c = 10; x = prev.c or 5; };
378 extensions = composeManyExtensions [ overlayA overlayB ];
380 # Caluculate the fixed point of all composed overlays.
381 fixedpoint = lib.fix (lib.extends extensions original );
394 composeManyExtensions = lib.foldr (x: y: composeExtensions x y) (final: prev: { });
397 Create an overridable, recursive attribute set. For example:
400 nix-repl> obj = makeExtensible (final: { })
403 { __unfix__ = «lambda»; extend = «lambda»; }
405 nix-repl> obj = obj.extend (final: prev: { foo = "foo"; })
408 { __unfix__ = «lambda»; extend = «lambda»; foo = "foo"; }
410 nix-repl> obj = obj.extend (final: prev: { foo = prev.foo + " + "; bar = "bar"; foobar = final.foo + final.bar; })
413 { __unfix__ = «lambda»; bar = "bar"; extend = «lambda»; foo = "foo + "; foobar = "foo + bar"; }
416 makeExtensible = makeExtensibleWithCustomName "extend";
419 Same as `makeExtensible` but the name of the extending attribute is
426 : 1\. Function argument
430 : 2\. Function argument
432 makeExtensibleWithCustomName =
433 extenderName: rattrs:
438 ${extenderName} = f: makeExtensibleWithCustomName extenderName (extends f rattrs);
443 Convert to an extending function (overlay).
445 `toExtension` is the `toFunction` for extending functions (a.k.a. extensions or overlays).
446 It converts a non-function or a single-argument function to an extending function,
447 while returning a two-argument function as-is.
449 That is, it takes a value of the shape `x`, `prev: x`, or `final: prev: x`,
450 and returns `final: prev: x`, assuming `x` is not a function.
452 This function takes care of the input to `stdenv.mkDerivation`'s
453 `overrideAttrs` function.
454 It bridges the gap between `<pkg>.overrideAttrs`
455 before and after the overlay-style support.
460 : The function or value to convert to an extending function.
466 b' -> Any -> Any -> b'
469 (a -> b') -> Any -> a -> b'
472 (a -> a -> b) -> a -> a -> b
473 where b' = ! Callable
475 Set a = b = b' = AttrSet & ! Callable to make toExtension return an extending function.
480 ## `lib.fixedPoints.toExtension` usage example
483 fix (final: { a = 0; c = final.a; })
484 => { a = 0; c = 0; };
486 fix (extends (toExtension { a = 1; b = 2; }) (final: { a = 0; c = final.a; }))
487 => { a = 1; b = 2; c = 1; };
489 fix (extends (toExtension (prev: { a = 1; b = prev.a; })) (final: { a = 0; c = final.a; }))
490 => { a = 1; b = 0; c = 1; };
492 fix (extends (toExtension (final: prev: { a = 1; b = prev.a; c = final.a + 1 })) (final: { a = 0; c = final.a; }))
493 => { a = 1; b = 0; c = 2; };
499 if lib.isFunction f then
504 if lib.isFunction fPrev then
505 # f is (final: prev: { ... })
508 # f is (prev: { ... })
511 # f is not a function; probably { ... }