1 @c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003,
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
5 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
8 @node M68HC11-Dependent
9 @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
12 @node Machine Dependencies
13 @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
16 @cindex M68HC11 and M68HC12 support
18 * M68HC11-Opts:: M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
19 * M68HC11-Syntax:: Syntax
20 * M68HC11-Modifiers:: Symbolic Operand Modifiers
21 * M68HC11-Directives:: Assembler Directives
22 * M68HC11-Float:: Floating Point
23 * M68HC11-opcodes:: Opcodes
27 @section M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
29 @cindex options, M68HC11
30 @cindex M68HC11 options
31 The Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have a few machine
36 @cindex @samp{-m68hc11}
38 This option switches the assembler in the M68HC11 mode. In this mode,
39 the assembler only accepts 68HC11 operands and mnemonics. It produces
42 @cindex @samp{-m68hc12}
44 This option switches the assembler in the M68HC12 mode. In this mode,
45 the assembler also accepts 68HC12 operands and mnemonics. It produces
46 code for the 68HC12. A few 68HC11 instructions are replaced by
47 some 68HC12 instructions as recommended by Motorola specifications.
49 @cindex @samp{-m68hcs12}
51 This option switches the assembler in the M68HCS12 mode. This mode is
52 similar to @samp{-m68hc12} but specifies to assemble for the 68HCS12
53 series. The only difference is on the assembling of the @samp{movb}
54 and @samp{movw} instruction when a PC-relative operand is used.
56 @cindex @samp{-mshort}
58 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 16-bit integer ABI.
59 It has no effect on the assembled instructions.
64 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit integer ABI.
66 @cindex @samp{-mshort-double}
68 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit float ABI.
71 @cindex @samp{-mlong-double}
73 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 64-bit float ABI.
75 @cindex @samp{--strict-direct-mode}
76 @item --strict-direct-mode
77 You can use the @samp{--strict-direct-mode} option to disable
78 the automatic translation of direct page mode addressing into
79 extended mode when the instruction does not support direct mode.
80 For example, the @samp{clr} instruction does not support direct page
81 mode addressing. When it is used with the direct page mode,
82 @code{@value{AS}} will ignore it and generate an absolute addressing.
83 This option prevents @code{@value{AS}} from doing this, and the wrong
84 usage of the direct page mode will raise an error.
86 @cindex @samp{--short-branches}
87 @item --short-branches
88 The @samp{--short-branches} option turns off the translation of
89 relative branches into absolute branches when the branch offset is
90 out of range. By default @code{@value{AS}} transforms the relative
91 branch (@samp{bsr}, @samp{bgt}, @samp{bge}, @samp{beq}, @samp{bne},
92 @samp{ble}, @samp{blt}, @samp{bhi}, @samp{bcc}, @samp{bls},
93 @samp{bcs}, @samp{bmi}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bra}) into
94 an absolute branch when the offset is out of the -128 .. 127 range.
95 In that case, the @samp{bsr} instruction is translated into a
96 @samp{jsr}, the @samp{bra} instruction is translated into a
97 @samp{jmp} and the conditional branches instructions are inverted and
98 followed by a @samp{jmp}. This option disables these translations
99 and @code{@value{AS}} will generate an error if a relative branch
100 is out of range. This option does not affect the optimization
101 associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes.
103 @cindex @samp{--force-long-branches}
104 @item --force-long-branches
105 The @samp{--force-long-branches} option forces the translation of
106 relative branches into absolute branches. This option does not affect
107 the optimization associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and
108 @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes.
110 @cindex @samp{--print-insn-syntax}
111 @item --print-insn-syntax
112 You can use the @samp{--print-insn-syntax} option to obtain the
113 syntax description of the instruction when an error is detected.
115 @cindex @samp{--print-opcodes}
116 @item --print-opcodes
117 The @samp{--print-opcodes} option prints the list of all the
118 instructions with their syntax. The first item of each line
119 represents the instruction name and the rest of the line indicates
120 the possible operands for that instruction. The list is printed
121 in alphabetical order. Once the list is printed @code{@value{AS}}
124 @cindex @samp{--generate-example}
125 @item --generate-example
126 The @samp{--generate-example} option is similar to @samp{--print-opcodes}
127 but it generates an example for each instruction instead.
133 @cindex M68HC11 syntax
134 @cindex syntax, M68HC11
136 In the M68HC11 syntax, the instruction name comes first and it may
137 be followed by one or several operands (up to three). Operands are
138 separated by comma (@samp{,}). In the normal mode,
139 @code{@value{AS}} will complain if too many operands are specified for
140 a given instruction. In the MRI mode (turned on with @samp{-M} option),
141 it will treat them as comments. Example:
150 @cindex line comment character, M68HC11
151 @cindex M68HC11 line comment character
152 The presence of a @samp{;} character or a @samp{!} character anywhere
153 on a line indicates the start of a comment that extends to the end of
156 A @samp{*} or a @samp{#} character at the start of a line also
157 introduces a line comment, but these characters do not work elsewhere
158 on the line. If the first character of the line is a @samp{#} then as
159 well as starting a comment, the line could also be logical line number
160 directive (@pxref{Comments}) or a preprocessor control command
161 (@pxref{Preprocessing}).
163 @cindex line separator, M68HC11
164 @cindex statement separator, M68HC11
165 @cindex M68HC11 line separator
166 The M68HC11 assembler does not currently support a line separator
169 @cindex M68HC11 addressing modes
170 @cindex addressing modes, M68HC11
171 The following addressing modes are understood for 68HC11 and 68HC12:
176 @item Address Register
177 @samp{@var{number},X}, @samp{@var{number},Y}
179 The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed.
181 @item Direct Addressing mode
182 @samp{*@var{symbol}}, or @samp{*@var{digits}}
185 @samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}
188 The M68HC12 has other more complex addressing modes. All of them
189 are supported and they are represented below:
192 @item Constant Offset Indexed Addressing Mode
193 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}}
195 The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed.
196 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or
197 @samp{PC}. The assembler will use the smaller post-byte definition
198 according to the constant value (5-bit constant offset, 9-bit constant
199 offset or 16-bit constant offset). If the constant is not known by
200 the assembler it will use the 16-bit constant offset post-byte and the value
201 will be resolved at link time.
203 @item Offset Indexed Indirect
204 @samp{[@var{number},@var{reg}]}
206 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
208 @item Auto Pre-Increment/Pre-Decrement/Post-Increment/Post-Decrement
209 @samp{@var{number},-@var{reg}}
210 @samp{@var{number},+@var{reg}}
211 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}-}
212 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}+}
214 The number must be in the range @samp{-8}..@samp{+8} and must not be 0.
215 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
217 @item Accumulator Offset
218 @samp{@var{acc},@var{reg}}
220 The accumulator register can be either @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{D}.
221 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
223 @item Accumulator D offset indexed-indirect
226 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
242 @node M68HC11-Modifiers
243 @section Symbolic Operand Modifiers
245 @cindex M68HC11 modifiers
246 @cindex syntax, M68HC11
248 The assembler supports several modifiers when using symbol addresses
249 in 68HC11 and 68HC12 instruction operands. The general syntax is
257 @cindex symbol modifiers
259 This modifier indicates to the assembler and linker to use
260 the 16-bit physical address corresponding to the symbol. This is intended
261 to be used on memory window systems to map a symbol in the memory bank window.
262 If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, the physical address
263 corresponds to the symbol address within the memory bank window.
264 If the symbol is not in a memory expansion part, this is the symbol address
265 (using or not using the %addr modifier has no effect in that case).
268 This modifier indicates to use the memory page number corresponding
269 to the symbol. If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, its page
270 number is computed by the linker as a number used to map the page containing
271 the symbol in the memory bank window. If the symbol is not in a memory
272 expansion part, the page number is 0.
275 This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit high part of the physical
276 address of the symbol.
279 This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit low part of the physical
280 address of the symbol.
284 For example a 68HC12 call to a function @samp{foo_example} stored in memory
285 expansion part could be written as follows:
288 call %addr(foo_example),%page(foo_example)
291 and this is equivalent to
297 And for 68HC11 it could be written as follows:
300 ldab #%page(foo_example)
302 jsr %addr(foo_example)
305 @node M68HC11-Directives
306 @section Assembler Directives
308 @cindex assembler directives, M68HC11
309 @cindex assembler directives, M68HC12
310 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directives
311 @cindex M68HC12 assembler directives
313 The 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have the following
314 specific assembler directives:
318 @cindex assembler directive .relax, M68HC11
319 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .relax
320 The relax directive is used by the @samp{GNU Compiler} to emit a specific
321 relocation to mark a group of instructions for linker relaxation.
322 The sequence of instructions within the group must be known to the linker
323 so that relaxation can be performed.
325 @item .mode [mshort|mlong|mshort-double|mlong-double]
326 @cindex assembler directive .mode, M68HC11
327 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .mode
328 This directive specifies the ABI. It overrides the @samp{-mshort},
329 @samp{-mlong}, @samp{-mshort-double} and @samp{-mlong-double} options.
331 @item .far @var{symbol}
332 @cindex assembler directive .far, M68HC11
333 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .far
334 This directive marks the symbol as a @samp{far} symbol meaning that it
335 uses a @samp{call/rtc} calling convention as opposed to @samp{jsr/rts}.
336 During a final link, the linker will identify references to the @samp{far}
337 symbol and will verify the proper calling convention.
339 @item .interrupt @var{symbol}
340 @cindex assembler directive .interrupt, M68HC11
341 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .interrupt
342 This directive marks the symbol as an interrupt entry point.
343 This information is then used by the debugger to correctly unwind the
344 frame across interrupts.
346 @item .xrefb @var{symbol}
347 @cindex assembler directive .xrefb, M68HC11
348 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .xrefb
349 This directive is defined for compatibility with the
350 @samp{Specification for Motorola 8 and 16-Bit Assembly Language Input
351 Standard} and is ignored.
356 @section Floating Point
358 @cindex floating point, M68HC11
359 @cindex M68HC11 floating point
360 Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
361 Feel free to add the code!
363 The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
366 @cindex @code{float} directive, M68HC11
368 @code{Single} precision floating point constants.
370 @cindex @code{double} directive, M68HC11
372 @code{Double} precision floating point constants.
374 @cindex @code{extend} directive M68HC11
375 @cindex @code{ldouble} directive M68HC11
378 @code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants.
382 @node M68HC11-opcodes
385 @cindex M68HC11 opcodes
386 @cindex opcodes, M68HC11
387 @cindex instruction set, M68HC11
390 * M68HC11-Branch:: Branch Improvement
394 @subsection Branch Improvement
396 @cindex pseudo-opcodes, M68HC11
397 @cindex M68HC11 pseudo-opcodes
398 @cindex branch improvement, M68HC11
399 @cindex M68HC11 branch improvement
401 Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
402 They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
403 target. Generally these mnemonics are made by prepending @samp{j} to
404 the start of Motorola mnemonic. These pseudo opcodes are not affected
405 by the @samp{--short-branches} or @samp{--force-long-branches} options.
407 The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations.
411 +-------------------------------------------------------------+
413 | --short-branches --force-long-branches |
414 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
415 Op |BYTE WORD | BYTE WORD |
416 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
417 bsr | bsr <pc-rel> <error> | jsr <abs> |
418 bra | bra <pc-rel> <error> | jmp <abs> |
419 jbsr | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> |
420 jbra | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> |
421 bXX | bXX <pc-rel> <error> | bNX +3; jmp <abs> |
422 jbXX | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; jmp <abs> |
424 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
426 NX: negative of condition XX
433 These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
434 particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
438 Here, @samp{jb@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
439 where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full
440 list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
442 jbcc jbeq jbge jbgt jbhi jbvs jbpl jblo
443 jbcs jbne jblt jble jbls jbvc jbmi
446 For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long displacements,
447 @code{@value{AS}} issues a longer code fragment in terms of
448 @var{NX}, the opposite condition to @var{XX}. For example, for the
449 non-PC relative case: