6 Suppose that you are in a directory containing a single Cabal package
7 which you wish to build (if you haven't set up a package yet check
8 out :doc:`developing packages <developing-packages>` for
9 instructions). You can configure and build it using Nix-style
10 local builds with this command (configuring is not necessary):
16 To open a GHCi shell with this package, use this command:
22 To run an executable defined in this package, use this command:
26 $ cabal v2-run <executable name> [executable args]
28 Developing multiple packages
29 ----------------------------
31 Many Cabal projects involve multiple packages which need to be built
32 together. To build multiple Cabal packages, you need to first create a
33 ``cabal.project`` file which declares where all the local package
34 directories live. For example, in the Cabal repository, there is a root
35 directory with a folder per package, e.g., the folders ``Cabal`` and
36 ``cabal-install``. The ``cabal.project`` file specifies each folder as
44 The expectation is that a ``cabal.project`` is checked into your source
45 control, to be used by all developers of a project. If you need to make
46 local changes, they can be placed in ``cabal.project.local`` (which
47 should not be checked in.)
49 Then, to build every component of every package, from the top-level
50 directory, run the command: (using cabal-install-2.0 or greater.)
56 To build a specific package, you can either run ``v2-build`` from the
57 directory of the package in question:
64 or you can pass the name of the package as an argument to
65 ``cabal v2-build`` (this works in any subdirectory of the project):
69 $ cabal v2-build cabal-install
71 You can also specify a specific component of the package to build. For
72 example, to build a test suite named ``package-tests``, use the command:
76 $ cabal v2-build package-tests
78 Targets can be qualified with package names. So to request
79 ``package-tests`` *from* the ``Cabal`` package, use
80 ``Cabal-tests:package-tests``.
82 Unlike sandboxes, there is no need to setup a sandbox or ``add-source``
83 projects; just check in ``cabal.project`` to your repository and
84 ``v2-build`` will just work.
89 How can I profile my library/application?
90 -----------------------------------------
92 Create or edit your ``cabal.project.local``, adding the following
97 Now, ``cabal v2-build`` will automatically build all libraries and
98 executables with profiling. You can fine-tune the profiling settings
99 for each package using :cfg-field:`profiling-detail`::
102 profiling-detail: toplevel-functions
104 Alternately, you can call ``cabal v2-build --enable-profiling`` to
105 temporarily build with profiling.
107 How can I have a reproducible set of versions for my dependencies?
108 ------------------------------------------------------------------
110 You can use ``cabal freeze`` to save the solver results to a file.
112 Since Cabal 3.8, an alternative approach is to use a :ref:`remote project
113 configuration file<conditionals and imports>`: to specify a set of versions for
116 One provider of such package sets is Stackage_, and its package sets are called
117 snapshots. The Stackage snapshots contain a set of packages from Hackage that
118 have all been verified to build with a given version of GHC.
120 For example, the snapshot named lts-19.2 contains versioned packages which all
121 compile on GHC 9.0.2. You can conveniently review the `versions of packages in
122 lts-19.2`_. Using the following ``cabal.project`` file, Cabal will use the
123 versions of packages that the this snapshot specifies:
128 import https://www.stackage.org/lts-19.2/cabal.config
130 Please note that project files do not get bundled in Cabal package tarballs,
131 made using e.g. ``cabal sdist``. Project files are intended for use in local
132 development environments.
134 .. _Stackage: https://stackage.org/
135 .. _versions of packages in lts-19.2: https://www.stackage.org/lts-19.2
140 Local versus external packages
141 ------------------------------
143 One of the primary innovations of Nix-style local builds is the
144 distinction between local packages, which users edit and recompile and
145 must be built per-project, versus external packages, which can be cached
146 across projects. To be more precise:
148 1. A **local package** is one that is listed explicitly in the
149 ``packages``, ``optional-packages`` or ``extra-packages`` field of a
150 project. Usually, these refer to packages whose source code lives
151 directly in a folder in your project. But you can list an
152 arbitrary Hackage package in :cfg-field:`packages`
153 to force it to be treated as local.
155 Local packages, as well as the external packages (below) which depend on
156 them, are built **inplace**, meaning that they are always built
157 specifically for the project and are not installed globally. Inplace
158 packages are not cached and not given unique hashes, which makes them
159 suitable for packages which you want to edit and recompile.
161 2. An **external package** is any package which is not listed in the
162 ``packages`` field. The source code for external packages is usually
163 retrieved from Hackage.
165 When an external package does not depend on an inplace package, it can
166 be built and installed to a **global** store, which can be shared across
167 projects. These build products are identified by a hash based on all of
168 the inputs which influence the compilation of a package (flags,
169 dependency selection, etc.). Just as in Nix, these hashes uniquely
170 identify the result of a build; if we compute this identifier and we
171 find that we already have this ID built, we can just use the already
174 The global package store is ``~/.cabal/store`` (configurable via
175 global `store-dir` option); if you need to clear your store for
176 whatever reason (e.g., to reclaim disk space or because the global
177 store is corrupted), deleting this directory is safe (``v2-build``
178 will just rebuild everything it needs on its next invocation).
180 This split motivates some of the UI choices for Nix-style local build
181 commands. For example, flags passed to ``cabal v2-build`` are only
182 applied to *local* packages, so that adding a flag to
183 ``cabal v2-build`` doesn't necessitate a rebuild of *every* transitive
184 dependency in the global package store.
186 In cabal-install 2.0 and above, Nix-style local builds also take advantage of a
187 new Cabal library feature, `per-component
188 builds <https://github.com/ezyang/ghc-proposals/blob/master/proposals/0000-componentized-cabal.rst>`__,
189 where each component of a package is configured and built separately.
190 This can massively speed up rebuilds of packages with lots of components
191 (e.g., a package that defines multiple executables), as only one
192 executable needs to be rebuilt. Packages that use Custom setup scripts
193 are not currently built on a per-component basis.
195 Where are my build products?
196 ----------------------------
198 A major deficiency in the current implementation of v2-build is that
199 there is no programmatic way to access the location of build products.
200 The location of the build products is intended to be an internal
201 implementation detail of v2-build, but we also understand that many
202 unimplemented features can only be reasonably worked around by
203 accessing build products directly.
205 The location where build products can be found varies depending on the
206 version of cabal-install:
208 - In cabal-install-1.24, the dist directory for a package ``p-0.1`` is
209 stored in ``dist-newstyle/build/p-0.1``. For example, if you built an
210 executable or test suite named ``pexe``, it would be located at
211 ``dist-newstyle/build/p-0.1/build/pexe/pexe``.
213 - In cabal-install-2.0, the dist directory for a package ``p-0.1``
214 defining a library built with GHC 8.0.1 on 64-bit Linux is
215 ``dist-newstyle/build/x86_64-linux/ghc-8.0.1/p-0.1``. When
216 per-component builds are enabled (any non-Custom package), a
217 subcomponent like an executable or test suite named ``pexe`` will be
219 ``dist-newstyle/build/x86_64-linux/ghc-8.0.1/p-0.1/c/pexe``; thus,
220 the full path of the executable is
221 ``dist-newstyle/build/x86_64-linux/ghc-8.0.1/p-0.1/c/pexe/build/pexe/pexe``
222 (you can see why we want this to be an implementation detail!)
224 - In cabal-install-2.2 and above, the ``/c/`` part of the above path
225 is replaced with one of ``/l/``, ``/x/``, ``/f/``, ``/t/``, or
226 ``/b/``, depending on the type of component (sublibrary,
227 executable, foreign library, test suite, or benchmark
228 respectively). So the full path to an executable named ``pexe``
229 compiled with GHC 8.0.1 on a 64-bit Linux is now
230 ``dist-newstyle/build/x86_64-linux/ghc-8.0.1/p-0.1/x/pexe/build/pexe/pexe``;
231 for a benchmark named ``pbench`` it now is
232 ``dist-newstyle/build/x86_64-linux/ghc-8.0.1/p-0.1/b/pbench/build/pbench/pbench``;
235 The paths are a bit longer in 2.0 and above but the benefit is that you can
236 transparently have multiple builds with different versions of GHC. We
237 plan to add the ability to create aliases for certain build
238 configurations, and more convenient paths to access particularly useful
239 build products like executables.
244 Nix-style local builds support a robust caching system which helps to reduce
245 the time it takes to execute a rebuild cycle. While the details of how
246 ``cabal-install`` does caching are an implementation detail and may
247 change in the future, knowing what gets cached is helpful for
248 understanding the performance characteristics of invocations to
249 ``v2-build``. The cached intermediate results are stored in
250 ``dist-newstyle/cache``; this folder can be safely deleted to clear the
253 The following intermediate results are cached in the following files in
254 this folder (the most important two are first):
256 ``solver-plan`` (binary)
257 The result of calling the dependency solver, assuming that the
258 Hackage index, local ``cabal.project`` file, and local ``cabal``
259 files are unmodified. (Notably, we do NOT have to dependency solve
260 again if new build products are stored in the global store; the
261 invocation of the dependency solver is independent of what is
262 already available in the store.)
263 ``source-hashes`` (binary)
264 The hashes of all local source files. When all local source files of
265 a local package are unchanged, ``cabal v2-build`` will skip
266 invoking ``setup build`` entirely (saving us from a possibly
267 expensive call to ``ghc --make``). The full list of source files
268 participating in compilation is determined using
269 ``cabal sdist --list-only``. Thus if you do not list all your
270 source files in a Cabal file, Cabal may fail to recompile when you
272 ``config`` (same format as ``cabal.project``)
273 The full project configuration, merged from ``cabal.project`` (and
274 friends) as well as the command line arguments.
275 ``compiler`` (binary)
276 The configuration of the compiler being used to build the project.
277 ``improved-plan`` (binary)
278 Like ``solver-plan``, but with all non-inplace packages improved
279 into pre-existing copies from the store.
281 A JSON serialization of the computed install plan intended
282 for integrating ``cabal`` with external tooling.
283 The `cabal-plan <http://hackage.haskell.org/package/cabal-plan>`__
284 package provides a library for parsing ``plan.json`` files into a
285 Haskell data structure as well as an example tool showing possible
290 Document JSON schema (including version history of schema)
293 Note that every package also has a local cache managed by the Cabal
294 build system, e.g., in ``$distdir/cache``.