1 # Firmware and Computer Acronyms, Initialisms and Definitions
3 ** Note that this document even more of a work in progress than most **
4 ** of the coreboot documentation **
8 * _XXX - An underscore followed by 3 uppercase letters will typically be
9 an ACPI specified method. Look in the [ACPI
10 Spec](https://uefi.org/specifications) for details, or run the tool
12 * 2FA - [**Two-factor Authentication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication)
13 * 4G - In coreboot, this typically refers to the 4 gibibyte boundary of 32-bit addressable memory space.
14 Better abbreviated as 4GiB
15 * 5G - Telecommunication: [**Fifth-Generation Cellular Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G)
18 * ABI - [**Application Binary Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface)
19 * ABL - AMD: AGESA BootLoader (or AMD BootLoader) - The portion of the AMD processor
20 initialization that happens from the PSP. Significantly, Memory
22 * AC - Electricity: [**Alternating Current**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current)
23 * Ack - Acknowledgment
24 * ACM – [**Authenticated Code Module**](https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/acm.html)
25 * ACP - [**Average CPU power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
26 * ACPI - The [**Advanced Configuration and Power
27 Interface**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface)
28 is an industry standard for letting the OS control power management.
29 * [http://www.acpi.info/](http://www.acpi.info/)
30 * [http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html](http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html)
31 * ADC - [**Analog-to-Digital Converter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter)
32 * ADL - Intel: [**Alder Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/alder_lake)
33 * AES - [**Advanced Encryption Standard**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard)
34 * AGESA - [**AMD Generic Encapsulated Software Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGESA_)
35 * AGP - The [**Accelerated Graphics
36 Port**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port) is an
37 older (1997-2004) point-to-point bus for video cards to communicate
39 * AHCI - The [**Advanced Host Controller
40 Interface**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface)
41 is a standard register set for communicating with a SATA controller.
42 * [http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm](http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm)
43 * [http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf](http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf)
45 * AIO - Computer formfactor: [**All In One**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer#All-in-one)
46 * ALIB - AMD: ACPI-ASL Library
47 * ALS - [**Ambient Light Sensor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_light_sensor)
48 * ALU - [**Arithmetic Logic Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit)
49 * AMBA - ARM: [**Advanced Microcontroller Bus
50 Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture):
51 An open standard to connect and manage functional blocks in an SoC
53 * AMD64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64)
54 * AMPL - AMD: [**Advanced Platform Management Link**](https://web.archive.org/web/20220509053546/https://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/419181.pdf) - Also referred to as
55 SBI: Sideband Interface
56 * AMT - Intel: [**Active Management Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology)
57 * ANSI - [**American National Standards Institute**](American_National_Standards_Institute)
58 * AOAC - AMD: Always On, Always Connected
59 * AP - Application processor - The main processor on the board (as
60 opposed to the embedded controller or other processors that may be on
61 the system), any cores in the processor chip that aren't the BSP (Boot
63 * APCB - AMD: AMD PSP Customization Block
64 * API - [**Application Programming Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API)
65 * APIC - [**Advanced Programmable Interrupt
66 Controller**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller)
67 this is an advanced version of a PIC that can handle interrupts from
68 and for multiple CPUs. Modern systems usually have several APICs:
69 Local APICs (LAPIC) are CPU-bound, IO-APICs are bridge-bound.
70 * [http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html](http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html)
71 * APL - Intel: [**Apollo Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/apollo_lake)
72 * APM - [**Advanced Power Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management) - The standard for power management
73 before ACPI (Yes, they’re both advanced). APM was managed entirely by
74 the firmware and the operating system had no control or even awareness
75 of the power management.
76 * APOB - AMD: [**AGESA PSP Output Buffer**](https://doc.coreboot.org/soc/amd/family17h.html#additional-definitions)
77 * APU - AMD: [**Accelerated Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit)
78 * ARC - HDMI: [**Audio Return Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI#ARC)
79 * ARM - [**Advanced RISC Machines**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_%28company%29) - Originally Acorn RISC Machine. This
80 may refer to either the company or the instruction set.
81 * ARP - Networking: [**Address Resolution Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol)
82 * ASCII - [**American Standard Code for Information Interchange**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII)
83 * ASEG - The A_0000h-B_FFFFh memory segment - this area was typically
84 hidden by the Video BIOS
85 * ASF - [**Alert Standard Format**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_Standard_Format)
86 * ASL - [**ACPI Source Language**](https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/19_ASL_Reference/ACPI_Source_Language_Reference.html)
87 * ASLR - Address Space Layout Randomization
88 * ASP - AMD: AMD Security Processor (Formerly the PSP - Platform
90 * ASPM - PCI: [**Active State Power
91 Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_State_Power_Management)
92 * ATA - [**Advanced Technology Attachment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA)
93 * ATS - PCIe: Address Translation Services
94 * ATAPI - [**ATA Packet Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA#ATAPI)
95 * ATX - [**Advanced Technology eXtended**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATX)
96 * AVX - [**Advanced Vector Extensions**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions)
101 * BAR - [**Base Address Register**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Address_Register) This generally refers to one of the
102 base address registers in the PCI config space of a PCI device
103 * Baud - [**Baud**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud) - Not an acronym - Symbol rate unit of symbols per second, named
105 * BBS - [**BIOS boot specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_ROM#BIOS_Boot_Specification)
106 * BCD - [**Binary-Coded Decimal**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal)
107 * BCT - Intel: [**Binary Configuration Tool**](https://github.com/intel/BCT)
108 * BDA - [**BIOS Data Area**](http://www.bioscentral.com/misc/bda.htm) This refers to the memory area of 0x40:0000 which is where the original PC-BIOS stored its data tables.
109 * BDF - [**BUS, Device, Function**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_configuration_space#Technical_information) - A way of referencing a PCI Device
111 * BDS - UEFI: [**Boot-Device Select**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#BDS_%E2%80%93_Boot_Device_Select)
112 * BDW - Intel: [**Broadwell**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/broadwell_%28client%29)
113 * BERT - ACPI: [**Boot Error Record Table**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/18_ACPI_Platform_Error_Interfaces/error-source-discovery.html)
114 * BGA - [**Ball Grid Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array)
115 * BGP - Networking: [**Border Gateway Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol)
116 * Big Real mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access
117 the entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as flat mode
118 or [**Unreal mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_mode).
119 * BIOS - [**Basic Input/Output
120 System**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS)
121 * BIST - The [**Built-in Self Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-in_self-test) is a test run by the processor on
122 itself when it is first started. Usually, any nonzero value indicates
123 that the selftest failed.
124 * Bit-banging - [**Bit-banging**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_banging) - A term for the method of emulating a more complex
125 protocol by using GPIOs.
126 * BKDG - AMD: [**Bios & Kernel Developers' guide**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/List_of_AMD_publications) (Replaced by the PPR -
127 Processor Programming Reference)
128 * BLOB - [**Binary Large OBject**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_large_object) - Originally a collection of binary files
129 stored as a single object, this was co-opted by the open source
130 communities to mean any proprietary binary file that is not available
132 * BM - [**Bus Master**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_mastering)
133 * BMC - [**Baseboard Management Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface#Baseboard_management_controller)
134 * BMP - [**Bitmap**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format)
135 * BOM - [**Bill of Materials**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials)
136 * BPDT - Boot Partition Description Table
137 * bps - Bits Per Second
138 * BS - coreboot: Boot State - coreboot's ramstage sequence are made up
139 of boot states. Each of these states can be hooked to run functions
140 before the stat, during the state, or after the state is complete.
141 * BSF - Intel: [**Boot Specification File**](https://www.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents/boot-setting-1-0-820293.pdf)
142 * BSP - BootStrap Processor - The initialization core of the main
143 system processor. This is the processor core that starts the boot
145 * BSS - [**Block Starting Symbol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss)
146 * BT - [**Bluetooth**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth)
147 * Bus - Initially a term for a number of connectors wired together in
148 parallel, this is now used as a term for any hardware communication
150 * BWG - Intel: BIOS Writers Guide
154 * C-states: ACPI Processor Idle states.
155 [**C-States**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/acpi/c-states) C0-Cx: Each
156 higher number saves more power, but takes longer to return to a fully
158 * C0 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Active - CPU is running
159 * C1 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Halt - Nothing currently
160 running, but can start running again immediately
161 * C2 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Stop-clock - core clocks off
162 * C3 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Sleep - L1 & L2 caches may be
163 saved to Last Level Cache (LLC), core powered down.
164 * C4+ - Processor Specific idle states
165 * CAR - [**Cache As RAM**](https://web.archive.org/web/20140818050214/https://www.coreboot.org/data/yhlu/cache_as_ram_lb_09142006.pdf)
166 * CBFS - coreboot filesystem
167 * CBMEM - coreboot Memory
168 * CBI - Google: [**CrOS Board Information**](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/docs/+/HEAD/design_docs/cros_board_info.md)
169 * CDN - [**Content Delivery Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network)
170 * CEM - PCIe: [**Card ElectroMechanical**](https://members.pcisig.com/wg/PCI-SIG/document/folder/839) specification
171 * CFL - [**Coffee Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/coffee_lake)
172 * CID - [**Coverity ID**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverity)
173 * CIM - [**Common Information Model**](https://www.dmtf.org/standards/cim)
174 * CISC - [**Complex Instruction Set Computer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer)
175 * CL - ChangeList - Another name for a patch or commit. This seems to be
177 * CLK - Clock - Used when there isn't enough room for 2 additional
178 characters - similar to RST, for people who hate vowels.
179 * CML - Intel: [**Comet Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/comet_lake)
180 * CMOS - [**Complementary Metal Oxide
181 Semiconductor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
182 - This is a method of making ICs (Integrated Circuits). For BIOS, it’s
183 generally used to describe a section of NVRAM (Non-volatile RAM), in
184 this case a section battery-backed memory in the RTC (Real Time Clock)
185 that is typically used to store BIOS settings.
186 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
187 * CNL - Intel: [**Cannon Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/cannon_lake) (formerly Skymont)
188 * CNVi - Intel: [**Connectivity Integration**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNVi)
189 * CPL - x86: Current Privilege Level - Privilege levels range from 0-3; lower numbers are more privileged.
190 * CPLD - [**Complex Programmable Logic Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device)
191 * CPPC - AMD: Collaborative Processor Performance Controls
192 * CPS - Characters Per Second
193 * CPU - [**Central Processing
194 Unit**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)
195 * CPUID - x86: [**CPU Identification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUID) opcode
196 * Cr50 - Google: The first generation Google Security Chip (GSC) used on
198 * CRB - Customer Reference Board
199 * CRLF - Carriage Return, Line Feed - \\r\\n - The standard window EOL
200 (End-of-Line) marker.
201 * crt0 - [**C Run Time 0**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crt0)
202 * crt0s - crt0 Source code
203 * CRT - [**Cathode Ray Tube**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube)
204 * CSE - Intel: Converged Security Engine
205 * CSI - MIPI: [**Camera Serial
206 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Serial_Interface)
207 * CSME - Intel: Converged Security and Management Engine
208 * CTLE - Intel: Continuous Time Linear Equalization
209 * CVE - [**Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures)
210 * CZN - AMD: [**Cezanne**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/cores/cezanne) - CPU Family 19h, Model 50h
216 * D-States - [**ACPI Device power
217 states**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface#Device_states)
218 D0-D3 - These are device specific power states, with each higher
219 number requiring less power, and typically taking a longer time to get
220 back to D0, fully running.
221 * D0 - ACPI Device power state: Active - Device fully on and running
222 * D1 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D0
223 * D2 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D1
224 * D3 Hot - ACPI Device power state: Device is in a low power state, but
226 * D3 Cold - ACPI Device power state: Power is completely removed from
228 * DASH - [**Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware**](Desktop_and_mobile_Architecture_for_System_Hardware)
230 * DC - Electricity: Direct Current
231 * DCP - Digital Content Protection
232 * DCR - **Decode Control Register** This is a way of identifying the
233 hardware in question. This is generally paired with a Vendor ID (VID)
234 * DDC - [**Display Data Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_Data_Channel)
235 * DDI - Intel: Digital Display Interface
236 * DDR - [**Double Data Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_rate)
237 * DEVAPC - Mediatek: Device Access Permission Control
239 * DFP - USB: Downstream Facing port
240 * DHCP - [**Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol)
241 * DID - Device Identifier
242 * DIMM - [**Dual Inline Memory Module**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM)
243 * DIP - [**Dual inline package**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_package)
244 * DMA - [**Direct Memory
245 Access**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access) Allows
246 certain hardware subsystems within a computer to access system memory
247 for reading and/or writing independently of the main CPU. Examples of
248 systems that use DMA: Hard Disk Controller, Disk Drive Controller,
249 Graphics Card, Sound Card. DMA is an essential feature of all modern
250 computers, as it allows devices of different speeds to communicate
251 without subjecting the CPU to a massive interrupt load.
252 * DMI - Direct Media Interface is a link/bus between CPU and PCH.
253 * DMI - [**Desktop Management Interface**](Desktop_Management_Interface)
254 * DMIC - Digital Microphone
255 * DMTF - [**Distributed Management Task Force**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Management_Task_Force)
256 * DMZ - Demilitarized Zone
257 * DNS - [**Domain Name Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System)
258 * DNV - Intel: [**Denverton**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/denverton)
259 * DOS - Disk Operating System
261 * DPM - Mediatek: DRAM Power Manager
262 * DPTF - Intel: Dynamic Power and Thermal Framework
263 * DRAM - Memory: [**Dynamic Random Access Memory**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory)
264 * DRTM - Dynamic Root of Trust for Measurement
265 * DQ - Memory: Data I/O signals. On a D-flipflop, used for SRAM, the
266 data-in pin is generally referred to as D, and the data-out pin is Q,
267 thus the IO Data signal lines are referred to as DQ lines.
268 * DQS - Memory: Data Q Strobe - Data valid signal for DDR memory.
269 * DRM - [**Digital Rights
270 Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management)
271 * DRP - USB: Port than can be switched between either a Downstream facing (DFP) or
272 an Upstream Facing (UFP).
274 * DRTU - Intel: Diagnostics and Regulatory Testing Utility
275 * DSDT - The [**Differentiated System Descriptor
276 Table**](http://acpi.sourceforge.net/dsdt/index.php), is generated by
277 BIOS and necessary for ACPI. Implementation of ACPI in coreboot needs
278 to be done in a "cleanroom" development process and **MAY NOT BE
279 COPIED** from an existing firmware to avoid legal issues.
280 * DSC - [**Digital Signal Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_controller)
281 * DSL - [**Digital subscriber line**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line)
282 * DSP - [**Digital Signal Processor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor)
283 * DTB - U-Boot: Device Tree Binary
284 * dTPM - Discrete TPM (Trusted Platform Module) - A separate TPM chip,
285 vs Integrated TPMs or fTPMs (Firmware TPMs).
286 * DTS - U-Boot: Device Tree Source
287 * DUT - Device Under Test
288 * DVFS - ARM: Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling
289 * DVI - [**Digital Video Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface)
290 * DVT - Production Timeline: Design Validation Test
291 * DW - DesignWare: A portfolio of silicon IP blocks for sale by the
292 Synopsys company. Includes blocks like USB, MIPI, PCIe, HDMI, SATA,
293 I2c, memory controllers and more.
294 * DXE - UEFI: [**Driver Execution Environment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#DXE_%E2%80%93_Driver_Execution_Environment_)
295 * DXIO - AMD: Distributed CrossBar I/O
300 * EBDA - Extended BIOS Data Area
301 * EBG - Intel: Emmitsburg PCH
302 * ECC - [**Error Correction Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_code) - Typically used to refer to a type of
303 memory that can detect and correct memory errors.
304 * EDID - [**Extended Display Identification Data**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data)
305 * edk2 - EFI Development Kit 2
306 * EDO - Memory: [**Extended Data
307 Out**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Extended_data_out_DRAM)
308 - A DRAM standard introduced in 1994 that improved upon, but was
309 backwards compatible with FPM (Fast Page Mode) memory.
310 * eDP - [**Embedded DisplayPort**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPort#eDP)
311 * EDS - Intel: External Design Specification
312 * EEPROM - [**Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM) (common mistake:
313 electrical erasable programmable ROM).
314 * EFI - [**Extensible Firmware Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface)
315 * EFS - AMD: Embedded Firmware Structure: The data structure that AMD processors look for first in the boot ROM to start the boot process.
316 * EHCI - [**Enhanced Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29#EHCI) - USB 2.0
317 * EHL - Intel: [**Elkhart Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/elkhart_lake)
318 * EIDE - Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
319 * EMI - [**ElectroMagnetic
320 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
321 * eMMC - [**embedded MultiMedia
322 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard#eMMC)
325 * EPP - Intel: Energy-Performance Preference
326 * EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
327 * ESD - Electrostatic discharge
328 * eSPI - Enhanced System Peripheral Interface
329 * EVT - Production Timeline: Engineering Validation Test
334 * FADT - ACPI Table: Fixed ACPI Description Table
335 * FAE - Field Application Engineer
336 * FAT - File Allocation Table
337 * FCH - AMD: Firmware Control Hub
338 * FCS - Production Timeline: First Customer Shipment
339 * FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
340 * FFS - UEFI: Firmware File System
341 * FIFO - First In, First Out
342 * FIT - Intel: Firmware Interface Table
343 * FIT - Flattened-Image Tree
344 * FIVR - Intel: Fully Integrated Voltage Regulators
345 * Flashing - Flashing means the writing of flash memory. The BIOS on
346 modern mainboards is stored in a NOR flash EEPROM chip.
347 * Flat mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
348 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as Unreal mode or
350 * FMAP - coreboot: [**Flash map**](https://doc.coreboot.org/lib/flashmap.html)
351 * FPDT - ACPI: Firmware Performance Data Table
352 * FPGA - [**Field-Programmable Gate Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array)
354 [**framebuffer**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framebuffer) is a part
355 of RAM in a computer which is allocated to hold the graphics
356 information for one frame or picture. This information typically
357 consists of color values for every pixel on the screen. A framebuffer
359 * Off-screen, meaning that writes to the framebuffer don't appear on
361 * On-screen, meaning that the framebuffer is directly coupled to the
363 * FPM - Memory: [**Fast Page Mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Page_mode_DRAM) - A DRAM standard introduced in 1990.
364 * FPU - [**Floating-Point Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit)
365 * FSB - [**Front-Side Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-side_bus)
366 * FSP - Intel: Firmware Support Package
367 * FSR - Intel: Firmware Status Register
368 * FTP - Network Protocol: [**File Transfer Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol)
369 * fTPM - Firmware TPM (Trusted Platform Module). This is a TPM that is
370 based in firmware instead of actual hardware. It typically runs in
371 some sort of TEE (Trusted Execution Environment).
376 * G0 - ACPI Global Power State: System is running
377 * G0-G3 - ACPI Global Power States
378 * G1 - ACPI Global Power State: System is suspended
379 * G2 - ACPI Global Power State: Soft power-off. The mainboard is off,
380 but can be woken up electronically, by a button, wake-on-lan, a
381 keypress, or some other method.
382 * G3 - ACPI Global Power State: Mechanical Off. There is no power going
383 to the system except for a small battery to keep the CMOS contents,
384 Real Time Clock, and maybe a few other registers running.
385 * GART - AMD: [**Graphics Address Remapping Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_address_remapping_table)
386 * GATT - Graphics Aperture Translation Table
387 * GDT - [Global Descriptor Table](https://wiki.osdev.org/Global_Descriptor_Table)
388 * GLK - Intel: [**Gemini Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/gemini_lake)
389 * GMA - Intel: [**Graphics Media
390 Accelerator**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA)
391 * GNB - Graphics NorthBridge
392 * GNVS - Global Non-Volatile Storage
393 * GPD - PCH GPIO in Deep Sleep well (D5 power)
394 * GPE - ACPI: General Purpose Event
395 * GPI - GPIOs: GPIO Input
396 * GPIO - [**General Purpose Input/Output**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_Input/Output) (Pin)
397 * GPMR - Intel: General Purpose Memory Range
398 * GPO - GPIOs: GPIO Output
399 * GPP - AMD: General Purpose (PCI/PCIe) port
400 * GPP - Intel: PCH GPIO in Primary Well (S0 power only)
401 * GPS - Nvidia: GPU Performance Scale
402 * GPT - UEFI: [**GUID Partition Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table)
403 * GPU - [**Graphics Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit)
404 * GSoC - [**Google Summer of Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code)
405 * GSC - Google Security Chip - Typically Cr50/Ti50, though could also refer to the titan chips
406 * GSPI - Generic SPI - These are SPI controllers available for general
407 use, not dedicated to flash, for example.
408 * GUID - UEFI: [**Globally Unique IDentifier**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier)
413 * HDA - [**High Definition Audio**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio)
414 * HDCP - [**High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection)
415 * HDD - Hard Disk Drive
416 * HDMI - [**High-Definition Multimedia Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI)
417 * HDR - [**High Dynamic Range**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range)
418 * HECI - Intel: [**Host Embedded Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Embedded_Controller_Interface) (Replaced by MEI)
419 * HID - [**Human Interface
420 Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_device)
421 * HOB - UEFI: Hand-Off Block
422 * HPD - Hot-Plug Detect
423 * HPET - [**High Precision Event Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Precision_Event_Timer)
424 * HSP - AMD: Hardware Security Processor
425 * HSTI - Hardware Security Test Interface
426 * HSW - Intel: Haswell
427 * Hybrid S3 - System Power State: This is where the operating system
428 saves the contents of RAM out to the Hard drive, as if preparing to go
429 to S4, but then goes into suspend to RAM. This allows the system to
430 resume quickly from S3 if the system stays powered, and resume from
431 the disk if power is lost.
432 * Hypertransport - AMD: The
433 [**Hypertransport**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertransport) bus
434 is an older (2001-2017) high-speed electrical interconnection protocol
435 specification between CPU, Memory, and (occasionally) peripheral
436 devices. This was originally called the Lightning Data Transport
437 (LDT), which could be seen reflected in various register names.
438 Hypertransport was replaced by AMD's Infinity Fabric (IF) on AMD's Zen
444 * I$ - Instruction Cache
445 * I2C - **Inter-Integrated Circuit** is a bidirectional 2-wire bus for
446 communication generally between different ICs on a circuit board.
447 * [https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html](https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html)
448 * I2S - [**Inter-IC Sound**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S)
449 * I3C - [**I3c**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I3C_%28bus%29) is not an
450 acronym - The follower to I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
451 - Also known as SenseWire
452 * IA - Intel Architecture
453 * IA-64 - Intel Itanium 64-bit architecture
454 * IBB – Initial Boot Block
455 * IBV - Independent BIOS Vendor
456 * IC - Integrated Circuit
457 * ICL - Intel: Ice Lake
458 * IDE - Software: Integrated Development Environment
459 * IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics - A type of hard drive - Used
460 interchangeable with ATA, though IDE describes the drive, and ATA
461 describes the interface. Generally replaced by SATA (Though again,
462 SATA describes the interface, not actually the drive)
463 * IDSEL/AD - Initialization Device SELect/Address and Data. Each PCI
464 slot has a signal called IDSEL. It is used to differentiate between
466 * IDT - [Interrupt Descriptor Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table)
467 * IF - AMD: [**Infinity
468 Fabric**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTransport#Infinity_Fabric)
469 is a superset of AMD's earlier Hypertransport interconnect.
470 * IFD - Intel: Intel Flash Descriptor
471 * IMC - AMD: Integrated micro-controller - An 8051 microcontroller built
472 into some AMD FCHs (Fusion Controller Hubs) and Southbridge chips.
473 This never worked well for anything beyond fan control and caused
474 numerous issues by reading from the BIOS flash chip, preventing other
475 devices from communicating with the flash chip at runtime.
476 * IMC - Integrated Memory Controller - This is a less usual use of the
477 IMC acronym, but seems to be growing somewhat.
478 * IO or I/O - Input/Output
479 * IoC - Security: Indicator of Compromise
480 * IOC - Intel: I/O Cache
481 * IOE - Intel: I/O Expander
482 * IOM - Intel: I/O Manager
483 * IOMMU - [**I/O Memory Management Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit)
484 * IOMUX - AMD: The I/O Mux block controls how each GPIO is configured.
485 * IOSF - Intel: Intel On-chip System Fabric
486 * IP - Intellectual Property
487 * IP - Internet Protocol
488 * IPC - Inter-Processor Communication/Inter-Process Communication
489 * IPI - Inter Processor Interrupt
490 * IPMI - Intelligent Platform Management Interface
491 * IRQ - Interrupt Request
492 * ISA - Instruction set architecture
493 * ISA (bus) - Industry standard architecture - Replaced generally by PCI
494 (Peripheral Control Interface)
495 * ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
496 * ISH - AMD PSP: Image Slot Header
497 * ISH - Intel: Integrated Sensor Hub - A microcontroller built into the
498 processor to help offload data processing from various sensors on a
500 * ISP - Internet Service Provider
501 * IVHD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Hardware Definition
502 * IVMD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Memory Definition
503 * IVRS - I/O Virtualization Reporting Structure
504 * IWYU - Include What you Use - A tool to help with include file use
509 * JEDEC - Joint Electron Device Engineering Council
510 * JSL - Intel: Jasper Lake
511 * JTAG - The [**Joint Test Action
512 Group**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG) created a standard for
513 communicating between chips to verify and test ICs and PCB designs.
514 The standard was named after the group, and has become a standard
515 method of accessing special debug functions on a chip allowing for
516 hardware-level debug of both the hardware and software.
521 * KBL - Intel: Kaby Lake
522 * KVM - Keyboard Video Mouse
526 * L0s - ASPM Power State: Turn off power for one direction of the PCIe
528 * L1-Cache - The fastest but smallest memory cache on a processor.
529 Frequently split into Instruction and Data caches (I-Cache / D-Cache,
530 also occasionally abbreviated as i$ and d$)
531 * L1 - ASPM Power State: The L1 power state shuts the PCIe link off
532 completely until triggered to resume by the CLKREQ# signal.
533 * L2-Cache - The second level of memory cache on a processor, this is a
534 larger cache than L1, but takes longer to access. Typically checked
535 only after data has not been found in the L1-cache.
536 * L3-Cache - The Third, and typically final memory cache level on a
537 processor. The L3 cache is typically quite a bit larger than the L1 &
538 L2 caches, but again takes longer to access, though it's still much
539 faster than reading memory. The L3 cache is frequently shared between
540 multiple cores on a modern CPU.
541 * LAN - Local Area Network
543 * LBA - Logical Block Address
544 * LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
545 * LCAP - PCIe: Link Capabilities
546 * LED - Light Emitting Diode
547 * LF - Line Feed - The standard Unix EOL (End-of-Line) marker.
548 * LGTM - Looks Good To Me
549 * LLC - Last Level Cache
550 * LLVM - Initially stood for Low Level Virtual Machine, but now is just
551 the name of the project, as it has expanded past its original goal.
553 * LPDDR5 - [**Low-Power DDR 5 SDRAM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR)
554 * LPC - The [**Low Pin
555 count**](http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/industry/lpc.htm) bus
556 was a replacement for the ISA bus, created by serializing a number of
557 parallel signals to get rid of those connections.
558 * LPM - USB: Link Power Management
559 * LPT - Line Print Terminal, Local Print Terminal, or Line Printer. -
561 * LRU - Least Recently Used - a rule used in operating systems that
562 utilises a paging system. LRU selects a page to be paged out if it has
563 been used less recently than any other page. This may be applied to a
564 cache system as well.
565 * LSB - Least Significant Bit
566 * LTE - Telecommunication: [**Long-Term
567 Evolution**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_%28telecommunication%29)
568 * LVDS - Low-Voltage Differential Signaling
573 * M.2 - An interface specification for small peripheral cards.
574 * MAC Address - Media Access Control Address
575 * MAFS - (eSPI) Master Attached Flash Sharing: Flash components are
576 attached to the controller device and may be accessed by by the
577 peripheral devices through the eSPI flash access channel.
578 * MBP - Intel UEFI: ME-to-BIOS Payload
579 * MBR - Master Boot Record
580 * MCA - [**Machine Check Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Check_Architecture)
581 * MCR - Machine Check Registers
582 * MCU - Memory Control Unit
583 * MCU - [**MicroController
584 Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller)
585 * MCTP - [**Management Component Transport Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Component_Transport_Protocol)
586 * MDFIO - Intel: Multi-Die Fabric IO
587 * MDN - AMD: Mendocino
588 * ME - Intel: Management Engine
589 * MEI - Intel: ME Interface (Previously known as HECI)
590 * Memory training - the process of finding the best speeds, voltages,
591 and delays for system memory.
592 * MHU: ARM: Message Handling Unit
593 * MIPI: The [**Mobile Industry Processor
594 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPI_Alliance) Alliance has
595 developed a number of different specifications for mobile devices.
596 The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) is a widely used interface that has
597 made its way into laptops.
598 * MIPS - Millions of Instructions per Second
599 * MIPS (processor) - Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined
601 * MKBP - Matrix Keyboard Protocol
602 * MMC - [**MultiMedia
603 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard)
604 * MMIO - [**Memory Mapped I/O**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMIO)
605 allows peripherals' memory or registers to be accessed directly
606 through the memory bus. When the memory bus size was very small, this
607 was initially done by hiding any memory at that address, effectively
608 wasting that memory. In modern systems, that memory is typically
609 moved to the end of the physical memory space, freeing a 'hole' to map
611 * MMU - Memory Management Unit
612 * MMX - Officially, not an acronym, trademarked by Intel. Unofficially,
613 Matrix Math eXtension.
614 * MODEM - Modulator-Demodulator
615 * Modern Standby - Microsoft's name for the S0iX states
616 * MOP - Macro-Operation
617 * MOS - Metal-Oxide-Silicon
618 * MP - Production Timeline: Mass Production
619 * MPU - Memory Protection Unit
620 * MPTable - The Intel [**MultiProcessor
621 specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification)
622 is a hardware compatibility guide for machine hardware designers and
623 OS software writers to produce SMP-capable machines and OSes in a
624 vendor-independent manner. Version 1.1 of the spec was released in
625 1994, and the 1.4 version was released in 1995. This has been
626 generally superseded by the ACPI tables.
627 * MRC - Intel: Memory Reference Code
628 * MSB - Most Significant Bit
629 * MSI - Message Signaled Interrupt
630 * MSR - Machine-Specific Register
631 * MT/s - MegaTransfers per second
632 * MTL - Intel: Meteor Lake
633 * MTL - ARM: MHU Transport Layer
634 * MTRR - [**Memory Type and Range Register**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTRR)
635 allows to set the cache behaviour on memory access in x86. Basically,
636 it tells the CPU how to cache certain ranges of memory
637 (e.g. write-through, write-combining, write-back...). Memory ranges
638 are specified over physical address ranges. In Linux, they are visible
639 over `/proc/mtrr` and they can be modified there. For further
640 information, see the [**Linux documentation**](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.19/x86/pat.html).
645 * Nack - Negative Acknowledgement
647 * NBCI - Nvidia: NoteBook Common Interface
648 * NC - GPIOs: No Connect
649 * NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement.
650 * NF - GPIOs: Native Function - GPIOs frequently have multiple different
651 functions, one of which is defined as the default, or Native function.
652 * NFC - [**Near Field
653 Communication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication)
654 * NGFF - [**Next Generation Form
655 Factor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.2) - The original name for
657 * NHLT - ACPI Table - Non-HDA Link Table
658 * NIC - Network Interface Card
659 * NMI - Non-maskable interrupt
660 * Nonce - Cryptography: [**Number used once**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce)
662 * NTFS - New Technology File System
663 * NVME - Non-Volatile Memory Express - An SSD interface that allows
664 access to the flash memory through a PCIe bus.
665 * NVPCF - Nvidia Platform and Control Framework
671 * ODH - GPIOs: Open Drain High - High is driven to the reference voltage, low is a high-impedance state
672 * ODL - GPIOs: Open Drain Low - Low is driven to ground, High is a high-impedance state.
673 * ODM - [**Original Design Manufacturer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_design_manufacturer)
674 * OEM - [**Original Equipment Manufacturer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer)
675 * OHCI - [**Open Host Controller
676 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Controller_Interface_%28USB%29)
677 - non-proprietary USB Host controller for USB 1.1 (May also refer to
678 the open host controller for IEEE 1394, but this is less common).
679 * OOBE - Out Of the Box Experience
680 * OPP - ARM: Operating Performance Points
681 * OS - Operating System
683 * OTP - One Time Programmable
688 * PAE - physical address extension
689 * PAL - Programmable Array Logic
690 * PAM - Intel: Programmable Attribute Map - This is the legacy BIOS
691 region from 0xC_0000 to 0xF_FFFF
692 * PAT - [**Page Attribute
693 Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_attribute_table) This can
694 be used independently or in combination with MTRR to setup memory type
695 access ranges. Allows more finely-grained control than MTRR. Compared to MTRR,
696 which sets memory types by physical address ranges, PAT sets them at Page
698 * PAT - Intel: [**Performance Acceleration
699 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_acceleration_technology)
700 * PATA - Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment - A renaming of ATA
701 after SATA became the standard.
702 * PAVP - [**Intel: Protected Audio-Video
703 Path**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA#Protected_Audio_Video_Path)
704 * PC - Personal Computer
705 * PC AT - Personal Computer Advanced Technology
706 * PC100 - An SDRAM specification for a 100MHz memory bus.
707 * PCB - Printed Circuit Board
708 * PCD - UEFI: Platform Configuration Database
709 * PCH - Intel: [**Platform Controller Hub**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub)
710 * PCI - [**Peripheral Control
711 Interconnect**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect)
712 - Replaced generally by PCIe (PCI Express)
713 * PCI Configuration Space - The [**PCI Config
714 space**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Configuration_Space) is an
715 [address space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space) for all
716 PCI devices. Originally, this address space was accessed through an
717 index/data pair by writing the address that you wanted to read/write
718 into the I/O address 0xCF8, then reading or writing I/O Address 0xCFC.
719 This has been updated to an MMIO method which increases each PCI
720 function's configuration space from 256 bytes to 4K.
721 * PCIe - [**PCI Express**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pci_express)
722 * PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
723 * PCO - AMD: [**Picasso**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/cores/picasso)
724 * PCR: TPM: Platform Configuration Register
725 * PD - GPIOs: Pull-Down - Drives the pin to ground through a resistor.
726 The resistor allows the pin to be set to the reference voltage as
728 * PD - Power Delivery - This is a specification for communicating power
729 needs and availability between two devices, typically over USB type C.
730 * PEG - PCIe Graphics - A (typically) x16 PCIe slot connected to the CPU
731 for higher graphics bandwidth and lower latency.
732 * PEI - UEFI: Pre-EFI Initialization
733 * PEIM - UEFI: PEI Module
734 * PEP - Intel: Power Engine Plug-in
735 * PHX - AMD: Phoenix SoC
736 * PHY - [**PHYsical layer**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHY) - The
737 hardware that implements the send/receive functionality of a
738 communication protocol.
739 * PI - Platform Initialization
740 * PIC - [**Programmable Interrupt
741 Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interrupt_controller)
742 * PII - [**Personally Identifiable
743 Information**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_data)
744 * PIO - [**Programmed
745 I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_input%E2%80%93output)
746 * PIR - PCI Interrupt Router
747 * PIR Table - The [**PCI Interrupt Routing
748 Table**](https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072638/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/pciirq.mspx)
749 was a Microsoft specification that allowed windows to determine how
750 each PCI slot was wired to the interrupt router.
752 * PIT - Generally refers to the 8253/8254 [**Programmable Interval
753 Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interval_timer).
754 * PLCC - [**Plastic leaded chip
755 carrier**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier)
756 * PLL - [**Phase-Locked
757 Loop**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop)
758 * PM - Platform Management
759 * PM - Power Management
760 * PMC Intel: Power Management Controller
761 * PMIC - Power Management IC (Pronounced "P-mick")
762 * PMIO - Port-Mapped I/O
763 * PMU - Power Management Unit
764 * PNP - Plug aNd Play
765 * PoP - Point-of-Presence
766 * POR - Plan of Record
767 * POR - Power On Reset
768 * Port80 - The [**I/O port
769 0x80**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test#Progress_and_error_reporting)
770 is the address for BIOS writes to update diagnostic information during
772 * POST - [**Power-On Self
773 Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test)
774 * POTS - [**Plain Old Telephone
775 Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service)
776 * PPI - UEFI: PEIM-to-PEIM Interface
777 * PPR - Processor Programming Reference
778 * PPT - AMD: Package Power Tracking
779 * PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
780 * Proto - Production Timeline: The first initial production to test key
782 * PSE - Page Size Extention
783 * PSF - Intel: Primary Sideband Fabric
784 * PSP - AMD: Platform Security Processor
785 * PSPP - AMD: PCIE Speed Power Policy
786 * PTT - Intel: Platform Trust Technology - Intel's firmware based TPM.
787 * PU - GPIOs: Pull-Up - Drives the pin to reference voltage through a
788 resistor. The resistor allows the signal to still be set to ground
790 * PVT - Production Timeline: (Production Validation Test
791 * PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
792 * PXE - Pre-boot Execution Environment
797 * QOS - Quality of Service
802 * RAID - redundant array of inexpensive disks - as opposed to SLED -
803 single large expensive disk.
804 * RAM - Random Access Memory
805 * RAMID - Boards that have soldered-down memory (no DIMMs) can have
806 various different sizes, speeds, and brands of memory chips attached.
807 Because there is no SPD, (for cost savings) the memory needs to be
808 identified in a different manner. The simplest of these is done using
809 a set of 3 or 4 GPIOs to allow 8 to 16 different memory chips to be
811 * RAPL - Running Average Power Limit
812 * RCS - [**Revision control
813 system**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System)
814 * Real mode - The original 20-bit addressing mode of the 8086 & 8088
815 computers, allowing the system to access 1MiB of memory through a
816 Segment:Offset index pair. In 2022, this is still the mode that
817 x86-64 processors are in at the reset vector!
818 * RDMA - [**Remote Direct Memory
819 Access**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Direct_Memory_Access) is
820 a concept whereby two or more computers communicate via DMA directly
821 from main memory of one system to the main memory of another.
822 * RFC - Request for Comment
823 * RFI - [**Radio-Frequency
824 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
825 * RGB - Red, Green, Blue
826 * RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer
827 * RMA - Return Merchandise Authorization
829 * ROM - Read Only Memory
830 * RoT - Root of Trust
831 * RPL - Intel: [**Raptor Lake**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Lake)
832 * RRG - AMD (ATI): Register Reference Guide
833 * RSDP - Root System Description Pointer
834 * RTC - Real Time Clock
835 * RTD3 - Power State: Runtime D3
836 * RTFM - Read the Fucking Manual
837 * RTOS - Real-Time Operating System
838 * RVP - Intel: Reference Validation Platform
845 * S-states - ACPI System Power States: [**Sleep states**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/16_Waking_and_Sleeping/sleeping-states.html)
846 * S0 - ACPI System Power State: Fully running
847 * S0 - S5 - ACPI System power states level 0 - 5, with each higher
848 numbered power state being (theoretically) lower power than the
849 previous, and (again theoretically) taking longer to get back to a
850 fully running system than the previous.
851 * S1 - ACPI System Power State: Standby - This isn’t use much anymore,
852 but it used to put the Processor into a powered, but idle state, power
853 down any drives, and turn off the display. This would wake up almost
854 instantly because no processor context was lost in this state.
855 * S2 - ACPI System Power State: Lower power than S1, Higher power than
856 S3, I don’t know that this state was ever well defined by any group.
857 * S3 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to RAM - A low-power state where
858 the processor context is copied to the system Memory, then the
859 processor and all peripherals are powered off. On wake, or resume,
860 the system starts to boot normally, then switches to restore the
861 memory registers to the previous settings, restore the processor
862 context from memory, and jump back to the operating system to pick up
864 * S4 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to Disk. The processor context
865 and all the contents of memory are copied to the hard drive. This is
866 typically fully handled by the operating system, so resume is a normal
867 boot through all of the firmware, then the OS restore the original
868 contents of memory. Any critical processor state is restored.
869 * S5 - ACPI System Power State: System is “completely powered off”, but
870 still has power going to the board.
871 * SAFS - (eSPI) Slave Attached Flash Sharing: Flash is attached to the
872 peripheral device. Only valid for server platforms.
873 * SAGV - Intel: System Agent Geyserville. The original internal name
874 for the feature eventually released as Speedstep which controls the
875 processor voltage and frequencies.
876 * SAR - The [**Specific Absorption
877 Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate) is the
878 measurement for the amount of Radio Frequency (RF) energy absorbed by
879 the body in units of Watts per Kilogram. This may be built into
881 * SAS - Serial Attached SCSI - A serialized version of SCSI used mostly
882 for high performance hard drives and tape drives.
883 * SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
885 * SB-RMI - AMD: Sideband Remote Management Interface
886 * SB-TSI - SideBand Temperature Sensor Interface
887 * SBA - SideBand Addressing
888 * SBI - SideBand Interface
889 * SBOM - Software Bill of Materials
890 * SCI - System Control Interrupt
891 * SCP - ARM: System Control Processor
892 * SCP - Network Protocol: Secure Copy
893 * SCSI - Small Computer System Interface - A high-bandwidth
894 communication interface for peripherals. This is a very old interface
895 that has seen numerous updates and is still used today, primarily in
896 SAS (Serial Attached SCSI). The initial version is now often referred
898 * SD - [**Secure Digital**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card) card
899 * SDHCI - SD Host Controller Interface
900 * SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM
901 * SDLE: AMD: Stardust Dynamic Load Emulator
902 * SEEP - Serial EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
904 * SEV - AMD: Secure Encrypted Virtualization
906 * Shadow RAM - RAM which content is copied from ROM residing at the same
907 address for speedup purposes.
908 * Shim - A small piece of code whose only purpose is to act as an
909 interface to load another piece of code.
910 * SIMD - Single Instruction, Multiple Data
911 * SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module
912 * SIPI - Startup Inter Processor Interrupt
913 * SIO - [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
914 * SKL - Intel: SkyLake
915 * SKU - Stock Keeping Unit
916 * SMART: [**Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting
917 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.)
918 * SMBIOS - [**System Management
919 BIOS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS)
920 * SMBus - [**System Management
921 Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Bus)
922 * [http://www.smbus.org/](http://www.smbus.org/)
923 * SMI - System management interrupt
924 * SMM - [**System management
925 mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Mode)
926 * SMN - AMD: System Management Network
927 * SMRAM - System Management RAM
928 * SMT - Simultaneous Multithreading
929 * SMT - Surface Mount
930 * SMT - Symmetric Multithreading
931 * SNP - AMD: Secure Nested Paging
932 * SMU - AMD: System Management Unit
933 * SO-DIMM: Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module
934 * SoC - System on a Chip
935 * SOIC - [**Small-Outline Integrated
936 Circuit**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-outline_integrated_circuit)
937 * SPD - [**Serial Presence
938 Detect**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_presence_detect)
939 * SPI - [**Serial Peripheral
940 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface)
941 * SPL - AMD: Security Patch Level
942 * SPM - Mediatek: System Power Manager
943 * SPMI - MIPI: System Power Management Interface
944 * SPR - Sapphire Rapids
945 * SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
946 * SSD - Solid State Drive
947 * SSDT - Secondary System Descriptor Table - ACPI table
948 * SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
949 * SSH - Network Protocol: Secure Shell
950 * SSI - **Server System Infrastructure**
951 * SSI-CEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Compact Electronics
952 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
953 * SSI-EEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Enterprise Electronics
954 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB) is a wider version of
955 ATX with different standoff placement.
956 * SSI-MEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Midrange Electronics
957 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
958 * SSI-TEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Thin Electronics
959 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
960 * SSP - [**Speech Signal Processor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_processing)
961 * STAPM - AMD: Skin Temperature Aware Power Management
962 * STB - AMD: Smart Trace Buffer
963 * SuperIO - The [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
964 (SIO) device provides a system with any of a number of different
965 peripherals. Most common are: A PS/2 Keyboard and mouse port, LPT
966 Ports, UARTS, Watchdog Timers, Floppy drive Controllers, GPIOs, or any
967 of a number of various other devices.
968 * SVI2/3 - Serial VID (Voltage Identification) Interface 2.0 / 3.0
974 * TBT - Intel: Turbo Boost Technology
975 * TCC - Intel: Thermal Control Circuit
976 * TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
977 * TCPC - Type C Port Controller
978 * TCSS - Intel: Type C SubSystem
979 * TDMA - Time-Division Multiple Access
980 * TDP - [**Thermal Design
981 Power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
982 * TEE - [**Trusted Execution
983 Environment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_execution_environment)
984 * TFTP - Network Protocol: Trivial File Transfer Protocol
985 * TGL - Intel: Tigerlake
986 * THC - Touch Host Controller
987 * Ti50 - Google: The next generation GSC (Google Security chip) on
988 ChromeOS devices after Cr50
989 * TLA - Techtronics Logic Analyzer
990 * TLA - Three Letter Acronym
991 * TLB - [**Translation Lookside
992 Buffer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer)
993 * TME - Intel: Total Memory Encryption
994 * TOCTOU - Time-Of-Check to Time-Of-Use
995 * TOLUM - Top of Low Usable Memory
996 * ToM - Top of Memory
997 * TPM - Trusted Platform Module
999 * TSN - Time-Sensitive Networking
1000 * TSC - [**Time Stamp
1001 Counter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stamp_Counter)
1002 * TSEG - TOM (Top of Memory) Segment
1003 * TSR - Temperature Sensor
1004 * TWAIN - Technology without an interesting name.
1006 * TXE - Intel: Trusted eXecution Engine
1011 * UART - Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter
1012 * UC - UnCacheable. Memory type setting in MTRR/PAT.
1013 * uCode - [**Microcode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode)
1014 * UDK - UEFI: UEFI Development Kit
1015 * UDP - User Datagram Protocol
1016 * UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
1017 * UFC - User Facing Camera
1018 * UFP - USB: Upstream Facing Port
1019 * UFS - Universal Flash storage
1020 * UHCI - USB: [**Universal Host Controller
1021 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29%23UHCI)
1022 - Intel proprietary USB 1.x Host controller
1023 * Unreal mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
1024 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space - Also known as Big real mode
1026 * UMA - Unified Memory Architecture
1027 * UMI - AMD: [**Unified Media
1028 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Media_Interface)
1029 * UPD - Updatable Product Data
1030 * UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
1031 * USART - Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
1032 * USB - Universal Serial Bus
1037 * VBIOS - Video BIOS
1038 * VBNV - Vboot Non-Volatile storage
1039 * VBT - [**Video BIOS
1040 Table**](https://01.org/linuxgraphics/gfx-docs/drm/ch04s02.html#id-1.4.3.4.16)
1041 * VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
1042 * VGA: Video Graphics Array
1043 * VID: Vendor Identifier
1044 * VID: AMD: Voltage Identifier
1045 * VLB - VESA Local Bus
1046 * VOIP - Voice over IP
1047 * Voodoo mode - a silly name for Big Real mode.
1048 * VPD - Vital Product Data
1049 * VPN - Virtual Private Network
1050 * VR - Voltage Regulator
1051 * VRAM - Video Random Access Memory
1052 * VRM - Voltage Regulator Module
1053 * VT-d - Intel: Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O
1058 * WAN - [**Wide Area Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network)
1059 * WB - Cache Policy: [**Write-Back**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1060 * WC - Cache Policy: [**Write-Combining**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1061 * WCAM - World-facing Camera - A camera on a device that is not intended
1062 to be used as a webcam, but instead to film scenes away from the user.
1063 For clamshell devices, his may be on the keyboard panel for devices
1064 devices that open 360 degrees, or on the outside of the cover. For
1065 tablets, it's on the the side away from the screen.
1066 * WDT - [**WatchDog Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer)
1067 * WFC - World Facing Camera
1068 * WLAN - Wireless LAN (Local Area Network)
1069 * WWAN - Telecommunication: Wireless WAN (Wide Area Network)
1070 * WP - Cache policy: [**Write-Protected**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1072 * WOL - [**Wake-on-LAN**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-LAN)
1073 * WT - Cache Policy: [**Write Through**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1078 * x64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) or AMD64.
1079 * x86 - [**x86**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) Originally referred to any device compatible with the 8088/8086
1080 architectures, this now typically means compatibility with the 80386
1081 32-bit instruction set (also referred to as IA-32)
1082 * x86-64 - The 64-bit extension to the x86 architecture. Also known as
1083 [**AMD64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) as it was developed by AMD. Long-mode refers to when the
1084 processor is running in the 64-bit mode.
1085 * XBAR - AMD: Abbreviation for crossbar, their command packet switch
1086 which determines what data goes where within the processor or SoC
1087 * XHCI - USB: [**Extensible Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Host_Controller_Interface) - USB Host controller
1088 supporting 1.x, 2.0, and 3.x devices.
1097 * ZIF - Zero Insertion Force
1101 * [AMD Glossary of terms](https://www.amd.com/system/files/documents/glossary-of-terms-20220505-for-web.pdf)