| blob | 1d51c84e84251c0fd65174c704bb8a626b73fdb7 |
5 <head>
10 /* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
12 /* Default font. */
13 body {
14 font-family: Georgia,serif;
15 }
17 /* Title font. */
18 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
19 div.title, caption.title,
20 thead, p.table.header,
21 #toctitle,
22 #author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
23 #footer {
24 font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
25 }
27 body {
29 }
31 a {
32 color: blue;
33 text-decoration: underline;
34 }
35 a:visited {
36 color: fuchsia;
37 }
39 em {
40 font-style: italic;
41 color: navy;
42 }
44 strong {
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46 color: #083194;
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51 margin-top: 1.2em;
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53 line-height: 1.3;
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57 border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
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61 }
62 h3 {
63 float: left;
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72 div.sectionbody {
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80 p {
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82 margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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85 ul, ol, li > p {
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91 .monospaced, code, pre {
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93 font-size: inherit;
94 color: navy;
95 padding: 0;
96 margin: 0;
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98 pre {
99 white-space: pre-wrap;
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102 #author {
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402 span.olive-background { background: olive; }
403 span.purple-background { background: purple; }
404 span.red-background { background: red; }
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417 div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; }
420 /*
421 * xhtml11 specific
422 *
423 * */
425 div.tableblock {
426 margin-top: 1.0em;
427 margin-bottom: 1.5em;
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429 div.tableblock > table {
431 }
432 thead, p.table.header {
433 font-weight: bold;
434 color: #527bbd;
435 }
436 p.table {
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446 }
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453 /*
454 * html5 specific
455 *
456 * */
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512 vertical-align: bottom;
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516 /*
517 * manpage specific
518 *
519 * */
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524 border-top: 2px solid silver;
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532 }
534 @media print {
535 body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
536 }
539 </style>
541 /*<![CDATA[*/
542 var asciidoc = { // Namespace.
544 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
545 // Table Of Contents generator
546 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
548 /* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
549 * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
550 *
551 * Table Of Content generator
552 * Version: 0.4
553 *
554 * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
555 * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
556 */
558 /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
562 toc: function (toclevels) {
564 function getText(el) {
565 var text = "";
566 for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
567 if (i.nodeType == 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */) // IE doesn't speak constants.
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570 text += getText(i);
571 }
572 return text;
573 }
575 function TocEntry(el, text, toclevel) {
576 this.element = el;
577 this.text = text;
578 this.toclevel = toclevel;
579 }
581 function tocEntries(el, toclevels) {
582 var result = new Array;
584 // Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
585 // nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
586 // browsers).
587 var iterate = function (el) {
588 for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
589 if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
590 var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
593 }
594 iterate(i);
595 }
596 }
597 }
598 iterate(el);
599 return result;
600 }
602 var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
603 if (!toc) {
604 return;
605 }
607 // Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
608 var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
609 var i;
610 for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
611 var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
612 if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
613 && entry.getAttribute("class")
614 && entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
615 tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
616 }
617 for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
618 toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
619 }
621 // Rebuild TOC entries.
622 var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
623 for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
624 var entry = entries[i];
625 if (entry.element.id == "")
626 entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
627 var a = document.createElement("a");
628 a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
629 a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
630 var div = document.createElement("div");
631 div.appendChild(a);
632 div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
633 toc.appendChild(div);
634 }
635 if (entries.length == 0)
636 toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
637 },
640 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
641 // Footnotes generator
642 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
644 /* Based on footnote generation code from:
646 */
648 footnotes: function () {
649 // Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
650 var i;
651 var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
652 if (!noteholder) {
653 return;
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655 var entriesToRemove = [];
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659 entriesToRemove.push(entry);
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661 for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
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663 }
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667 var spans = cont.getElementsByTagName("span");
668 var refs = {};
669 var n = 0;
671 if (spans[i].className == "footnote") {
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673 var note = spans[i].getAttribute("data-note");
674 if (!note) {
675 // Use [\s\S] in place of . so multi-line matches work.
676 // Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
677 note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
678 spans[i].innerHTML =
681 spans[i].setAttribute("data-note", note);
682 }
683 noteholder.innerHTML +=
687 var id =spans[i].getAttribute("id");
688 if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
689 }
690 }
691 if (n == 0)
692 noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
693 else {
694 // Process footnoterefs.
696 if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
698 href = href.match(/#.*/)[0]; // Because IE return full URL.
699 n = refs[href];
700 spans[i].innerHTML =
701 "[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
703 }
704 }
705 }
706 },
708 install: function(toclevels) {
709 var timerId;
711 function reinstall() {
712 asciidoc.footnotes();
713 if (toclevels) {
714 asciidoc.toc(toclevels);
715 }
716 }
718 function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
719 clearInterval(timerId);
720 reinstall();
721 }
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724 if (document.addEventListener)
725 document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", reinstallAndRemoveTimer, false);
726 else
727 window.onload = reinstallAndRemoveTimer;
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730 }
731 asciidoc.install();
732 /*]]>*/
733 </script>
734 </head>
737 <h1>
738 git-rev-list(1) Manual Page
739 </h1>
742 <p>git-rev-list -
743 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
744 </p>
745 </div>
746 </div>
752 <pre class="content"><em>git rev-list</em> [<options>] <commit>… [--] [<path>…]</pre>
754 </div></div>
755 </div>
756 </div>
760 <div class="paragraph"><p>List commits that are reachable by following the <code>parent</code> links from the
761 given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
763 chronological order by default.</p></div>
764 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of
765 the commits given on the command line form a set, and then commits reachable
767 set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the command’s output.
768 Various other options and paths parameters can be used to further limit the
769 result.</p></div>
774 </div></div>
775 <div class="paragraph"><p>means "list all the commits which are reachable from <em>foo</em> or <em>bar</em>, but
777 <div class="paragraph"><p>A special notation "<em><commit1></em>..<em><commit2></em>" can be used as a
778 short-hand for "^<em><commit1></em> <em><commit2></em>". For example, either of
779 the following may be used interchangeably:</p></div>
782 <pre><code>$ git rev-list origin..HEAD
783 $ git rev-list HEAD ^origin</code></pre>
784 </div></div>
785 <div class="paragraph"><p>Another special notation is "<em><commit1></em>…<em><commit2></em>" which is useful
786 for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
787 between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:</p></div>
790 <pre><code>$ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
791 $ git rev-list A...B</code></pre>
792 </div></div>
794 provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For
795 this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be
798 </div>
799 </div>
806 special notations explained in the description, additional commit
807 limiting may be applied.</p></div>
809 <code>--since=<date1></code> limits to commits newer than <code><date1></code>, and using it
817 </dt>
820 </dt>
823 </dt>
824 <dd>
825 <p>
826 Limit the number of commits to output.
827 </p>
828 </dd>
831 </dt>
832 <dd>
833 <p>
835 </p>
836 </dd>
839 </dt>
842 </dt>
843 <dd>
844 <p>
845 Show commits more recent than a specific date.
846 </p>
847 </dd>
850 </dt>
851 <dd>
852 <p>
853 Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
854 all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
855 is older than a specific date.
856 </p>
857 </dd>
860 </dt>
863 </dt>
864 <dd>
865 <p>
866 Show commits older than a specific date.
867 </p>
868 </dd>
871 </dt>
874 </dt>
875 <dd>
876 <p>
877 Limit the commits output to specified time range.
878 </p>
879 </dd>
882 </dt>
885 </dt>
886 <dd>
887 <p>
888 Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
889 header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
891 commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
893 </p>
894 </dd>
897 </dt>
898 <dd>
899 <p>
900 Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
901 match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
903 matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an
905 </p>
906 </dd>
909 </dt>
910 <dd>
911 <p>
912 Limit the commits output to ones with log message that
913 matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With
915 matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
917 </p>
918 </dd>
920 --all-match
921 </dt>
922 <dd>
923 <p>
925 instead of ones that match at least one.
926 </p>
927 </dd>
929 --invert-grep
930 </dt>
931 <dd>
932 <p>
933 Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not
935 </p>
936 </dd>
938 -i
939 </dt>
941 --regexp-ignore-case
942 </dt>
943 <dd>
944 <p>
945 Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
946 case.
947 </p>
948 </dd>
950 --basic-regexp
951 </dt>
952 <dd>
953 <p>
954 Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
955 this is the default.
956 </p>
957 </dd>
959 -E
960 </dt>
962 --extended-regexp
963 </dt>
964 <dd>
965 <p>
966 Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
967 instead of the default basic regular expressions.
968 </p>
969 </dd>
971 -F
972 </dt>
974 --fixed-strings
975 </dt>
976 <dd>
977 <p>
978 Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
979 pattern as a regular expression).
980 </p>
981 </dd>
983 -P
984 </dt>
986 --perl-regexp
987 </dt>
988 <dd>
989 <p>
990 Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
991 expressions.
992 </p>
994 compile-time dependency. If Git wasn’t compiled with support for them
995 providing this option will cause it to die.</p></div>
996 </dd>
998 --remove-empty
999 </dt>
1000 <dd>
1001 <p>
1002 Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
1003 </p>
1004 </dd>
1006 --merges
1007 </dt>
1008 <dd>
1009 <p>
1011 </p>
1012 </dd>
1014 --no-merges
1015 </dt>
1016 <dd>
1017 <p>
1018 Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
1020 </p>
1021 </dd>
1024 </dt>
1027 </dt>
1029 --no-min-parents
1030 </dt>
1032 --no-max-parents
1033 </dt>
1034 <dd>
1035 <p>
1036 Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
1038 <code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>. <code>--max-parents=0</code>
1040 </p>
1041 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
1044 </dd>
1046 --first-parent
1047 </dt>
1048 <dd>
1049 <p>
1050 When finding commits to include, follow only the first
1051 parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This option
1052 can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
1053 a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
1054 branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
1055 from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
1056 the individual commits brought in to your history by such
1057 a merge.
1058 </p>
1059 </dd>
1061 --exclude-first-parent-only
1062 </dt>
1063 <dd>
1064 <p>
1066 the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
1067 This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
1068 from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
1069 that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.
1070 </p>
1071 </dd>
1073 --not
1074 </dt>
1075 <dd>
1076 <p>
1079 </p>
1080 </dd>
1082 --all
1083 </dt>
1084 <dd>
1085 <p>
1088 </p>
1089 </dd>
1092 </dt>
1093 <dd>
1094 <p>
1099 </p>
1100 </dd>
1103 </dt>
1104 <dd>
1105 <p>
1110 </p>
1111 </dd>
1114 </dt>
1115 <dd>
1116 <p>
1119 remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
1120 If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.
1121 </p>
1122 </dd>
1125 </dt>
1126 <dd>
1127 <p>
1132 </p>
1133 </dd>
1136 </dt>
1137 <dd>
1138 <p>
1140 <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
1141 consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
1142 up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
1144 accumulated patterns).
1145 </p>
1146 <div class="paragraph"><p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
1147 <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
1150 explicitly.</p></div>
1151 </dd>
1153 --exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]
1154 </dt>
1155 <dd>
1156 <p>
1163 </p>
1164 </dd>
1166 --reflog
1167 </dt>
1168 <dd>
1169 <p>
1170 Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
1172 </p>
1173 </dd>
1175 --alternate-refs
1176 </dt>
1177 <dd>
1178 <p>
1179 Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
1180 repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
1181 repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
1185 </p>
1186 </dd>
1188 --single-worktree
1189 </dt>
1190 <dd>
1191 <p>
1192 By default, all working trees will be examined by the
1193 following options when there are more than one (see
1194 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
1196 This option forces them to examine the current working tree
1197 only.
1198 </p>
1199 </dd>
1201 --ignore-missing
1202 </dt>
1203 <dd>
1204 <p>
1205 Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
1206 the bad input was not given.
1207 </p>
1208 </dd>
1210 --stdin
1211 </dt>
1212 <dd>
1213 <p>
1216 seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the
1217 result.
1218 </p>
1219 </dd>
1221 --quiet
1222 </dt>
1223 <dd>
1224 <p>
1225 Don’t print anything to standard output. This form
1226 is primarily meant to allow the caller to
1227 test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
1228 connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout
1230 </p>
1231 </dd>
1233 --disk-usage
1234 </dt>
1236 --disk-usage=human
1237 </dt>
1238 <dd>
1239 <p>
1240 Suppress normal output; instead, print the sum of the bytes used
1241 for on-disk storage by the selected commits or objects. This is
1242 equivalent to piping the output into <code>git cat-file
1243 --batch-check='%(objectsize:disk)'</code>, except that it runs much
1246 "on-disk storage" means.
1249 </p>
1250 </dd>
1252 --cherry-mark
1253 </dt>
1254 <dd>
1255 <p>
1258 </p>
1259 </dd>
1261 --cherry-pick
1262 </dt>
1263 <dd>
1264 <p>
1265 Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
1267 commits are limited with symmetric difference.
1268 </p>
1269 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
1270 to list all commits on only one side of them is with
1274 cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
1275 excluded from the output.</p></div>
1276 </dd>
1278 --left-only
1279 </dt>
1281 --right-only
1282 </dt>
1283 <dd>
1284 <p>
1285 List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
1288 </p>
1289 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick --right-only A...B</code> omits those
1291 <code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git cherry A B</code>.
1293 list.</p></div>
1294 </dd>
1296 --cherry
1297 </dt>
1298 <dd>
1299 <p>
1301 limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
1302 have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
1305 </p>
1306 </dd>
1308 -g
1309 </dt>
1311 --walk-reflogs
1312 </dt>
1313 <dd>
1314 <p>
1315 Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
1316 reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
1317 When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
1320 </p>
1321 <div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
1322 this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
1323 taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown
1326 depending on a few rules:</p></div>
1330 <li>
1331 <p>
1333 format.
1334 </p>
1335 </li>
1336 <li>
1337 <p>
1339 timestamp format.
1340 </p>
1341 </li>
1342 <li>
1343 <p>
1346 </p>
1347 </li>
1348 <li>
1349 <p>
1350 Otherwise, show the index format.
1351 </p>
1352 </li>
1353 </ol></div>
1354 </div></div>
1356 prefixed with this information on the same line.
1359 <div class="paragraph"><p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p></div>
1360 </dd>
1362 --merge
1363 </dt>
1364 <dd>
1365 <p>
1366 After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a
1367 conflict and don’t exist on all heads to merge.
1368 </p>
1369 </dd>
1371 --boundary
1372 </dt>
1373 <dd>
1374 <p>
1375 Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
1377 </p>
1378 </dd>
1380 --use-bitmap-index
1381 </dt>
1382 <dd>
1383 <p>
1384 Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if
1386 trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed.
1387 </p>
1388 </dd>
1391 </dt>
1392 <dd>
1393 <p>
1394 Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The
1396 </p>
1397 </dd>
1398 </dl></div>
1399 </div>
1402 <div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
1405 is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p></div>
1410 </dt>
1411 <dd>
1412 <p>
1414 </p>
1415 </dd>
1417 --simplify-by-decoration
1418 </dt>
1419 <dd>
1420 <p>
1421 Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
1422 </p>
1423 </dd>
1424 </dl></div>
1425 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p></div>
1426 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p></div>
1429 Default mode
1430 </dt>
1431 <dd>
1432 <p>
1433 Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
1434 final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
1435 branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
1436 with the same content)
1437 </p>
1438 </dd>
1440 --show-pulls
1441 </dt>
1442 <dd>
1443 <p>
1444 Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
1445 commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
1446 TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
1447 the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.
1448 </p>
1449 </dd>
1451 --full-history
1452 </dt>
1453 <dd>
1454 <p>
1455 Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.
1456 </p>
1457 </dd>
1459 --dense
1460 </dt>
1461 <dd>
1462 <p>
1463 Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
1464 meaningful history.
1465 </p>
1466 </dd>
1468 --sparse
1469 </dt>
1470 <dd>
1471 <p>
1472 All commits in the simplified history are shown.
1473 </p>
1474 </dd>
1476 --simplify-merges
1477 </dt>
1478 <dd>
1479 <p>
1481 merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
1482 commits contributing to this merge.
1483 </p>
1484 </dd>
1487 </dt>
1488 <dd>
1489 <p>
1495 times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
1496 given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.
1497 </p>
1498 </dd>
1499 </dl></div>
1501 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the <paths>. We shall call commits
1504 <div class="paragraph"><p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
1505 illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
1509 <pre><code> .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1510 / / / / / /
1511 I B C D E Y
1512 \ / / / / /
1513 `-------------' X</code></pre>
1514 </div></div>
1515 <div class="paragraph"><p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
1516 each merge. The commits are:</p></div>
1518 <li>
1519 <p>
1521 “asdf”, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents “quux”. Initial
1523 </p>
1524 </li>
1525 <li>
1526 <p>
1528 </p>
1529 </li>
1530 <li>
1531 <p>
1532 <code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>. Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
1533 hence TREESAME to all parents.
1534 </p>
1535 </li>
1536 <li>
1537 <p>
1538 <code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to “foobar”,
1539 so it is not TREESAME to any parent.
1540 </p>
1541 </li>
1542 <li>
1543 <p>
1544 <code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to “baz”. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
1545 <code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to “foobarbaz”; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
1546 </p>
1547 </li>
1548 <li>
1549 <p>
1550 <code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to “xyzzy”, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
1551 strings to “quux xyzzy”. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.
1552 </p>
1553 </li>
1554 <li>
1555 <p>
1556 <code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
1557 modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
1559 </p>
1560 </li>
1561 </ul></div>
1562 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
1565 are available.</p></div>
1568 Default mode
1569 </dt>
1570 <dd>
1571 <p>
1572 Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
1574 commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
1575 only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME
1576 parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all
1577 parents.
1578 </p>
1582 <pre><code> .-A---N---O
1583 / / /
1584 I---------D</code></pre>
1585 </div></div>
1590 <div class="paragraph"><p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
1591 not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
1592 parent lines.</p></div>
1593 </dd>
1595 --full-history without parent rewriting
1596 </dt>
1597 <dd>
1598 <p>
1599 This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
1600 all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
1601 Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
1602 included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In
1603 the example, we get
1604 </p>
1608 </div></div>
1609 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents. <code>E</code>,
1610 <code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
1611 do not appear.</p></div>
1612 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
1613 about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
1614 them disconnected.</p></div>
1615 </dd>
1617 --full-history with parent rewriting
1618 </dt>
1619 <dd>
1620 <p>
1621 Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
1623 </p>
1625 Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
1626 themselves. This results in</p></div>
1629 <pre><code> .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1630 / / / / /
1631 I B / D /
1632 \ / / / /
1633 `-------------'</code></pre>
1634 </div></div>
1635 <div class="paragraph"><p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above. Note that <code>E</code>
1636 was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
1637 rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>. The same happened for <code>C</code> and
1639 </dd>
1640 </dl></div>
1642 affects inclusion:</p></div>
1645 --dense
1646 </dt>
1647 <dd>
1648 <p>
1649 Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
1650 to any parent.
1651 </p>
1652 </dd>
1654 --sparse
1655 </dt>
1656 <dd>
1657 <p>
1658 All commits that are walked are included.
1659 </p>
1660 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
1661 one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
1662 sides of the merge are never walked.</p></div>
1663 </dd>
1665 --simplify-merges
1666 </dt>
1667 <dd>
1668 <p>
1669 First, build a history graph in the same way that
1671 </p>
1672 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C'</code> in the final
1673 history according to the following rules:</p></div>
1677 <li>
1678 <p>
1680 </p>
1681 </li>
1682 <li>
1683 <p>
1684 Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C'</code> with its simplification <code>P'</code>. In
1685 the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
1686 root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
1687 to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.
1688 </p>
1689 </li>
1690 <li>
1691 <p>
1694 Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
1695 </p>
1696 </li>
1697 </ul></div>
1698 </div></div>
1703 <pre><code> .-A---M---N---O
1704 / / /
1705 I B D
1706 \ / /
1707 `---------'</code></pre>
1708 </div></div>
1709 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p></div>
1713 <li>
1714 <p>
1717 </p>
1718 </li>
1719 <li>
1720 <p>
1722 removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
1723 </p>
1724 </li>
1725 <li>
1726 <p>
1727 <code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
1729 parent and is TREESAME.
1730 </p>
1731 </li>
1732 </ul></div>
1733 </div></div>
1734 </dd>
1735 </dl></div>
1740 </dt>
1741 <dd>
1742 <p>
1743 Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
1745 itself.
1746 </p>
1747 <div class="paragraph"><p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p></div>
1750 <pre><code> D---E-------F
1751 / \ \
1752 B---C---G---H---I---J
1753 / \
1754 A-------K---------------L--M</code></pre>
1755 </div></div>
1756 <div class="paragraph"><p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
1759 that “what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>”. The result in this
1760 example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
1761 of course).</p></div>
1762 <div class="paragraph"><p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
1765 excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
1769 <pre><code> E-------F
1770 \ \
1771 G---H---I---J
1772 \
1773 L--M</code></pre>
1774 </div></div>
1775 <div class="paragraph"><p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
1777 explicit.</p></div>
1778 <div class="paragraph"><p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
1779 commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
1784 <pre><code> E
1785 \
1786 G---H---I---J
1787 \
1788 L--M</code></pre>
1789 </div></div>
1790 <div class="paragraph"><p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K D..M</code> would result in</p></div>
1794 </div></div>
1795 </dd>
1796 </dl></div>
1797 <div class="paragraph"><p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
1798 create a new example history.</p></div>
1799 <div class="paragraph"><p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
1800 commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file’s
1801 simplified history. Let’s demonstrate a new example and show how options
1802 such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p></div>
1805 <pre><code> .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
1806 / / \ \ \/ / /
1807 I B \ R-'`-Z' /
1808 \ / \/ /
1809 \ / /\ /
1810 `---X--' `---Y--'</code></pre>
1811 </div></div>
1812 <div class="paragraph"><p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
1813 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
1814 and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
1818 the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
1820 contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
1823 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
1824 those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
1825 graph is:</p></div>
1829 </div></div>
1830 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
1831 the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
1832 merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p></div>
1835 <pre><code> .-A---M--------N---O---P
1836 / / \ \ \/ / /
1837 I B \ R-'`--' /
1838 \ / \/ /
1839 \ / /\ /
1840 `---X--' `------'</code></pre>
1841 </div></div>
1842 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
1845 issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
1846 parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
1848 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
1849 disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
1851 removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
1853 in a history view as follows:</p></div>
1856 <pre><code> .-A---M--.
1857 / / \
1858 I B R
1859 \ / /
1860 \ / /
1861 `---X--'</code></pre>
1862 </div></div>
1864 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
1867 the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p></div>
1870 before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
1871 use for very large repositories.</p></div>
1872 <div class="paragraph"><p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
1873 on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
1875 not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
1876 important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
1877 into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
1878 the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
1879 commit message.</p></div>
1882 --show-pulls
1883 </dt>
1884 <dd>
1885 <p>
1886 In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
1887 each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
1888 is TREESAME to a later parent.
1889 </p>
1890 <div class="paragraph"><p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
1891 treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
1893 graph is:</p></div>
1897 </div></div>
1898 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
1901 default history.</p></div>
1902 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
1903 graph includes all of the necessary information:</p></div>
1906 <pre><code> .-A---M--. N
1907 / / \ /
1908 I B R
1909 \ / /
1910 \ / /
1911 `---X--'</code></pre>
1912 </div></div>
1913 <div class="paragraph"><p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
1916 branch.</p></div>
1917 </dd>
1918 </dl></div>
1919 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
1920 big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
1921 that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME
1922 (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
1924 contents of the paths given on the command line. All other
1925 commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p></div>
1926 </div>
1931 --bisect
1932 </dt>
1933 <dd>
1934 <p>
1935 Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
1936 included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
1939 added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
1941 </p>
1945 </div></div>
1949 <pre><code> $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
1950 $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz</code></pre>
1951 </div></div>
1953 introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
1954 generate and test new 'midpoint’s until the commit chain is of length
1955 one.</p></div>
1956 </dd>
1958 --bisect-vars
1959 </dt>
1960 <dd>
1961 <p>
1964 text ready to be eval’ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
1972 </p>
1973 </dd>
1975 --bisect-all
1976 </dt>
1977 <dd>
1978 <p>
1979 This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
1980 commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
1982 from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
1984 </p>
1986 test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
1987 may not compile for example).</p></div>
1988 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option can be used along with <code>--bisect-vars</code>, in this case,
1989 after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if
1991 </dd>
1992 </dl></div>
1993 </div>
1996 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.</p></div>
1999 --date-order
2000 </dt>
2001 <dd>
2002 <p>
2003 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
2004 otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.
2005 </p>
2006 </dd>
2008 --author-date-order
2009 </dt>
2010 <dd>
2011 <p>
2012 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
2013 otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order.
2014 </p>
2015 </dd>
2017 --topo-order
2018 </dt>
2019 <dd>
2020 <p>
2021 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and
2022 avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history
2023 intermixed.
2024 </p>
2029 \ \
2031 </div></div>
2035 <div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>--topo-order</code>, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
2036 3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
2037 avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
2038 together.</p></div>
2039 </dd>
2041 --reverse
2042 </dt>
2043 <dd>
2044 <p>
2045 Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting
2046 section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
2048 </p>
2049 </dd>
2050 </dl></div>
2051 </div>
2054 <div class="paragraph"><p>These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.</p></div>
2057 --objects
2058 </dt>
2059 <dd>
2060 <p>
2061 Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
2063 all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
2065 </p>
2066 </dd>
2068 --in-commit-order
2069 </dt>
2070 <dd>
2071 <p>
2072 Print tree and blob ids in order of the commits. The tree
2073 and blob ids are printed after they are first referenced
2074 by a commit.
2075 </p>
2076 </dd>
2078 --objects-edge
2079 </dt>
2080 <dd>
2081 <p>
2084 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a> to build a “thin” pack, which records
2085 objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
2086 excluded commits to reduce network traffic.
2087 </p>
2088 </dd>
2090 --objects-edge-aggressive
2091 </dt>
2092 <dd>
2093 <p>
2095 commits at the cost of increased time. This is used instead of
2097 </p>
2098 </dd>
2100 --indexed-objects
2101 </dt>
2102 <dd>
2103 <p>
2104 Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed
2105 on the command line. Note that you probably want to use
2107 </p>
2108 </dd>
2110 --unpacked
2111 </dt>
2112 <dd>
2113 <p>
2115 in packs.
2116 </p>
2117 </dd>
2119 --object-names
2120 </dt>
2121 <dd>
2122 <p>
2124 that are found. This is the default behavior. Note that the
2125 "name" of each object is ambiguous, and mostly intended as a
2126 hint for packing objects. In particular: no distinction is made between
2127 the names of tags, trees, and blobs; path names may be modified
2128 to remove newlines; and if an object would appear multiple times
2129 with different names, only one name is shown.
2130 </p>
2131 </dd>
2133 --no-object-names
2134 </dt>
2135 <dd>
2136 <p>
2139 the output to be more easily parsed by commands such as
2141 </p>
2142 </dd>
2145 </dt>
2146 <dd>
2147 <p>
2150 may be one of the following:
2151 </p>
2153 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=blob:limit=<n>[kmg]</em> omits blobs larger than n bytes
2154 or units. n may be zero. The suffixes k, m, and g can be used to name
2157 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=object:type=(tag|commit|tree|blob)</em> omits all objects
2158 which are not of the requested type.</p></div>
2159 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=sparse:oid=<blob-ish></em> uses a sparse-checkout
2161 to omit blobs that would not be required for a sparse checkout on
2162 the requested refs.</p></div>
2163 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=tree:<depth></em> omits all blobs and trees whose depth
2166 any trees or blobs unless included explicitly in the command-line (or
2168 tree and blobs which are referenced directly by a commit reachable from
2170 while also including trees and blobs one more level removed from an
2171 explicitly-given commit or tree.</p></div>
2172 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the form <em>--filter=sparse:path=<path></em> that wants to read
2173 from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security
2174 reasons.</p></div>
2175 <div class="paragraph"><p>Multiple <em>--filter=</em> flags can be specified to combine filters. Only
2176 objects which are accepted by every filter are included.</p></div>
2177 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=combine:<filter1>+<filter2>+…<filterN></em> can also be
2178 used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating
2182 reserved and also must be encoded: <code>~!@#$^&*()[]{}\;",<>?</code><code>'`</code>
2183 as well as all characters with ASCII code <= <code>0x20</code>, which includes
2184 space and newline.</p></div>
2186 <em>combine:tree:3+blob:none</em> and <em>combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone</em> are
2187 equivalent.</p></div>
2188 </dd>
2190 --no-filter
2191 </dt>
2192 <dd>
2193 <p>
2194 Turn off any previous <code>--filter=</code> argument.
2195 </p>
2196 </dd>
2198 --filter-provided-objects
2199 </dt>
2200 <dd>
2201 <p>
2202 Filter the list of explicitly provided objects, which would otherwise
2203 always be printed even if they did not match any of the filters. Only
2204 useful with <code>--filter=</code>.
2205 </p>
2206 </dd>
2208 --filter-print-omitted
2209 </dt>
2210 <dd>
2211 <p>
2212 Only useful with <code>--filter=</code>; prints a list of the objects omitted
2213 by the filter. Object IDs are prefixed with a “~” character.
2214 </p>
2215 </dd>
2217 --missing=<missing-action>
2218 </dt>
2219 <dd>
2220 <p>
2222 This option specifies how missing objects are handled.
2223 </p>
2224 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=error</em> requests that rev-list stop with an error if
2225 a missing object is encountered. This is the default action.</p></div>
2226 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=allow-any</em> will allow object traversal to continue
2227 if a missing object is encountered. Missing objects will silently be
2228 omitted from the results.</p></div>
2229 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=allow-promisor</em> is like <em>allow-any</em>, but will only
2230 allow object traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects.
2231 Unexpected missing objects will raise an error.</p></div>
2232 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=print</em> is like <em>allow-any</em>, but will also print a
2233 list of the missing objects. Object IDs are prefixed with a “?” character.</p></div>
2234 </dd>
2236 --exclude-promisor-objects
2237 </dt>
2238 <dd>
2239 <p>
2240 (For internal use only.) Prefilter object traversal at
2241 promisor boundary. This is used with partial clone. This is
2242 stronger than <code>--missing=allow-promisor</code> because it limits the
2243 traversal, rather than just silencing errors about missing
2244 objects.
2245 </p>
2246 </dd>
2248 --no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]
2249 </dt>
2250 <dd>
2251 <p>
2252 Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
2253 This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
2254 <code>unsorted</code> is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
2255 given on the command line. Otherwise (if <code>sorted</code> or no argument
2256 was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
2257 by commit time.
2258 Cannot be combined with <code>--graph</code>.
2259 </p>
2260 </dd>
2262 --do-walk
2263 </dt>
2264 <dd>
2265 <p>
2266 Overrides a previous <code>--no-walk</code>.
2267 </p>
2268 </dd>
2269 </dl></div>
2270 </div>
2273 <div class="paragraph"><p>Using these options, <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> will act similar to the
2275 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a></p></div>
2278 --pretty[=<format>]
2279 </dt>
2281 --format=<format>
2282 </dt>
2283 <dd>
2284 <p>
2285 Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
2286 where <em><format></em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
2287 <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>reference</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em>, <em>format:<string></em>
2288 and <em>tformat:<string></em>. When <em><format></em> is none of the above,
2289 and has <em>%placeholder</em> in it, it acts as if
2290 <em>--pretty=tformat:<format></em> were given.
2291 </p>
2292 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
2293 format. When <em>=<format></em> part is omitted, it defaults to <em>medium</em>.</p></div>
2296 </dd>
2298 --abbrev-commit
2299 </dt>
2300 <dd>
2301 <p>
2302 Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
2303 name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely.
2305 option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.
2306 </p>
2308 people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
2309 </dd>
2311 --no-abbrev-commit
2312 </dt>
2313 <dd>
2314 <p>
2315 Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
2316 <code>--abbrev-commit</code>, either explicit or implied by other options such
2318 </p>
2319 </dd>
2321 --oneline
2322 </dt>
2323 <dd>
2324 <p>
2326 used together.
2327 </p>
2328 </dd>
2330 --encoding=<encoding>
2331 </dt>
2332 <dd>
2333 <p>
2334 Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message
2335 in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
2336 command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
2337 preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
2338 defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded
2339 in <code>X</code> and we are outputting in <code>X</code>, we will output the object
2340 verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
2341 commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails
2342 to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original
2343 object verbatim.
2344 </p>
2345 </dd>
2347 --expand-tabs=<n>
2348 </dt>
2350 --expand-tabs
2351 </dt>
2353 --no-expand-tabs
2354 </dt>
2355 <dd>
2356 <p>
2357 Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
2358 to fill to the next display column that is multiple of <em><n></em>)
2359 in the log message before showing it in the output.
2360 <code>--expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=8</code>, and
2361 <code>--no-expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=0</code>,
2362 which disables tab expansion.
2363 </p>
2365 message by 4 spaces (i.e. <em>medium</em>, which is the default, <em>full</em>,
2366 and <em>fuller</em>).</p></div>
2367 </dd>
2369 --show-signature
2370 </dt>
2371 <dd>
2372 <p>
2373 Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
2374 to <code>gpg --verify</code> and show the output.
2375 </p>
2376 </dd>
2378 --relative-date
2379 </dt>
2380 <dd>
2381 <p>
2382 Synonym for <code>--date=relative</code>.
2383 </p>
2384 </dd>
2386 --date=<format>
2387 </dt>
2388 <dd>
2389 <p>
2390 Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
2391 as when using <code>--pretty</code>. <code>log.date</code> config variable sets a default
2392 value for the log command’s <code>--date</code> option. By default, dates
2393 are shown in the original time zone (either committer’s or
2394 author’s). If <code>-local</code> is appended to the format (e.g.,
2395 <code>iso-local</code>), the user’s local time zone is used instead.
2396 </p>
2399 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=relative</code> shows dates relative to the current time,
2400 e.g. “2 hours ago”. The <code>-local</code> option has no effect for
2401 <code>--date=relative</code>.</p></div>
2402 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=local</code> is an alias for <code>--date=default-local</code>.</p></div>
2403 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=iso</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601</code>) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
2404 The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:</p></div>
2406 <li>
2407 <p>
2408 a space instead of the <code>T</code> date/time delimiter
2409 </p>
2410 </li>
2411 <li>
2412 <p>
2413 a space between time and time zone
2414 </p>
2415 </li>
2416 <li>
2417 <p>
2418 no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone
2419 </p>
2420 </li>
2421 </ul></div>
2422 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=iso-strict</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601-strict</code>) shows timestamps in strict
2423 ISO 8601 format.</p></div>
2424 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=rfc</code> (or <code>--date=rfc2822</code>) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
2425 format, often found in email messages.</p></div>
2426 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=short</code> shows only the date, but not the time, in <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> format.</p></div>
2427 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=raw</code> shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
2428 00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
2429 from UTC (a <code>+</code> or <code>-</code> with four digits; the first two are hours, and
2430 the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted
2432 Note that the <code>-local</code> option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
2433 value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
2434 timezone value.</p></div>
2435 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=human</code> shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
2436 current time-zone, and doesn’t print the whole date if that matches
2438 the whole date itself if it’s in the last few days and we can just say
2439 what weekday it was). For older dates the hour and minute is also
2440 omitted.</p></div>
2441 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=unix</code> shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
2442 1970). As with <code>--raw</code>, this is always in UTC and therefore <code>-local</code>
2443 has no effect.</p></div>
2444 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=format:...</code> feeds the format <code>...</code> to your system <code>strftime</code>,
2445 except for %s, %z, and %Z, which are handled internally.
2446 Use <code>--date=format:%c</code> to show the date in your system locale’s
2447 preferred format. See the <code>strftime</code> manual for a complete list of
2448 format placeholders. When using <code>-local</code>, the correct syntax is
2449 <code>--date=format-local:...</code>.</p></div>
2450 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=default</code> is the default format, and is based on ctime(3)
2451 output. It shows a single line with three-letter day of the week,
2453 format, followed by 4-digit year, plus timezone information, unless
2454 the local time zone is used, e.g. <code>Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 +0000</code>.</p></div>
2455 </div></div>
2456 </dd>
2458 --header
2459 </dt>
2460 <dd>
2461 <p>
2462 Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
2463 separated with a NUL character.
2464 </p>
2465 </dd>
2467 --no-commit-header
2468 </dt>
2469 <dd>
2470 <p>
2472 the specified format. This has no effect on the built-in formats; only custom
2473 formats are affected.
2474 </p>
2475 </dd>
2477 --commit-header
2478 </dt>
2479 <dd>
2480 <p>
2481 Overrides a previous <code>--no-commit-header</code>.
2482 </p>
2483 </dd>
2485 --parents
2486 </dt>
2487 <dd>
2488 <p>
2490 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.
2491 </p>
2492 </dd>
2494 --children
2495 </dt>
2496 <dd>
2497 <p>
2499 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.
2500 </p>
2501 </dd>
2503 --timestamp
2504 </dt>
2505 <dd>
2506 <p>
2507 Print the raw commit timestamp.
2508 </p>
2509 </dd>
2511 --left-right
2512 </dt>
2513 <dd>
2514 <p>
2515 Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from.
2516 Commits from the left side are prefixed with <code><</code> and those from
2517 the right with <code>></code>. If combined with <code>--boundary</code>, those
2518 commits are prefixed with <code>-</code>.
2519 </p>
2523 <pre><code> y---b---b branch B
2524 / \ /
2525 / .
2526 / / \
2527 o---x---a---a branch A</code></pre>
2528 </div></div>
2532 <pre><code> $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
2534 >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
2535 >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
2536 <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
2537 <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
2538 -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
2539 -xxxxxxx... 1st on a</code></pre>
2540 </div></div>
2541 </dd>
2543 --graph
2544 </dt>
2545 <dd>
2546 <p>
2547 Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
2548 on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines
2549 to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
2550 to be drawn properly.
2551 Cannot be combined with <code>--no-walk</code>.
2552 </p>
2553 <div class="paragraph"><p>This enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p></div>
2554 <div class="paragraph"><p>This implies the <code>--topo-order</code> option by default, but the
2555 <code>--date-order</code> option may also be specified.</p></div>
2556 </dd>
2558 --show-linear-break[=<barrier>]
2559 </dt>
2560 <dd>
2561 <p>
2562 When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened
2563 which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits
2564 do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier
2565 in between them in that case. If <code><barrier></code> is specified, it
2566 is the string that will be shown instead of the default one.
2567 </p>
2568 </dd>
2570 --count
2571 </dt>
2572 <dd>
2573 <p>
2574 Print a number stating how many commits would have been
2575 listed, and suppress all other output. When used together
2576 with <code>--left-right</code>, instead print the counts for left and
2577 right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with
2578 <code>--cherry-mark</code>, omit patch equivalent commits from these
2579 counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated
2580 by a tab.
2581 </p>
2582 </dd>
2583 </dl></div>
2584 </div>
2585 </div>
2586 </div>
2591 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
2592 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
2594 separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
2595 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
2596 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
2597 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
2598 file.</p></div>
2600 additional formats by setting a pretty.<name>
2601 config option to either another format name, or a
2602 <em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
2604 built-in formats:</p></div>
2606 <li>
2607 <p>
2608 <em>oneline</em>
2609 </p>
2612 <pre><code><hash> <title-line></code></pre>
2613 </div></div>
2615 </li>
2616 <li>
2617 <p>
2618 <em>short</em>
2619 </p>
2622 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2623 Author: <author></code></pre>
2624 </div></div>
2627 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2628 </div></div>
2629 </li>
2630 <li>
2631 <p>
2632 <em>medium</em>
2633 </p>
2636 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2637 Author: <author>
2638 Date: <author-date></code></pre>
2639 </div></div>
2642 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2643 </div></div>
2646 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2647 </div></div>
2648 </li>
2649 <li>
2650 <p>
2651 <em>full</em>
2652 </p>
2655 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2656 Author: <author>
2657 Commit: <committer></code></pre>
2658 </div></div>
2661 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2662 </div></div>
2665 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2666 </div></div>
2667 </li>
2668 <li>
2669 <p>
2670 <em>fuller</em>
2671 </p>
2674 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2675 Author: <author>
2676 AuthorDate: <author-date>
2677 Commit: <committer>
2678 CommitDate: <committer-date></code></pre>
2679 </div></div>
2682 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2683 </div></div>
2686 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2687 </div></div>
2688 </li>
2689 <li>
2690 <p>
2691 <em>reference</em>
2692 </p>
2695 <pre><code><abbrev-hash> (<title-line>, <short-author-date>)</code></pre>
2696 </div></div>
2697 <div class="paragraph"><p>This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
2698 is the same as <code>--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'</code>. By default,
2699 the date is formatted with <code>--date=short</code> unless another <code>--date</code> option
2700 is explicitly specified. As with any <code>format:</code> with format
2701 placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
2702 <code>--decorate</code> and <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p></div>
2703 </li>
2704 <li>
2705 <p>
2706 <em>email</em>
2707 </p>
2710 <pre><code>From <hash> <date>
2711 From: <author>
2712 Date: <author-date>
2713 Subject: [PATCH] <title-line></code></pre>
2714 </div></div>
2717 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2718 </div></div>
2719 </li>
2720 <li>
2721 <p>
2722 <em>mboxrd</em>
2723 </p>
2724 <div class="paragraph"><p>Like <em>email</em>, but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
2726 confused as starting a new commit.</p></div>
2727 </li>
2728 <li>
2729 <p>
2730 <em>raw</em>
2731 </p>
2733 stored in the commit object. Notably, the hashes are
2734 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
2735 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
2736 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
2737 simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
2738 commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
2739 <code>git log --raw</code>. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
2740 use <code>--no-abbrev</code>.</p></div>
2741 </li>
2742 <li>
2743 <p>
2744 <em>format:<format-string></em>
2745 </p>
2746 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>format:<format-string></em> format allows you to specify which information
2747 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
2748 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
2749 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
2750 <div class="paragraph"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"</em>
2751 would show something like this:</p></div>
2754 <pre><code>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
2755 The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<</code></pre>
2756 </div></div>
2759 <li>
2760 <p>
2761 Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:
2762 </p>
2765 <em>%n</em>
2766 </dt>
2767 <dd>
2768 <p>
2769 newline
2770 </p>
2771 </dd>
2773 <em>%%</em>
2774 </dt>
2775 <dd>
2776 <p>
2777 a raw <em>%</em>
2778 </p>
2779 </dd>
2781 <em>%x00</em>
2782 </dt>
2783 <dd>
2784 <p>
2785 print a byte from a hex code
2786 </p>
2787 </dd>
2788 </dl></div>
2789 </li>
2790 <li>
2791 <p>
2792 Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:
2793 </p>
2796 <em>%Cred</em>
2797 </dt>
2798 <dd>
2799 <p>
2800 switch color to red
2801 </p>
2802 </dd>
2804 <em>%Cgreen</em>
2805 </dt>
2806 <dd>
2807 <p>
2808 switch color to green
2809 </p>
2810 </dd>
2812 <em>%Cblue</em>
2813 </dt>
2814 <dd>
2815 <p>
2816 switch color to blue
2817 </p>
2818 </dd>
2820 <em>%Creset</em>
2821 </dt>
2822 <dd>
2823 <p>
2824 reset color
2825 </p>
2826 </dd>
2828 <em>%C(…)</em>
2829 </dt>
2830 <dd>
2831 <p>
2832 color specification, as described under Values in the
2834 default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
2835 (by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and respecting
2836 the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
2837 terminal). <code>%C(auto,...)</code> is accepted as a historical
2838 synonym for the default (e.g., <code>%C(auto,red)</code>). Specifying
2839 <code>%C(always,...)</code> will show the colors even when color is
2840 not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
2841 <code>--color=always</code> to enable color for the whole output,
2842 including this format and anything else git might color).
2843 <code>auto</code> alone (i.e. <code>%C(auto)</code>) will turn on auto coloring
2844 on the next placeholders until the color is switched
2845 again.
2846 </p>
2847 </dd>
2849 <em>%m</em>
2850 </dt>
2851 <dd>
2852 <p>
2853 left (<code><</code>), right (<code>></code>) or boundary (<code>-</code>) mark
2854 </p>
2855 </dd>
2857 <em>%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])</em>
2858 </dt>
2859 <dd>
2860 <p>
2861 switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
2863 </p>
2864 </dd>
2866 <em>%<( <N> [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em>
2867 </dt>
2868 <dd>
2869 <p>
2870 make the next placeholder take at
2871 least N column widths, padding spaces on
2872 the right if necessary. Optionally
2873 truncate (with ellipsis <em>..</em>) at the left (ltrunc) <code>..ft</code>,
2874 the middle (mtrunc) <code>mi..le</code>, or the end
2875 (trunc) <code>rig..</code>, if the output is longer than
2876 N columns.
2877 Note 1: that truncating
2878 only works correctly with N >= 2.
2879 Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below)
2880 values are optional.
2881 Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters
2882 will take two display columns, which may
2883 over-run column boundaries.
2884 Note 4: decomposed character combining marks
2885 may be misplaced at padding boundaries.
2886 </p>
2887 </dd>
2889 <em>%<|( <M> )</em>
2890 </dt>
2891 <dd>
2892 <p>
2893 make the next placeholder take at least until Mth
2894 display column, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
2895 Use negative M values for column positions measured
2896 from the right hand edge of the terminal window.
2897 </p>
2898 </dd>
2900 <em>%>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>|( <M> )</em>
2901 </dt>
2902 <dd>
2903 <p>
2904 similar to <em>%<( <N> )</em>, <em>%<|( <M> )</em> respectively,
2905 but padding spaces on the left
2906 </p>
2907 </dd>
2909 <em>%>>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>>|( <M> )</em>
2910 </dt>
2911 <dd>
2912 <p>
2913 similar to <em>%>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>|( <M> )</em>
2914 respectively, except that if the next
2915 placeholder takes more spaces than given and
2916 there are spaces on its left, use those
2917 spaces
2918 </p>
2919 </dd>
2921 <em>%><( <N> )</em>, <em>%><|( <M> )</em>
2922 </dt>
2923 <dd>
2924 <p>
2925 similar to <em>%<( <N> )</em>, <em>%<|( <M> )</em>
2926 respectively, but padding both sides
2927 (i.e. the text is centered)
2928 </p>
2929 </dd>
2930 </dl></div>
2931 </li>
2932 <li>
2933 <p>
2934 Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:
2935 </p>
2938 <em>%H</em>
2939 </dt>
2940 <dd>
2941 <p>
2942 commit hash
2943 </p>
2944 </dd>
2946 <em>%h</em>
2947 </dt>
2948 <dd>
2949 <p>
2950 abbreviated commit hash
2951 </p>
2952 </dd>
2954 <em>%T</em>
2955 </dt>
2956 <dd>
2957 <p>
2958 tree hash
2959 </p>
2960 </dd>
2962 <em>%t</em>
2963 </dt>
2964 <dd>
2965 <p>
2966 abbreviated tree hash
2967 </p>
2968 </dd>
2970 <em>%P</em>
2971 </dt>
2972 <dd>
2973 <p>
2974 parent hashes
2975 </p>
2976 </dd>
2978 <em>%p</em>
2979 </dt>
2980 <dd>
2981 <p>
2982 abbreviated parent hashes
2983 </p>
2984 </dd>
2986 <em>%an</em>
2987 </dt>
2988 <dd>
2989 <p>
2990 author name
2991 </p>
2992 </dd>
2994 <em>%aN</em>
2995 </dt>
2996 <dd>
2997 <p>
3000 </p>
3001 </dd>
3003 <em>%ae</em>
3004 </dt>
3005 <dd>
3006 <p>
3007 author email
3008 </p>
3009 </dd>
3011 <em>%aE</em>
3012 </dt>
3013 <dd>
3014 <p>
3017 </p>
3018 </dd>
3020 <em>%al</em>
3021 </dt>
3022 <dd>
3023 <p>
3024 author email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)
3025 </p>
3026 </dd>
3028 <em>%aL</em>
3029 </dt>
3030 <dd>
3031 <p>
3032 author local-part (see <em>%al</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
3034 </p>
3035 </dd>
3037 <em>%ad</em>
3038 </dt>
3039 <dd>
3040 <p>
3041 author date (format respects --date= option)
3042 </p>
3043 </dd>
3045 <em>%aD</em>
3046 </dt>
3047 <dd>
3048 <p>
3049 author date, RFC2822 style
3050 </p>
3051 </dd>
3053 <em>%ar</em>
3054 </dt>
3055 <dd>
3056 <p>
3057 author date, relative
3058 </p>
3059 </dd>
3061 <em>%at</em>
3062 </dt>
3063 <dd>
3064 <p>
3065 author date, UNIX timestamp
3066 </p>
3067 </dd>
3069 <em>%ai</em>
3070 </dt>
3071 <dd>
3072 <p>
3073 author date, ISO 8601-like format
3074 </p>
3075 </dd>
3077 <em>%aI</em>
3078 </dt>
3079 <dd>
3080 <p>
3081 author date, strict ISO 8601 format
3082 </p>
3083 </dd>
3085 <em>%as</em>
3086 </dt>
3087 <dd>
3088 <p>
3089 author date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)
3090 </p>
3091 </dd>
3093 <em>%ah</em>
3094 </dt>
3095 <dd>
3096 <p>
3097 author date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
3099 </p>
3100 </dd>
3102 <em>%cn</em>
3103 </dt>
3104 <dd>
3105 <p>
3106 committer name
3107 </p>
3108 </dd>
3110 <em>%cN</em>
3111 </dt>
3112 <dd>
3113 <p>
3114 committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
3116 </p>
3117 </dd>
3119 <em>%ce</em>
3120 </dt>
3121 <dd>
3122 <p>
3123 committer email
3124 </p>
3125 </dd>
3127 <em>%cE</em>
3128 </dt>
3129 <dd>
3130 <p>
3131 committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
3133 </p>
3134 </dd>
3136 <em>%cl</em>
3137 </dt>
3138 <dd>
3139 <p>
3140 committer email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)
3141 </p>
3142 </dd>
3144 <em>%cL</em>
3145 </dt>
3146 <dd>
3147 <p>
3148 committer local-part (see <em>%cl</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
3150 </p>
3151 </dd>
3153 <em>%cd</em>
3154 </dt>
3155 <dd>
3156 <p>
3157 committer date (format respects --date= option)
3158 </p>
3159 </dd>
3161 <em>%cD</em>
3162 </dt>
3163 <dd>
3164 <p>
3165 committer date, RFC2822 style
3166 </p>
3167 </dd>
3169 <em>%cr</em>
3170 </dt>
3171 <dd>
3172 <p>
3173 committer date, relative
3174 </p>
3175 </dd>
3177 <em>%ct</em>
3178 </dt>
3179 <dd>
3180 <p>
3181 committer date, UNIX timestamp
3182 </p>
3183 </dd>
3185 <em>%ci</em>
3186 </dt>
3187 <dd>
3188 <p>
3189 committer date, ISO 8601-like format
3190 </p>
3191 </dd>
3193 <em>%cI</em>
3194 </dt>
3195 <dd>
3196 <p>
3197 committer date, strict ISO 8601 format
3198 </p>
3199 </dd>
3201 <em>%cs</em>
3202 </dt>
3203 <dd>
3204 <p>
3205 committer date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)
3206 </p>
3207 </dd>
3209 <em>%ch</em>
3210 </dt>
3211 <dd>
3212 <p>
3213 committer date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
3215 </p>
3216 </dd>
3218 <em>%d</em>
3219 </dt>
3220 <dd>
3221 <p>
3223 </p>
3224 </dd>
3226 <em>%D</em>
3227 </dt>
3228 <dd>
3229 <p>
3231 </p>
3232 </dd>
3234 <em>%(describe[:options])</em>
3235 </dt>
3236 <dd>
3237 <p>
3238 human-readable name, like
3240 undescribable commits. The <code>describe</code> string
3241 may be followed by a colon and zero or more
3242 comma-separated options. Descriptions can be
3243 inconsistent when tags are added or removed at
3244 the same time.
3245 </p>
3247 <li>
3248 <p>
3249 <em>tags[=<bool-value>]</em>: Instead of only considering annotated tags,
3250 consider lightweight tags as well.
3251 </p>
3252 </li>
3253 <li>
3254 <p>
3255 <em>abbrev=<number></em>: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
3256 (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
3257 default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits, or as many
3258 digits as needed to form a unique object name.
3259 </p>
3260 </li>
3261 <li>
3262 <p>
3263 <em>match=<pattern></em>: Only consider tags matching the given
3265 </p>
3266 </li>
3267 <li>
3268 <p>
3269 <em>exclude=<pattern></em>: Do not consider tags matching the given
3271 </p>
3272 </li>
3273 </ul></div>
3274 </dd>
3276 <em>%S</em>
3277 </dt>
3278 <dd>
3279 <p>
3280 ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
3281 (like <code>git log --source</code>), only works with <code>git log</code>
3282 </p>
3283 </dd>
3285 <em>%e</em>
3286 </dt>
3287 <dd>
3288 <p>
3289 encoding
3290 </p>
3291 </dd>
3293 <em>%s</em>
3294 </dt>
3295 <dd>
3296 <p>
3297 subject
3298 </p>
3299 </dd>
3301 <em>%f</em>
3302 </dt>
3303 <dd>
3304 <p>
3305 sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
3306 </p>
3307 </dd>
3309 <em>%b</em>
3310 </dt>
3311 <dd>
3312 <p>
3313 body
3314 </p>
3315 </dd>
3317 <em>%B</em>
3318 </dt>
3319 <dd>
3320 <p>
3321 raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
3322 </p>
3323 </dd>
3325 <em>%GG</em>
3326 </dt>
3327 <dd>
3328 <p>
3329 raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
3330 </p>
3331 </dd>
3333 <em>%G?</em>
3334 </dt>
3335 <dd>
3336 <p>
3345 </p>
3346 </dd>
3348 <em>%GS</em>
3349 </dt>
3350 <dd>
3351 <p>
3352 show the name of the signer for a signed commit
3353 </p>
3354 </dd>
3356 <em>%GK</em>
3357 </dt>
3358 <dd>
3359 <p>
3360 show the key used to sign a signed commit
3361 </p>
3362 </dd>
3364 <em>%GF</em>
3365 </dt>
3366 <dd>
3367 <p>
3368 show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit
3369 </p>
3370 </dd>
3372 <em>%GP</em>
3373 </dt>
3374 <dd>
3375 <p>
3376 show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
3377 to sign a signed commit
3378 </p>
3379 </dd>
3381 <em>%GT</em>
3382 </dt>
3383 <dd>
3384 <p>
3385 show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit
3386 </p>
3387 </dd>
3389 <em>%gD</em>
3390 </dt>
3391 <dd>
3392 <p>
3393 reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@{1}</code> or <code>refs/stash@{2
3394 minutes ago}</code>; the format follows the rules described for the
3395 <code>-g</code> option. The portion before the <code>@</code> is the refname as
3396 given on the command line (so <code>git log -g refs/heads/master</code>
3397 would yield <code>refs/heads/master@{0}</code>).
3398 </p>
3399 </dd>
3401 <em>%gd</em>
3402 </dt>
3403 <dd>
3404 <p>
3405 shortened reflog selector; same as <code>%gD</code>, but the refname
3406 portion is shortened for human readability (so
3407 <code>refs/heads/master</code> becomes just <code>master</code>).
3408 </p>
3409 </dd>
3411 <em>%gn</em>
3412 </dt>
3413 <dd>
3414 <p>
3415 reflog identity name
3416 </p>
3417 </dd>
3419 <em>%gN</em>
3420 </dt>
3421 <dd>
3422 <p>
3423 reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
3425 </p>
3426 </dd>
3428 <em>%ge</em>
3429 </dt>
3430 <dd>
3431 <p>
3432 reflog identity email
3433 </p>
3434 </dd>
3436 <em>%gE</em>
3437 </dt>
3438 <dd>
3439 <p>
3440 reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
3442 </p>
3443 </dd>
3445 <em>%gs</em>
3446 </dt>
3447 <dd>
3448 <p>
3449 reflog subject
3450 </p>
3451 </dd>
3453 <em>%(trailers[:options])</em>
3454 </dt>
3455 <dd>
3456 <p>
3457 display the trailers of the body as
3458 interpreted by
3460 <code>trailers</code> string may be followed by a colon
3461 and zero or more comma-separated options.
3462 If any option is provided multiple times the
3463 last occurrence wins.
3464 </p>
3466 <li>
3467 <p>
3468 <em>key=<key></em>: only show trailers with specified <key>. Matching is done
3469 case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
3470 given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
3471 shown. This option automatically enables the <code>only</code> option so that
3472 non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
3473 desired it can be disabled with <code>only=false</code>. E.g.,
3474 <code>%(trailers:key=Reviewed-by)</code> shows trailer lines with key
3475 <code>Reviewed-by</code>.
3476 </p>
3477 </li>
3478 <li>
3479 <p>
3480 <em>only[=<bool>]</em>: select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
3481 block should be included.
3482 </p>
3483 </li>
3484 <li>
3485 <p>
3486 <em>separator=<sep></em>: specify a separator inserted between trailer
3487 lines. When this option is not given each trailer line is
3488 terminated with a line feed character. The string <sep> may contain
3489 the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
3490 separator one must use <code>%x2C</code> as it would otherwise be parsed as
3491 next option. E.g., <code>%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )</code>
3493 and a space.
3494 </p>
3495 </li>
3496 <li>
3497 <p>
3498 <em>unfold[=<bool>]</em>: make it behave as if interpret-trailer’s <code>--unfold</code>
3499 option was given. E.g.,
3500 <code>%(trailers:only,unfold=true)</code> unfolds and shows all trailer lines.
3501 </p>
3502 </li>
3503 <li>
3504 <p>
3505 <em>keyonly[=<bool>]</em>: only show the key part of the trailer.
3506 </p>
3507 </li>
3508 <li>
3509 <p>
3510 <em>valueonly[=<bool>]</em>: only show the value part of the trailer.
3511 </p>
3512 </li>
3513 <li>
3514 <p>
3515 <em>key_value_separator=<sep></em>: specify a separator inserted between
3516 trailer lines. When this option is not given each trailer key-value
3518 as <em>separator=<sep></em> above.
3519 </p>
3520 </li>
3521 </ul></div>
3522 </dd>
3523 </dl></div>
3524 </li>
3525 </ul></div>
3526 </li>
3527 </ul></div>
3529 <table><tr>
3532 </td>
3534 revision traversal engine. For example, the <code>%g*</code> reflog options will
3535 insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
3536 <code>git log -g</code>). The <code>%d</code> and <code>%D</code> placeholders will use the "short"
3537 decoration format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command
3538 line.</td>
3539 </tr></table>
3540 </div>
3541 <div class="paragraph"><p>The boolean options accept an optional value <code>[=<bool-value>]</code>. The values
3542 <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>on</code>, <code>off</code> etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
3544 option is given with no value, it’s enabled.</p></div>
3545 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
3546 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
3547 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
3548 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, all consecutive
3549 line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
3550 placeholder expands to an empty string.</p></div>
3552 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
3553 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
3555 <li>
3556 <p>
3557 <em>tformat:</em>
3558 </p>
3559 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
3561 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
3562 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
3563 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
3565 For example:</p></div>
3568 <pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
3570 4da45be
3571 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
3573 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
3575 4da45be
3576 7134973</code></pre>
3577 </div></div>
3578 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a <code>%</code> in it is interpreted
3579 as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it. For example, these two are
3580 equivalent:</p></div>
3583 <pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
3584 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</code></pre>
3585 </div></div>
3586 </li>
3587 </ul></div>
3588 </div>
3589 </div>
3594 <li>
3595 <p>
3596 Print the list of commits reachable from the current branch.
3597 </p>
3600 <pre><code>git rev-list HEAD</code></pre>
3601 </div></div>
3602 </li>
3603 <li>
3604 <p>
3605 Print the list of commits on this branch, but not present in the
3606 upstream branch.
3607 </p>
3610 <pre><code>git rev-list @{upstream}..HEAD</code></pre>
3611 </div></div>
3612 </li>
3613 <li>
3614 <p>
3615 Format commits with their author and commit message (see also the
3617 </p>
3620 <pre><code>git rev-list --format=medium HEAD</code></pre>
3621 </div></div>
3622 </li>
3623 <li>
3624 <p>
3625 Format commits along with their diffs (see also the porcelain
3627 </p>
3630 <pre><code>git rev-list HEAD |
3631 git diff-tree --stdin --format=medium -p</code></pre>
3632 </div></div>
3633 </li>
3634 <li>
3635 <p>
3636 Print the list of commits on the current branch that touched any
3637 file in the <code>Documentation</code> directory.
3638 </p>
3641 <pre><code>git rev-list HEAD -- Documentation/</code></pre>
3642 </div></div>
3643 </li>
3644 <li>
3645 <p>
3646 Print the list of commits authored by you in the past year, on
3647 any branch, tag, or other ref.
3648 </p>
3651 <pre><code>git rev-list --author=you@example.com --since=1.year.ago --all</code></pre>
3652 </div></div>
3653 </li>
3654 <li>
3655 <p>
3656 Print the list of objects reachable from the current branch (i.e., all
3657 commits and the blobs and trees they contain).
3658 </p>
3661 <pre><code>git rev-list --objects HEAD</code></pre>
3662 </div></div>
3663 </li>
3664 <li>
3665 <p>
3666 Compare the disk size of all reachable objects, versus those
3667 reachable from reflogs, versus the total packed size. This can tell
3668 you whether running <code>git repack -ad</code> might reduce the repository size
3669 (by dropping unreachable objects), and whether expiring reflogs might
3670 help.
3671 </p>
3674 <pre><code># reachable objects
3675 git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all
3676 # plus reflogs
3677 git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all --reflog
3678 # total disk size used
3679 du -c .git/objects/pack/*.pack .git/objects/??/*
3681 git count-objects -v</code></pre>
3682 </div></div>
3683 </li>
3684 <li>
3685 <p>
3686 Report the disk size of each branch, not including objects used by the
3687 current branch. This can find outliers that are contributing to a
3688 bloated repository size (e.g., because somebody accidentally committed
3689 large build artifacts).
3690 </p>
3693 <pre><code>git for-each-ref --format='%(refname)' |
3694 while read branch
3695 do
3696 size=$(git rev-list --disk-usage --objects HEAD..$branch)
3698 done |
3699 sort -n</code></pre>
3700 </div></div>
3701 </li>
3702 <li>
3703 <p>
3704 Compare the on-disk size of branches in one group of refs, excluding
3705 another. If you co-mingle objects from multiple remotes in a single
3706 repository, this can show which remotes are contributing to the
3707 repository size (taking the size of <code>origin</code> as a baseline).
3708 </p>
3711 <pre><code>git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --remotes=$suspect --not --remotes=origin</code></pre>
3712 </div></div>
3713 </li>
3714 </ul></div>
3715 </div>
3716 </div>
3721 </div>
3722 </div>
3723 </div>
3727 Last updated
3728 2022-10-28 11:53:56 PDT
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