6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.6.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.5]
49 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
50 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
51 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
52 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
53 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
54 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
56 * link:v1.5.6.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.5]
59 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
60 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
61 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
62 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
63 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
64 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
66 * link:v1.5.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.4]
69 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
70 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
71 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
72 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
73 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
75 * link:v1.5.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.5]
78 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
79 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
80 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
81 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
82 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
83 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
85 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
88 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
89 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
90 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
91 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
92 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
93 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
94 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
95 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
96 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
98 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
101 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
102 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
103 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
104 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
105 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
106 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
108 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
111 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
112 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
113 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
114 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
115 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
116 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
117 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
119 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
122 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
123 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
124 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
125 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
126 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
127 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
128 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
130 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
131 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
132 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
133 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
142 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
145 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
146 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
147 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
148 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
150 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
151 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
152 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
156 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
157 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
158 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
159 the current setting and then exit.
163 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
166 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
169 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
170 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
171 path or relative path to current working directory.
174 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
175 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
176 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
177 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
178 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
179 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
180 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
181 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
182 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
183 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
184 of your working tree.
187 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
188 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
192 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
193 ---------------------
195 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
196 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
198 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
199 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
200 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
202 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
205 The internals are documented in the
206 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
211 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
212 ("plumbing") commands.
214 High-level commands (porcelain)
215 -------------------------------
217 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
218 ancillary user utilities.
220 Main porcelain commands
221 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
223 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
229 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
233 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
236 Interacting with Others
237 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
239 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
240 people via patch over e-mail.
242 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
245 Low-level commands (plumbing)
246 -----------------------------
248 Although git includes its
249 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
250 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
251 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
252 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
254 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
255 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
256 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
257 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
258 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
261 The following description divides
262 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
263 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
264 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
268 Manipulation commands
269 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
271 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
274 Interrogation commands
275 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
277 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
279 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
283 Synching repositories
284 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
286 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
288 The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
289 typically do not use them directly.
291 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
294 Internal helper commands
295 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
297 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
298 users typically do not use them directly.
300 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
303 Configuration Mechanism
304 -----------------------
306 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
307 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
308 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
309 people. Here is an example:
313 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
318 ; Don't trust file modes
323 name = "Junio C Hamano"
324 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
328 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
329 their operation accordingly.
332 Identifier Terminology
333 ----------------------
335 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
338 Indicates a blob object name.
341 Indicates a tree object name.
344 Indicates a commit object name.
347 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
348 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
349 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
350 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
353 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
354 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
355 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
356 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
359 Indicates that an object type is required.
360 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
363 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
364 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
368 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
372 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
373 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
377 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
381 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
383 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
384 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
387 File/Directory Structure
388 ------------------------
390 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
392 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
394 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
400 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
403 Environment Variables
404 ---------------------
405 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
409 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
410 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
411 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
414 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
415 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
418 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
419 If the object storage directory is specified via this
420 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
421 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
424 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
425 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
426 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
427 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
428 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
429 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
432 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
433 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
434 for the base of the repository.
437 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
438 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
439 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
440 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
441 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
443 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
444 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
445 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
446 up into while looking for a repository directory.
447 It will not exclude the current working directory or
448 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
449 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
456 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
457 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
458 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
460 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
465 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
466 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
467 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
468 value passed on the git diff command line.
470 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
471 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
472 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
473 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
474 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
476 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
480 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
481 contents of <old|new>,
482 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
483 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
486 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
487 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
488 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
489 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
490 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
492 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
497 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
498 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
499 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
500 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
503 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
504 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
505 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
506 linkgit:git-config[1].
509 If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
510 and 'git-push' will use this command instead
511 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
512 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
513 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
514 shell command to execute on that remote system.
516 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
517 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
518 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
520 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
521 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
525 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
526 as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
527 and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
528 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
529 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
530 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
531 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
532 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
535 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
536 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
537 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
538 execution and external command execution.
539 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
540 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
541 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
542 trace messages into this file descriptor.
543 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
544 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
545 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
548 Discussion[[Discussion]]
549 ------------------------
551 More detail on the following is available from the
552 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
553 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
555 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
556 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
557 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
558 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
559 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
560 as tags and branch heads.
562 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
563 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
564 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
565 and some number of parent commits.
567 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
568 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
569 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
570 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
572 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
573 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
574 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
575 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
578 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
579 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
581 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
582 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
583 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
584 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
585 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
586 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
588 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
589 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
590 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
591 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
592 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
593 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
594 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
595 content stored in the index.
597 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
598 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
599 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
603 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
604 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
605 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
606 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
610 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
611 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
612 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
616 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
617 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
618 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
619 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]
623 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite