glossary: Add definitions for dangling and unreachable objects

[git/mingw/4msysgit/kblees.git] / Documentation / git-read-tree.txt

git-read-tree(1)
================

NAME
----
git-read-tree - Reads tree information into the index


SYNOPSIS
--------
'git-read-tree' (<tree-ish> | [[-m [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>] [-u | -i]] [--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>] <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])


DESCRIPTION
-----------
Reads the tree information given by <tree-ish> into the index,
but does not actually *update* any of the files it "caches". (see:
gitlink:git-checkout-index[1])

Optionally, it can merge a tree into the index, perform a
fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the `-m`
flag.  When used with `-m`, the `-u` flag causes it to also update
the files in the work tree with the result of the merge.

Trivial merges are done by `git-read-tree` itself.  Only conflicting paths
will be in unmerged state when `git-read-tree` returns.

OPTIONS
-------
-m::
        Perform a merge, not just a read.  The command will
        refuse to run if your index file has unmerged entries,
        indicating that you have not finished previous merge you
        started.

--reset::
        Same as -m, except that unmerged entries are discarded
        instead of failing.

-u::
        After a successful merge, update the files in the work
        tree with the result of the merge.

-i::
        Usually a merge requires the index file as well as the
        files in the working tree are up to date with the
        current head commit, in order not to lose local
        changes.  This flag disables the check with the working
        tree and is meant to be used when creating a merge of
        trees that are not directly related to the current
        working tree status into a temporary index file.

--aggressive::
        Usually a three-way merge by `git-read-tree` resolves
        the merge for really trivial cases and leaves other
        cases unresolved in the index, so that Porcelains can
        implement different merge policies.  This flag makes the
        command to resolve a few more cases internally:
+
* when one side removes a path and the other side leaves the path
  unmodified.  The resolution is to remove that path.
* when both sides remove a path.  The resolution is to remove that path.
* when both sides adds a path identically.  The resolution
  is to add that path.

--prefix=<prefix>/::
        Keep the current index contents, and read the contents
        of named tree-ish under directory at `<prefix>`.  The
        original index file cannot have anything at the path
        `<prefix>` itself, and have nothing in `<prefix>/`
        directory.  Note that the `<prefix>/` value must end
        with a slash.

--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>::
        When running the command with `-u` and `-m` options, the
        merge result may need to overwrite paths that are not
        tracked in the current branch.  The command usually
        refuses to proceed with the merge to avoid losing such a
        path.  However this safety valve sometimes gets in the
        way.  For example, it often happens that the other
        branch added a file that used to be a generated file in
        your branch, and the safety valve triggers when you try
        to switch to that branch after you ran `make` but before
        running `make clean` to remove the generated file.  This
        option tells the command to read per-directory exclude
        file (usually '.gitignore') and allows such an untracked
        but explicitly ignored file to be overwritten.

<tree-ish#>::
        The id of the tree object(s) to be read/merged.


Merging
-------
If `-m` is specified, `git-read-tree` can perform 3 kinds of
merge, a single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a
fast-forward merge with 2 trees, or a 3-way merge if 3 trees are
provided.


Single Tree Merge
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If only 1 tree is specified, git-read-tree operates as if the user did not
specify `-m`, except that if the original index has an entry for a
given pathname, and the contents of the path matches with the tree
being read, the stat info from the index is used. (In other words, the
index's stat()s take precedence over the merged tree's).

That means that if you do a `git-read-tree -m <newtree>` followed by a
`git-checkout-index -f -u -a`, the `git-checkout-index` only checks out
the stuff that really changed.

This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when `git-diff-files` is
run after `git-read-tree`.


Two Tree Merge
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Typically, this is invoked as `git-read-tree -m $H $M`, where $H
is the head commit of the current repository, and $M is the head
of a foreign tree, which is simply ahead of $H (i.e. we are in a
fast forward situation).

When two trees are specified, the user is telling git-read-tree
the following:

     1. The current index and work tree is derived from $H, but
        the user may have local changes in them since $H;

     2. The user wants to fast-forward to $M.

In this case, the `git-read-tree -m $H $M` command makes sure
that no local change is lost as the result of this "merge".
Here are the "carry forward" rules:

        I (index)           H        M        Result
       -------------------------------------------------------
      0 nothing             nothing  nothing  (does not happen)
      1 nothing             nothing  exists   use M
      2 nothing             exists   nothing  remove path from index
      3 nothing             exists   exists   use M

        clean I==H  I==M
       ------------------
      4 yes   N/A   N/A     nothing  nothing  keep index
      5 no    N/A   N/A     nothing  nothing  keep index

      6 yes   N/A   yes     nothing  exists   keep index
      7 no    N/A   yes     nothing  exists   keep index
      8 yes   N/A   no      nothing  exists   fail
      9 no    N/A   no      nothing  exists   fail

     10 yes   yes   N/A     exists   nothing  remove path from index
     11 no    yes   N/A     exists   nothing  fail
     12 yes   no    N/A     exists   nothing  fail
     13 no    no    N/A     exists   nothing  fail

        clean (H=M)
       ------
     14 yes                 exists   exists   keep index
     15 no                  exists   exists   keep index

        clean I==H  I==M (H!=M)
       ------------------
     16 yes   no    no      exists   exists   fail
     17 no    no    no      exists   exists   fail
     18 yes   no    yes     exists   exists   keep index
     19 no    no    yes     exists   exists   keep index
     20 yes   yes   no      exists   exists   use M
     21 no    yes   no      exists   exists   fail

In all "keep index" cases, the index entry stays as in the
original index file.  If the entry were not up to date,
git-read-tree keeps the copy in the work tree intact when
operating under the -u flag.

When this form of git-read-tree returns successfully, you can
see what "local changes" you made are carried forward by running
`git-diff-index --cached $M`.  Note that this does not
necessarily match `git-diff-index --cached $H` would have
produced before such a two tree merge.  This is because of cases
18 and 19 --- if you already had the changes in $M (e.g. maybe
you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), `git-diff-index
--cached $H` would have told you about the change before this
merge, but it would not show in `git-diff-index --cached $M`
output after two-tree merge.


3-Way Merge
~~~~~~~~~~~
Each "index" entry has two bits worth of "stage" state. stage 0 is the
normal one, and is the only one you'd see in any kind of normal use.

However, when you do `git-read-tree` with three trees, the "stage"
starts out at 1.

This means that you can do

----------------
$ git-read-tree -m <tree1> <tree2> <tree3>
----------------

and you will end up with an index with all of the <tree1> entries in
"stage1", all of the <tree2> entries in "stage2" and all of the
<tree3> entries in "stage3".  When performing a merge of another
branch into the current branch, we use the common ancestor tree
as <tree1>, the current branch head as <tree2>, and the other
branch head as <tree3>.

Furthermore, `git-read-tree` has special-case logic that says: if you see
a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it
"collapses" back to "stage0":

   - stage 2 and 3 are the same; take one or the other (it makes no
     difference - the same work has been done on our branch in
     stage 2 and their branch in stage 3)

   - stage 1 and stage 2 are the same and stage 3 is different; take
     stage 3 (our branch in stage 2 did not do anything since the
     ancestor in stage 1 while their branch in stage 3 worked on
     it)

   - stage 1 and stage 3 are the same and stage 2 is different take
     stage 2 (we did something while they did nothing)

The `git-write-tree` command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it
will complain about unmerged entries if it sees a single entry that is not
stage 0.

OK, this all sounds like a collection of totally nonsensical rules,
but it's actually exactly what you want in order to do a fast
merge. The different stages represent the "result tree" (stage 0, aka
"merged"), the original tree (stage 1, aka "orig"), and the two trees
you are trying to merge (stage 2 and 3 respectively).

The order of stages 1, 2 and 3 (hence the order of three
<tree-ish> command line arguments) are significant when you
start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already
populated.  Here is an outline of how the algorithm works:

- if a file exists in identical format in all three trees, it will
  automatically collapse to "merged" state by git-read-tree.

- a file that has _any_ difference what-so-ever in the three trees
  will stay as separate entries in the index. It's up to "porcelain
  policy" to determine how to remove the non-0 stages, and insert a
  merged version.

- the index file saves and restores with all this information, so you
  can merge things incrementally, but as long as it has entries in
  stages 1/2/3 (i.e., "unmerged entries") you can't write the result. So
  now the merge algorithm ends up being really simple:

  * you walk the index in order, and ignore all entries of stage 0,
    since they've already been done.

  * if you find a "stage1", but no matching "stage2" or "stage3", you
    know it's been removed from both trees (it only existed in the
    original tree), and you remove that entry.

  * if you find a matching "stage2" and "stage3" tree, you remove one
    of them, and turn the other into a "stage0" entry. Remove any
    matching "stage1" entry if it exists too.  .. all the normal
    trivial rules ..

You would normally use `git-merge-index` with supplied
`git-merge-one-file` to do this last step.  The script updates
the files in the working tree as it merges each path and at the
end of a successful merge.

When you start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already
populated, it is assumed that it represents the state of the
files in your work tree, and you can even have files with
changes unrecorded in the index file.  It is further assumed
that this state is "derived" from the stage 2 tree.  The 3-way
merge refuses to run if it finds an entry in the original index
file that does not match stage 2.

This is done to prevent you from losing your work-in-progress
changes, and mixing your random changes in an unrelated merge
commit.  To illustrate, suppose you start from what has been
committed last to your repository:

----------------
$ JC=`git-rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"`
$ git-checkout-index -f -u -a $JC
----------------

You do random edits, without running git-update-index.  And then
you notice that the tip of your "upstream" tree has advanced
since you pulled from him:

----------------
$ git-fetch git://.... linus
$ LT=`cat .git/FETCH_HEAD`
----------------

Your work tree is still based on your HEAD ($JC), but you have
some edits since.  Three-way merge makes sure that you have not
added or modified index entries since $JC, and if you haven't,
then does the right thing.  So with the following sequence:

----------------
$ git-read-tree -m -u `git-merge-base $JC $LT` $JC $LT
$ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file -a
$ echo "Merge with Linus" | \
  git-commit-tree `git-write-tree` -p $JC -p $LT
----------------

what you would commit is a pure merge between $JC and $LT without
your work-in-progress changes, and your work tree would be
updated to the result of the merge.

However, if you have local changes in the working tree that
would be overwritten by this merge,`git-read-tree` will refuse
to run to prevent your changes from being lost.

In other words, there is no need to worry about what exists only
in the working tree.  When you have local changes in a part of
the project that is not involved in the merge, your changes do
not interfere with the merge, and are kept intact.  When they
*do* interfere, the merge does not even start (`git-read-tree`
complains loudly and fails without modifying anything).  In such
a case, you can simply continue doing what you were in the
middle of doing, and when your working tree is ready (i.e. you
have finished your work-in-progress), attempt the merge again.


See Also
--------
gitlink:git-write-tree[1]; gitlink:git-ls-files[1]


Author
------
Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Documentation
--------------
Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.

GIT
---
Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite