hg-to-git: improve popen calls

[git/spearce.git] / Documentation / git-rev-list.txt

git-rev-list(1)
===============

NAME
----
git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order


SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
'git-rev-list' [ \--max-count=number ]
             [ \--skip=number ]
             [ \--max-age=timestamp ]
             [ \--min-age=timestamp ]
             [ \--sparse ]
             [ \--no-merges ]
             [ \--first-parent ]
             [ \--remove-empty ]
             [ \--full-history ]
             [ \--not ]
             [ \--all ]
             [ \--stdin ]
             [ \--quiet ]
             [ \--topo-order ]
             [ \--parents ]
             [ \--timestamp ]
             [ \--left-right ]
             [ \--cherry-pick ]
             [ \--encoding[=<encoding>] ]
             [ \--(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ]
             [ \--regexp-ignore-case | \-i ]
             [ \--extended-regexp | \-E ]
             [ \--date={local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short} ]
             [ [\--objects | \--objects-edge] [ \--unpacked ] ]
             [ \--pretty | \--header ]
             [ \--bisect ]
             [ \--bisect-vars ]
             [ \--bisect-all ]
             [ \--merge ]
             [ \--reverse ]
             [ \--walk-reflogs ]
             [ \--no-walk ] [ \--do-walk ]
             <commit>... [ \-- <paths>... ]

DESCRIPTION
-----------

Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order starting at the
given commit(s), taking ancestry relationship into account.  This is
useful to produce human-readable log output.

Commits which are stated with a preceding '{caret}' cause listing to
stop at that point. Their parents are implied. Thus the following
command:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git-rev-list foo bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

means "list all the commits which are included in 'foo' and 'bar', but
not in 'baz'".

A special notation "'<commit1>'..'<commit2>'" can be used as a
short-hand for "{caret}'<commit1>' '<commit2>'". For example, either of
the following may be used interchangeably:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git-rev-list origin..HEAD
        $ git-rev-list HEAD ^origin
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Another special notation is "'<commit1>'...'<commit2>'" which is useful
for merges.  The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
between the two operands.  The following two commands are equivalent:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git-rev-list A B --not $(git-merge-base --all A B)
        $ git-rev-list A...B
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

linkgit:git-rev-list[1] is a very essential git program, since it
provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For
this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be
used by commands as different as linkgit:git-bisect[1] and
linkgit:git-repack[1].

OPTIONS
-------

Commit Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Using these options, linkgit:git-rev-list[1] will act similar to the
more specialized family of commit log tools: linkgit:git-log[1],
linkgit:git-show[1], and linkgit:git-whatchanged[1]

include::pretty-options.txt[]

--relative-date::

        Synonym for `--date=relative`.

--date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc}::

        Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
        as when using "--pretty".
+
`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time,
e.g. "2 hours ago".
+
`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local timezone.
+
`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
+
`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
format, often found in E-mail messages.
+
`--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.
+
`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone
(either committer's or author's).

--header::

        Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
        separated with a NUL character.

--parents::

        Print the parents of the commit.

--timestamp::
        Print the raw commit timestamp.

--left-right::

        Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
        Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from
        the right with `>`.  If combined with `--boundary`, those
        commits are prefixed with `-`.
+
For example, if you have this topology:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
             y---b---b  branch B
            / \ /
           /   .
          /   / \
         o---x---a---a  branch A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
you would get an output line this:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B

        >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
        >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
        <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
        <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
        -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
        -xxxxxxx... 1st on a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Diff Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff
options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options.

-c::

        This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed.  It shows
        the differences from each of the parents to the merge result
        simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
        and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files
        which were modified from all parents.

--cc::

        This flag implies the '-c' options and further compresses the
        patch output by omitting hunks that show differences from only
        one parent, or show the same change from all but one parent for
        an Octopus merge.

-r::

        Show recursive diffs.

-t::

        Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'.

Commit Limiting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.

--

-n 'number', --max-count='number'::

        Limit the number of commits output.

--skip='number'::

        Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output.

--since='date', --after='date'::

        Show commits more recent than a specific date.

--until='date', --before='date'::

        Show commits older than a specific date.

--max-age='timestamp', --min-age='timestamp'::

        Limit the commits output to specified time range.

--author='pattern', --committer='pattern'::

        Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
        header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression).

--grep='pattern'::

        Limit the commits output to ones with log message that
        matches the specified pattern (regular expression).

-i, --regexp-ignore-case::

        Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.

-E, --extended-regexp::

        Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
        instead of the default basic regular expressions.

--remove-empty::

        Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.

--full-history::

        Show also parts of history irrelevant to current state of a given
        path. This turns off history simplification, which removed merges
        which didn't change anything at all at some child. It will still actually
        simplify away merges that didn't change anything at all into either
        child.

--no-merges::

        Do not print commits with more than one parent.

--first-parent::
        Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
        commit.  This option can give a better overview when
        viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch,
        because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about
        adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and
        this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
        brought in to your history by such a merge.

--not::

        Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof)
        for all following revision specifiers, up to the next '--not'.

--all::

        Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/` are listed on the
        command line as '<commit>'.

--stdin::

        In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command
        line, read them from the standard input.

--quiet::

        Don't print anything to standard output.  This form of
        git-rev-list is primarily meant to allow the caller to
        test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
        connected (or not).  It is faster than redirecting stdout
        to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted.

--cherry-pick::

        Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
        another commit on the "other side" when the set of
        commits are limited with symmetric difference.
+
For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
`--left-right`, like the example above in the description of
that option.  It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked
from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked
from branch A).  With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.

-g, --walk-reflogs::

        Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
        reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
        When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
        exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2',
        nor 'commit1...commit2' notations cannot be used).
+
With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
taken from the reflog.  By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is
used in the output.  When the starting commit is specified as
'commit@{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation
instead.  Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.

Cannot be combined with '\--reverse'.

--merge::

        After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a
        conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge.

--boundary::

        Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually
        not shown.

--dense, --sparse::

When optional paths are given, the default behaviour ('--dense') is to
only output commits that changes at least one of them, and also ignore
merges that do not touch the given paths.

Use the '--sparse' flag to makes the command output all eligible commits
(still subject to count and age limitation), but apply merge
simplification nevertheless.

--bisect::

Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
the included and excluded commits. Thus, if

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git-rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git-rev-list foo ^midpoint
        $ git-rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

would be of roughly the same length.  Finding the change which
introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length
one.

--bisect-vars::

This calculates the same as `--bisect`, but outputs text ready
to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of
the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the
expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is
tested to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be
tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`,
the expected number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev`
turns out to be bad to `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits
we are bisecting right now to `bisect_all`.

--bisect-all::

This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
commits. The farthest from them is displayed first. (This is the only
one displayed by `--bisect`.)

This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
may not compile for example).

This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case,
after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if
`--bisect-vars` had been used alone.

--

Commit Ordering
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.

--topo-order::

        This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e.
        descendant commits are shown before their parents).

--date-order::

        This option is similar to '--topo-order' in the sense that no
        parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things
        are still ordered in the commit timestamp order.

--reverse::

        Output the commits in reverse order.
        Cannot be combined with '\--walk-reflogs'.

Object Traversal
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.

--objects::

        Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
        commits.  'git-rev-list --objects foo ^bar' thus means "send me
        all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
        object 'bar', but not 'foo'".

--objects-edge::

        Similar to '--objects', but also print the IDs of excluded
        commits prefixed with a "-" character.  This is used by
        linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build "thin" pack, which records
        objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
        excluded commits to reduce network traffic.

--unpacked::

        Only useful with '--objects'; print the object IDs that are not
        in packs.

--no-walk::

        Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.

--do-walk::

        Overrides a previous --no-walk.


include::pretty-formats.txt[]


Author
------
Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Documentation
--------------
Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Jonas Fonseca
and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.

GIT
---
Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite