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1 # @(#)europe 7.45
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11 #
12 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
17 #
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
20 #
21 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
22 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
23 # I found in the UCLA library.
24 #
25 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
26 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
27 # Corrections are welcome!
28 # std dst
29 # LMT Local Mean Time
30 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
31 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
32 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
33 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
34 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
35 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
36 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
37 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
38 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
39 #
40 # See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
41 #
42 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
43 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
44 # Oxford University Press (1980).
46 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
47 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
48 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
49 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
50 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
51 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
52 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
53 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
54 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
55 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
56 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
57 # ...
58 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
59 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
60 # ...
61 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
62 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
63 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
64 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
65 # in the Directive.
68 ###############################################################################
70 # United Kingdom
71 # The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
73 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
74 #
75 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
76 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
77 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
78 # of the text said:
79 #
80 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
81 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
82 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
83 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
84 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
85 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
86 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
87 #
88 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
89 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
90 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
91 #
92 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
94 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
95 #
96 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
97 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
98 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
99 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
100 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
101 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
102 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
103 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
104 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
105 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
106 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
107 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
108 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
109 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
110 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
111 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
112 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
113 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
114 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
115 #
116 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
117 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
118 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
120 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
121 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
122 # a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
123 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
124 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
125 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
126 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
127 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
129 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
130 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
131 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
132 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
133 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
135 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
136 #
137 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
138 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
140 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
141 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
142 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
143 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
144 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
146 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
147 #
148 # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
149 # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
150 # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
151 # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
152 # and 1994 are:
153 # Start End
154 # 1993 28 March 24 October
155 # 1994 27 March 23 October
156 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
157 #
158 # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
159 # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
160 # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
161 #
162 # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
163 # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
164 # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
165 # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
166 # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
167 # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
168 # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
169 # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
170 # an Order in Council (a Statutory Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
171 # to specify the EC specified dates.
173 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
174 #
175 # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
176 # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
177 # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
178 # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
179 #
180 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
181 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
182 # regarding double summer time.
183 #
184 # [two other similar questions omitted]
185 #
186 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
187 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
188 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
189 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
190 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
191 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
192 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
193 # Monday, 2nd April.'
195 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
196 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
197 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
198 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
199 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
201 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
202 #
203 # > # Current rules
204 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
205 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
206 #
207 # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
208 # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
209 # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
210 # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
211 # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
212 # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
213 # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
214 # what will happen.
215 #
216 # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
217 # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
218 # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
219 # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
220 # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
221 # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
222 # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
223 # be the end of it.
225 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
226 #
227 # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
228 # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
229 # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
230 # summer months'.
231 #
232 # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
233 # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
234 #
235 # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
236 # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
237 # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
238 #
239 # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
240 # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
241 #
242 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
243 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
244 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
245 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
246 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
247 #
248 # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
249 # the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
250 #
251 # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
252 # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
253 # was different.
254 #
255 # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
256 # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
258 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
259 #
260 # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
261 # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
262 #
263 # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
264 # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
265 # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
266 # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
267 # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
268 # sequence would have been:
269 # Dublin London
270 # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
271 # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
272 # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
273 # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
274 # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
275 #
276 # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
277 # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
278 # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
279 # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
281 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
282 #
283 # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
284 # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
285 # ever since it first started in 1916.
286 #
287 # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
288 # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
289 #
290 # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
291 # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
292 # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
293 # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
294 # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
295 # except for wartime double summer time.
296 #
297 # As evidence I would cite:
298 #
299 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
300 #
301 # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
302 # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
303 # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
304 #
305 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
306 #
307 # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
308 # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
309 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
310 # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
311 #
312 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922
313 #
314 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
315 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
316 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
317 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
318 # so approved.
319 #
320 # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
321 # Islands, and the Isle of Man.
322 #
323 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925
324 #
325 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
326 # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
327 # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
328 #
329 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
330 # [SR&O == Statutory Regulation and Order]
331 #
332 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
333 # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
334 # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
335 # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
336 # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
337 #
338 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
339 # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
340 #
341 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
342 # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
343 #
344 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
345 # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
346 #
347 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
348 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
349 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
350 # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
351 # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
352 # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
353 # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
354 # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
355 # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
356 # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
357 # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
358 # England and Wales were indivisible.
359 #
360 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
361 # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
362 #
363 # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
364 # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
365 #
366 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
367 # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
368 #
369 # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
370 # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
371 # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
372 #
373 # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
374 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
375 #
376 # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
377 #
378 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
379 # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
380 # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
381 # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
382 # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
383 # measures saying it didn't.
384 #
385 # - The Manx Time Act, 1968
386 #
387 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
388 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
389 #
390 # - The Summer Time Act, 1972
391 #
392 # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
393 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
394 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
395 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
396 # 1 hour.
397 #
398 # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
399 # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
400 # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
401 #
402 # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
403 # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
404 # to 01:00 GMT.)
405 #
406 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutory Instrument]
407 #
408 # This specifies dates of:
409 # Start End
410 # 1993 28 March 24 October
411 # 1994 27 March 23 October
412 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
413 #
414 # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
415 #
416 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
417 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
418 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
419 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
420 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
421 #
422 # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
423 # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
424 # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
425 # throughout the UK.
426 #
427 # With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
428 #
429 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
430 # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
431 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
432 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
434 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
435 # I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
436 # It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
437 # an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
438 # No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
439 #
440 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
441 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
442 # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
443 # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
444 # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
445 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
446 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
447 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
448 # summer time in 1968....
450 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
451 #
452 # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
453 # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
454 # all the Acts.
455 #
456 # There are no changes to the dates we already have.
457 #
458 # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
459 # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
460 # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
461 # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
462 #
463 # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
464 # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
465 # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
466 # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
467 # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
468 # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
469 # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
470 # again so they leave it out.
471 #
472 # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
473 # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
474 # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
475 # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
476 #
477 # Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
478 #
479 #
480 # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
481 # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
482 # ## Lines like this are comments.
483 # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
484 # ## Control lines are of the form
485 # ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
486 # ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
487 # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
488 # ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
489 # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
490 # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
491 # ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
492 # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
493 # ## At present double requires fixed as well.
494 # ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
495 # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
496 #
497 # ## Blank lines are also ignored.
498 #
499 # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
500 # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
501 # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
502 #
503 # # Summer Time Act, 1916
504 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
505 #
506 # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
507 # # unknown Order or Orders ???
508 # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
509 # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
510 # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
511 # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
512 # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
513 # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
514 #
515 # # Summer Time Act, 1922
516 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
517 # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
518 # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
519 #
520 # # Summer Time Act, 1925
521 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
522 #
523 # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
524 # 1939 3 April 3 November
525 # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
526 # 1940 4 feb 0 none
527 # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
528 # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
529 # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
530 # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
531 # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
532 # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
533 # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
534 # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
535 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
536 #
537 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
538 # 1946 3 April 1 October
539 #
540 # # Summer Time Act, 1947
541 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
542 # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
543 # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
544 # # Unknown Order ???
545 # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
546 # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
547 # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
548 # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
549 # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
550 # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
551 # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
552 # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
553 # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
554 # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
555 # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
556 #
557 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
558 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
559 #
560 # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
561 # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
562 # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
563 # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
564 # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
565 # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
566 # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
567 # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
568 # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
569 # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
570 # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
571 # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
572 # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
573 # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
574 # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
575 # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
576 # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
577 # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
578 # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
579 # # British Standard Time Act, 1968
580 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
581 # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
582 # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
583 #
584 # # Summer Time Act, 1972
585 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
586 #
587 # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
588 # # First EC Directive ???
589 # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
590 # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
591 # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
592 # # Second EC Directive ???
593 # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
594 # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
595 # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
596 # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
597 # # Third EC Directive ???
598 # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
599 # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
600 # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
601 # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
602 # # Fourth EC Directive ???
603 # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
604 # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
605 # # Fifth EC Directive ???
606 # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
607 # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
608 # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
609 # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
610 # # Sixth EC Directive
611 # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
612 # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
613 # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
615 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
616 # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
617 # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
618 # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
619 # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
620 # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
621 # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
622 # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
623 # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
624 # 1996 31 March 27 October
625 # 1997 30 March 26 October
626 #
627 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
628 # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
629 # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
630 # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
631 # seventh Summer Time Directive....
632 #
633 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1997-03-28):
634 # The [European] Transport Council discussed the proposed Eighth Directive
635 # on 11 March and agreed [to] it, so it moves forward to the next stage,
636 # from a Commission proposal to a Common Position.... What this means is:
637 #
638 # - The eighth directive proposal rules have been accepted.
639 # These are the same as the current rules (last Sunday in March and last
640 # Sunday in October). The rules will run until 2001.
641 #
642 # - The French have had their request to abandon summer time turned down.
643 # They have been promised some sort of review in 1999 which might change
644 # the rules for 2000 and 2001.
646 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
647 # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
648 # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
649 # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
650 # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
651 # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
652 # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
653 # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
654 # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
655 # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
657 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
658 #
659 # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
660 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
661 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
662 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
663 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
664 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
665 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
666 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
667 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
668 #
669 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
670 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
671 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
672 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
673 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
674 # It actually just had one transition.
675 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
676 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
677 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
678 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
679 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
680 #
681 # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
682 # we'll ignore them for now.
683 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
684 # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
685 # conform with Great Britain.
686 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
687 #
688 #
689 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
691 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
692 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
693 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
694 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
695 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
696 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
697 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
699 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
700 # 1916 to 1925--irregular
701 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
702 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
703 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
704 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
705 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
706 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
707 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
708 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
709 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
710 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
711 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
712 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
713 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
714 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
715 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
716 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
717 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
718 # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
719 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
720 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
721 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
722 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
723 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
724 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
725 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
726 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
727 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
728 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
729 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
730 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
731 # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
732 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
733 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
734 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
735 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
736 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
737 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
738 # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
739 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
740 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
741 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
742 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
743 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
744 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
745 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
746 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
747 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
748 # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
749 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
750 Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
751 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
752 # 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
753 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
754 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
755 # 1954 to 1980, starting rules
756 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
757 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
758 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
759 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
760 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
761 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
762 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
763 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
764 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
765 # 1953 to 1980, ending rules
766 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
767 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
768 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
769 # 1981 on
770 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
771 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
772 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
773 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
775 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
776 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
777 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
778 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
779 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
780 0:00 EU GMT/BST
781 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
782 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
783 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time
784 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
785 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
786 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
787 0:00 EU GMT/BST
788 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
789 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
790 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
791 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
792 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
793 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
794 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
795 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
796 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
797 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
798 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
799 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
800 0:00 EU GMT/IST
802 ###############################################################################
804 # Continental Europe
806 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
807 # Common Market, etc.
809 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
810 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
811 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
812 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
813 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
814 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
815 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
817 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
818 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
819 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
820 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
821 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
822 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
823 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
825 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
826 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
827 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
828 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
829 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
830 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
831 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
832 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
833 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
834 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
835 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
836 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
837 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
838 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
840 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
841 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
842 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
845 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
846 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
847 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
848 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
849 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
850 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
851 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
853 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
854 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
855 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
856 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
857 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
858 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
859 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
860 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
861 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
862 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
863 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
864 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
865 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS
866 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
867 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
868 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
869 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
870 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
871 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
872 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
873 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
874 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
875 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
876 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
878 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
880 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
881 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
882 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
883 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
884 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
886 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
887 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
889 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
890 # The official German names ... are
891 #
892 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
893 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
894 #
895 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
896 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
897 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
898 #
899 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
900 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
901 # Postfach 3345
902 # D-38023 Braunschweig
903 # phone: +49 531 592-0
904 #
905 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
906 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
907 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
908 #
909 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
910 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
913 # Albania
914 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
915 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
916 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
917 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
918 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
919 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
920 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
921 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
922 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
923 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
924 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
925 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
926 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
927 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
928 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
929 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
930 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
931 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
932 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
933 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
934 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
935 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
936 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
937 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
938 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
939 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
940 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
941 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
942 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
943 # The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
944 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
945 1:00 EU CE%sT
947 # Andorra
948 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
949 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
950 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
951 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
952 1:00 EU CE%sT
954 # Austria
955 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
956 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
957 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
958 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
959 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
960 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
961 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
962 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
963 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
964 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
965 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
966 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
967 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
968 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
969 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
970 1:00 EU CE%sT
972 # Belarus
973 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
974 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
975 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
976 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
977 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
978 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
979 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
980 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00
981 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00
982 2:00 Russia EE%sT
984 # Belgium
985 #
986 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
987 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
988 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
989 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
990 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
991 # pp 8-9.
992 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
993 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
994 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
995 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
996 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
997 #
998 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
999 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
1000 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1001 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1002 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1003 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1004 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1005 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1006 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1007 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1008 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1010 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1011 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1012 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1013 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1014 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1015 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
1016 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
1017 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1018 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1019 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
1020 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1021 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1022 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1023 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1024 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
1025 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
1026 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
1027 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1028 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1029 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1030 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1031 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1032 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1033 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1034 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
1035 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1036 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
1037 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
1038 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
1039 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
1040 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
1041 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1042 1:00 EU CE%sT
1044 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1045 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1046 Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1047 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1048 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1049 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1050 1:00 - CET 1982 Oct 11
1051 1:00 EU CE%sT
1053 # Bulgaria
1054 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1055 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1056 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1057 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1058 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1059 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1060 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1061 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1062 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1063 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1064 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1065 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1066 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1067 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1068 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1070 # Croatia
1071 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1072 Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1073 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1074 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1075 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1076 1:00 - CET 1982 Oct 11
1077 1:00 EU CE%sT
1079 # Czech Republic
1080 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1081 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1082 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1083 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1084 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1085 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1086 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1087 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1088 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1089 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1090 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1091 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1092 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1093 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1094 1:00 EU CE%sT
1096 # Denmark
1097 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1098 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1099 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1100 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1101 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1102 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1103 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1104 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1105 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1106 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1107 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1108 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1109 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1110 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1111 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1112 #
1113 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1114 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1115 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1116 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1117 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1118 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1119 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1120 1:00 EU CE%sT
1121 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1122 0:00 - WET 1981
1123 0:00 EU WE%sT
1124 #
1125 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1126 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1127 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1128 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1129 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1130 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1132 #
1133 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1134 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1135 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1136 #
1137 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1138 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1139 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1140 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1141 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1142 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1143 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1144 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1145 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1146 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1148 # Estonia
1149 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1150 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1151 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1152 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1153 #
1154 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1155 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1156 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1157 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1158 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1159 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1160 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1161 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1162 # summer time next spring.''
1163 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1164 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1165 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1166 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1167 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1168 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1169 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1170 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1171 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1172 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1173 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1175 # Finland
1176 # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1177 #
1178 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1179 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1180 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1181 #
1182 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1183 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1184 # Go with Strang instead.
1185 #
1186 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1187 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1188 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1189 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1190 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1191 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1192 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1193 2:00 EU EE%sT
1195 # France
1196 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1197 # French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
1198 #
1199 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1200 # From Shanks (1991):
1201 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1202 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1203 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1204 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1205 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1206 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1207 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1208 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1209 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1210 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1211 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1212 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1213 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1214 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1215 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1216 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1217 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1218 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1219 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1220 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1221 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1222 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1223 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1225 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1226 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1228 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1229 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1230 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1231 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1232 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1233 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1234 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS
1235 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S
1236 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS
1237 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1238 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS
1239 Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S
1240 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS
1241 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1242 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS
1243 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1244 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S
1245 Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1246 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1247 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1248 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1249 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1250 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1251 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1252 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1253 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14
1254 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1255 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1256 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1257 1:00 EU CE%sT
1259 # Germany
1261 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1262 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1263 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS
1264 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1265 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1266 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1267 # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1268 Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1269 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1270 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS
1271 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1272 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1273 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1274 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1275 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1276 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1277 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1278 1:00 EU CE%sT
1280 # Gibraltar
1281 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1282 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1283 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1284 1:00 - CET 1982
1285 1:00 EU CE%sT
1287 # Greece
1288 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1289 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1290 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1291 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1292 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1293 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1294 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1295 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1296 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1297 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1298 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1299 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1300 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1301 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1302 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1303 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1304 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1305 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1306 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1307 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1308 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1309 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1310 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1311 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1312 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1313 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1314 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1315 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1316 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1317 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1318 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1319 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1320 2:00 EU EE%sT
1322 # Hungary
1323 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1324 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1325 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1326 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1327 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1328 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1329 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1330 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1331 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1332 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1333 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1334 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1335 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1336 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1337 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1338 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1339 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1340 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1341 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1342 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1343 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1344 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1345 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1346 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1347 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1348 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1349 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1350 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1351 1:00 EU CE%sT
1353 # Iceland
1354 #
1355 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1356 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1357 #
1358 # (1993-12-05):
1359 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1360 # Iceland Almanak.
1361 #
1362 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1363 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1364 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1365 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1366 #
1367 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1368 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1369 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1370 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1371 #
1372 # (1993-12-10):
1373 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1374 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1375 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1376 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1377 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1378 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1379 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1380 # might mean something else (???).
1381 #
1382 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1383 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1384 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1385 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1386 #
1387 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1388 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1389 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1390 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1391 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1392 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1393 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1394 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1395 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1396 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1397 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1398 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1399 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1400 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1401 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1402 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1403 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1404 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1405 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1406 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1407 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1408 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1409 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1410 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1411 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1412 0:00 - GMT
1414 # Italy
1415 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1416 #
1417 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1418 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1419 # <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
1420 # below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
1421 # When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1422 #
1423 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1424 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1425 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1426 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1427 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1428 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1429 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1430 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1431 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1432 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1433 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1434 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1435 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1436 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1437 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1438 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1439 #
1440 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1441 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1442 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1443 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1444 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1445 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1446 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1447 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1448 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1449 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1450 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1451 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1452 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1453 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1454 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1455 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1456 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1457 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1458 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1459 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1460 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1461 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1462 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1463 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1464 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1465 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1466 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1467 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1468 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1469 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1470 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1471 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1472 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1473 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1474 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1475 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1476 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1477 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1478 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1479 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1480 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1481 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1482 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1483 1:00 EU CE%sT
1485 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1486 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1488 # Latvia
1489 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1490 # Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks. They contradict
1491 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
1492 # Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
1493 # so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
1494 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1495 Rule Latvia 1992 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1496 Rule Latvia 1992 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1497 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1498 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1499 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1500 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1501 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1502 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1503 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1504 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1505 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1506 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8
1507 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1508 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1509 2:00 Latvia EE%sT
1511 # Liechtenstein
1512 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1513 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1514 1:00 - CET 1981
1515 1:00 EU CE%sT
1517 # Lithuania
1518 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1519 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1520 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1521 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1522 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1523 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1524 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1525 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1526 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1527 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1528 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1529 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1530 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1531 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1532 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1534 # Luxembourg
1535 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1536 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1537 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1538 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1539 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1540 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1541 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1542 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1543 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1544 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1545 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1546 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1547 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1548 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1549 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1550 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1551 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1552 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1553 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1554 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1555 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1556 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1557 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1558 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1560 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1561 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1562 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1563 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1564 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1565 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1566 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1567 1:00 EU CE%sT
1569 # Macedonia
1570 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1571 Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1572 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1573 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1574 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1575 1:00 - CET 1982 Oct 11
1576 1:00 EU CE%sT
1578 # Malta
1579 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1580 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1581 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1582 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1583 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1584 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1585 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1586 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1587 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1588 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1589 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1590 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1591 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1592 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1593 1:00 EU CE%sT
1595 # Moldova
1596 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1597 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1598 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1599 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1600 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1601 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1603 # Monaco
1604 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1605 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1606 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1607 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1608 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1609 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1610 1:00 EU CE%sT
1612 # Netherlands
1613 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1614 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1615 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1616 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1617 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1618 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1619 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1620 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1621 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1622 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1623 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1624 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1625 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1626 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1627 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1628 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1629 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1630 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1631 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1632 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1633 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1634 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1635 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1636 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1637 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1638 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1639 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1640 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1641 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1642 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1643 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1644 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1645 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1646 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1647 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1648 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1649 1:00 EU CE%sT
1651 # Norway
1652 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1653 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1654 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1655 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1656 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1657 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1658 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
1659 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1660 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1661 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1662 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1663 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1664 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1665 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1666 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1667 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1668 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1669 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1670 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1671 1:00 EU CE%sT
1672 #
1673 # Svalbard
1674 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1675 #
1676 # Jan Mayen
1677 # From Whitman:
1678 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1679 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1681 # Poland
1682 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1683 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1684 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1685 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1686 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1687 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1688 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1689 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1690 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1691 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1692 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1693 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1694 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1695 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1696 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1697 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1698 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1699 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1700 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1701 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1702 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1703 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1704 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1705 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1706 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1707 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1708 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1709 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1710 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1711 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1712 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
1713 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1714 # <URL:http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml>
1715 # (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1716 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1718 # Portugal
1719 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1720 #
1721 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1722 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1723 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1724 #
1725 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1726 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1727 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1728 #
1729 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1730 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1731 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1732 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1733 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1734 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1735 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1736 #
1737 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1738 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1739 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1740 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1741 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1742 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1743 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1744 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1745 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1746 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1747 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1748 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1749 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1750 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1751 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1752 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1753 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1754 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1755 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1756 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1757 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1758 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1759 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1760 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1761 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1762 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1763 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1764 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1765 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1766 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1767 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1768 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1769 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1770 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1771 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1772 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1773 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1774 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1775 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1776 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS
1777 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1778 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1779 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS
1780 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1781 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS
1782 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1783 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1784 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1785 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1786 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1787 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1788 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1789 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1790 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1791 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1792 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1793 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1794 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1795 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1796 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1797 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1798 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1799 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1800 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1801 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1802 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1803 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1804 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1805 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1806 0:00 EU WE%sT
1807 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1808 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1809 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1810 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1811 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1812 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1813 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1814 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1815 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1816 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1817 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1818 0:00 EU WE%sT
1820 # Romania
1821 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1822 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1823 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1824 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1825 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1826 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1827 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1828 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1829 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1830 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1831 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1832 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1833 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1834 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1835 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1836 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1837 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1839 # Russia
1841 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
1842 # On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
1843 # with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
1844 # On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
1845 # Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
1846 # reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days
1847 # off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
1848 # (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
1849 #
1850 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
1851 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
1852 # and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
1853 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1854 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
1855 #
1856 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1857 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1858 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1859 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1860 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1861 #
1862 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1863 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1864 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1865 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1866 #
1867 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1868 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1869 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1870 2:00 Poland CET 1946
1871 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1872 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1873 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1874 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
1875 # IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
1876 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1877 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1878 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1879 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1880 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1881 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1882 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1883 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1884 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1885 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1886 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
1887 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1888 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1889 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
1890 4:00 Russia SAM%sT
1891 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1892 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
1893 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1894 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1895 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1896 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1897 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1898 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
1899 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1900 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1901 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1902 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1903 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1904 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1905 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1906 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1907 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1908 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1909 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
1910 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1911 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1912 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1913 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1914 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1915 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1916 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1917 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
1918 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1919 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1920 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1921 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1922 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1923 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1924 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
1925 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1926 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1927 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1928 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1929 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1930 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
1931 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1932 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1933 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1934 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1935 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1936 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
1937 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
1938 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1939 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1940 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1941 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1942 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1943 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
1944 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1945 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1946 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1947 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
1948 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1949 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1950 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
1951 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1952 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1953 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1954 12:00 Russia PET%sT
1955 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1956 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
1957 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1958 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1959 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1960 13:00 Russia ANA%sT
1962 # Slovakia
1963 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1965 # Slovenia
1966 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1967 Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1968 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1969 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1970 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1971 1:00 - CET 1982 Oct 11
1972 1:00 EU CE%sT
1974 # Spain
1975 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1976 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1977 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1978 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1979 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1980 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1981 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1982 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1983 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1984 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1985 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1986 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1987 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1988 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1989 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1990 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1991 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1992 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1993 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1994 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1995 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1996 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1997 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1998 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1999 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS
2000 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2001 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS
2002 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2003 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2004 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2005 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2006 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2007 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2008 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2009 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2010 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2011 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2012 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2013 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2014 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2015 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2016 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2017 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2018 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2019 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2020 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2021 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2022 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2023 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2024 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2025 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2026 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2027 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2028 1:00 EU CE%sT
2029 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2030 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2031 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2032 0:00 - WET 1924
2033 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2034 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2035 1:00 - CET 1986
2036 1:00 EU CE%sT
2037 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2038 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2039 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2040 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2041 0:00 EU WE%sT
2042 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2043 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2045 # Sweden
2047 # From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
2048 #
2049 # In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
2050 # decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
2051 # those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
2052 # year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
2053 # different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
2054 #
2055 # However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
2056 # they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
2057 # they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
2058 # year!...
2059 #
2060 # Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
2061 # getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
2062 #
2063 # (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
2064 # produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
2065 # by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
2066 # kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
2068 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2069 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
2070 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
2071 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2072 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2073 1:00 - CET 1980
2074 1:00 EU CE%sT
2076 # Switzerland
2077 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
2078 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2079 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2080 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2081 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2082 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2083 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2084 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2085 # From Shanks (1991):
2086 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2087 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2088 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2089 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2090 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2091 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2092 1:00 EU CE%sT
2094 # Turkey
2095 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2096 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2097 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2098 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2099 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2100 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2101 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2102 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2103 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2104 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2105 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2106 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2107 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2108 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2109 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2110 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2111 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2112 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2113 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2114 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2115 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2116 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2117 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2118 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2119 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2120 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2121 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2122 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2123 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2124 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2125 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2126 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2127 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2128 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2129 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2130 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2131 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2132 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2133 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2134 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2135 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2136 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2137 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2138 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2139 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2140 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2141 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2142 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2143 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2144 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2145 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2146 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2147 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2148 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2149 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2150 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2151 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2152 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2153 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2154 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2155 2:00 EU EE%sT
2156 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2158 # Ukraine
2159 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2160 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
2161 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
2162 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2163 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2164 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2165 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2166 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2167 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2168 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2169 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2170 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2171 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2172 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2173 Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2174 Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2175 Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2176 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2177 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2178 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2179 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2180 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2181 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2182 Rule Crimea 1996 max - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
2183 Rule Crimea 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
2184 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2185 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2186 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2187 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2188 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
2189 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
2190 2:00 EU EE%sT
2191 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2192 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2193 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2194 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2195 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2196 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2197 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2198 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2199 # For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2200 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
2201 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2202 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
2203 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD
2205 # Yugoslavia
2206 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2207 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2208 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2209 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2210 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2211 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2212 # transition to EU rules was 1982-10-11, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2213 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2214 1:00 - CET 1982 Oct 11
2215 1:00 EU CE%sT
2217 ###############################################################################
2219 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2220 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2221 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2222 #
2223 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2224 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2225 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2226 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2227 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2228 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2230 # ...
2231 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2232 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2233 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2234 # ...
2235 #
2236 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2237 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2238 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2239 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2240 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2241 # years...
2242 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2243 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2244 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2245 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2246 #
2247 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2248 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2249 #
2250 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2251 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2252 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2254 # ...
2255 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2256 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2257 # ...
2258 #
2259 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2260 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2261 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2262 #
2263 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2264 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2265 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2266 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2267 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2268 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2269 # dates...
2270 #
2271 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2272 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2273 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2274 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2275 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2276 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2277 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2278 # in advance of normal time.
2279 #
2280 # ...
2281 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2282 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2283 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2285 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2286 # ...
2287 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2288 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2289 # ...
2290 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2291 # ...
2293 # ...
2294 # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2295 # From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2296 # ...
2297 # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2298 # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2299 # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2300 # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2301 # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2302 # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2303 # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2304 # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2305 # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2306 #
2307 # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2308 # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2309 # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.