From 1b36df84b0c7825a902a269f127294fec7ad8140 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sridhar Ratnakumar Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2007 12:34:39 +0530 Subject: [PATCH] importing greclusters into git --- GRE_Verbal.txt | 7186 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ HEADER.html | 16 + README | 12 + cache.py | 40 + conv.py | 122 + dict.py | 38 + index.tmpl.html | 131 + jqModal.css | 40 + jqModal.js | 63 + jquery.js | 2340 +++++++++++++++++ jquery.shortkeys.js | 92 + style.css | 73 + ui.js | 56 + wl/33new.txt.wl | 4863 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ wl/applet.py | 147 ++ wl/init.el | 5 + wl/stats.py | 25 + wl/taskbardemo.py | 103 + wl/wl-mode.el | 99 + wz_tooltip.js | 1143 ++++++++ 20 files changed, 16594 insertions(+) create mode 100644 GRE_Verbal.txt create mode 100644 HEADER.html create mode 100644 README create mode 100644 cache.py create mode 100644 conv.py create mode 100644 dict.py create mode 100644 index.tmpl.html create mode 100644 jqModal.css create mode 100644 jqModal.js create mode 100644 jquery.js create mode 100644 jquery.shortkeys.js create mode 100644 style.css create mode 100644 ui.js create mode 100644 wl/33new.txt.wl create mode 100644 wl/applet.py create mode 100644 wl/init.el create mode 100644 wl/stats.py create mode 100644 wl/taskbardemo.py create mode 100644 wl/wl-mode.el create mode 100644 wz_tooltip.js diff --git a/GRE_Verbal.txt b/GRE_Verbal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a3a64c --- /dev/null +++ b/GRE_Verbal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7186 @@ +1,abate Allay Aggravate + Alleviate Worsen + Mitigate Deteriorate + Ameliorate + Lessen + Reduce + Slacken + Assuage + Diminish + +2,abase Humiliate Uplift + Degrade Edify + Demean Ennobling + Debase Elevated + Lower Exalt + +3,abash Disconcert Equanimity + Discomfiture Composure + Mortify Poise + Embarrass + Vexed + +4,abdicate Relinquish Seize + Renounce Besiege + Depose Usurp + Done under compulsion + +5,abet Complicity Unhelpful + Indirect assistance Aloof + Illegal, unlawful aid Hinder + Discourage + +6,abeyance Suspended temporarily + Put in cold storage + Shelved + +7,abhor Strong dislike Love + Hatred Like + Loathe Approve + Detest + Abominate (very strong) + Aversion (mild) + Hate + Abhor + Odious + + + +8,abject Misery Affluence + Poverty Opulence + Penury Lucre + Impoverished Mammon + Indigence Nouveau-riche + Impecunious Purloin + Pauper + Destitution + Privation + SECONDARY: + Servile + Grovel + Fawn + Obsequious + Cringing + +9,abjure Renouncex on oath + Relinquish (very strong word) + +10,abnegate Deny pleasures of life Aristocrat + Ascetic + Spartan + Austere + +11,abominate Strong dislike Love + Hatred Like + Loathe approve + Detest + Abominate + Aversion + Hate + Abhor + Odious + +12,abrade Scrape + Scrimp + Scrunch + +13,abnegation Deny pleasures of life Aristocrat + Ascetic + Spartan + Austere + + + + + + + + +14,abridge Concise Elaborate + Synopsis (of an epic) Exemplify + Conspectus Expatiate + Compendium Expound + Gist (of a book) Magnify + Abstract (of a thesis) + Condensed + Epitome + Crux (the most important point) + Compress + Shorten + +15,abrogate Repeal (in Parliament) Retain + Rescind status quo + Quash (Judges) + Revoke (Suspension; appointment) + Countermand (an election) + Cancel + Abolish + Annul + Nullify + +16,absorbed Assimilate + Imbibe + SECONDARY: + incorporate + engrossed + interested + +17,absolve Shrive Arraign + Shriven Indict + Exculpate Inculpate + Exonerate Impeach + Vindicate Convict + Acquit Prosecute + Pardon + Amnesty + Condone + +18,abstinence Keeping away from food and drink Indulgence, + Abstemious sybaritic + Celibate + Temperate + + + + + + + + + +19,abstruse Confound Clear + Unfathomable manifest + Recondite ostensible + Profound, Arcane + Incomprehensible + Not understandable + +20,accolade Prize + Award + Honor + +21,accoutre Array + Equip + Dress + Nurse white + Police Khaki + +22,accrue Interest + Proceeds + Results + +23,acerbity Biting Mild + Stinging Polite + Caustic Equanimity + Acerbic + Acidulous + Vitriolic + Trenchant (very strong) + Acidic + Waspish + +24,acidulous Biting Mild + Stinging Polite + Caustic Equanimity + Acerbic + Acidulous + Vitriolic + Trenchant (very strong) + Acidic + Waspish + +25,acme Pinnacle Nadir + Zenith Lowest point + Highest point + Apex + Summit + + + + + +26,acolyte Religious follower + Lackey + Flunky + Sycophant + Flatterer + Toady + Stooge + Parasitic + Minion + Valet + Footman + +27,acquiesce Accept passively Reject + Comply Deny + Accede Refuse + Agree repudiate + Assent + +28,acrid Pungent + Acidic + Vinegary + +29,actuate Impel Arrest + Motivate Stop + Thwart + Hinder + Prevent + +30,acumen Mental keenness + Shrewd + Astute, Clever + Skillful, Perspicacious + Sophisticated (mild) + Expertise + Exceptionally gifted + +31,adage Adage Platitude, + Proverb Truism + Dictum Banal, Trite + Saw Inane, + Maxim Quotidian + Homily Cliche, + Apothegm(Apophthegm- Br) Hackneyed + Epigram + Aphorism + Pithy + Sententious + Precept + +32,addendum Addition + Accessory + Appendix + + + + +33,adduce Infer + Quote + Suggest + Put forth + +34,adjure To urge solemnly Order + Beg Command + Beseech + Implore, Obtest + Adjure + Entreaty + Importunate + Supplication + Genuflection + Exhort + Hortatory + +35,admonish Scold + Chide + Upbraid + Reproach + Reprove + Admonish (UK) + Censure + Rebuke + Reprimand + Stronger Words: + Rate, Berate + Objurgate + Admonish (US) + Chastise + Castigate + +36,adroit Skillfully Clumsy + Deft Maladroit + Adept Awkward + Adroit Gauche + Dexterously + Ambidextrous + Shrewd + Clever + Expert + Ingenious (Southpaw) + +37,adulation High praise + Adoration + +38,adumbrate Umbrella like thing + Canopy + Cove + +39,adventitious Accidental + Fortuitous , Supervene + + + + +40,affable Cultured Boorish + Warm Bucolic + Refined Churlish + Urbane Curt + Genial Rude + Congenial Vulgar + Polished + Civil + Suave + Cordial + Friendly + Amiable + +41,affection Liking Pretense + Love Feign + Regard Act + Kindness + Tenderness + Fondness + Affectionate + +42,affront Affront Polite + Insult, Rebuke Civil + Umbrage Culture + Outrage Refine + Suave + Compliment + Flatter + +43,aggrandise Unlawful acquisition of Wealth + Lucre + Mammon + Avarice + Pelf, Nouveau-Riche, Parvenu + +44,agile Nimble Slow + Fleet footed Sluggish + Alacrity, Celerity Tardy + Sprite, Sprightly Slothful + Spry Lazy + Verve Lackadaisical + Vivacity + pep + bounce + +45,allay Reduce + Allay (of pain) + lighten + Lessen + +46,alleviate Reduce + Lessen + + +47,altercate Quarrel Composure + Tiff Poise + Bicker + Squabble + Wrangler + Jangler + Altercate + Altercation + Contentious + Disputations + Litigious + Logomachy + Spat + +48,altruistic Selfless person Selfish + unselfish Egoist + Philanthropic Egotistic + Like for humanity + Gracious, Humane, Kind + Benevolent, Benign + +49,ambidexterous Skillful use Of both hands Awkward + Dexterous Gauche + Skillful Gaucherie + Deft Clumsy + Adept Maladroit + Clever + Southpaw (left hand) + Sinister + +50,ambiguous Equivocation (deliberate) Precise + Palter Concise + Ambivalent Pointed + +51,ameliorate Improve Worsen + Better Deteriorate + Promote Aggravate + Raise + Advance + +52,analect Epitome + Essence + Crux + Quintessence + +53,analeptic Tonic giving strength and vitality Enervated + Strength Effete + Elixir Emaciate + Invigorating + Rejuvenating + + + + + +54,anathema Curse from church + Ex-communication + Gods curse by pope + Imprecation + Malediction + Interdiction + Proscribe + Outlawry, ban + +55,anchorite Recluse Gregarious + Hermit Social + Anchoret + anchorite + Solitary + Eremite + +56,anile Senile (men) + Anile (women) + Dotard + Dotage + Decrepitude + Enfeebled mentally + +57,animadversion Strong censure + Strong criticism + Zoilean + Hypercritical + Deplore + +58,animosity Ill-will Friendly + hatred + rancor + animus + acrimonious + bitterness + hostility + inimical + +59,anneal Transition from liquid state to solid state + People attaining a strong position in society from a bad one. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +60,annul Repeal (in Parliament) + Rescind (Superior --- Inferior) + Quash (Judges) + Revoke (Suspension; appointment) + Countermand (an election) + Cancel + Abolish + Abrogate + Annul + Nullify + +61,anodyne Pain Reliever Stimulate + Analgesic rejuvenate + Lenitive + Palliative + Narcotic + Sedative + Soporific + Somnific + Emollient + Demulcent + Balm -Gilead + Opium, Opiate + +62,anomalous Minor discrepancy + Irregular + +63,antediluvian Primitive + Ancient time + Antiquated + Anachronism (US) + +64,apathy Indifferent Pity + nonchalant Empathy + Insouciance Sympathy + Apathetic Care + Callous Concern + Ruthless Compassion + Heartless Solicitude + Merciless Clemency + Commiseration + +65,ape Troglodyte + Simian->gorilla + Imitating (v) + mock (v) + +66,aplomb Confident Diffident + Self assurance Nervous + In total Control Unsure + Self-possession + + + + + + +67,apocalyptic Prophet of doom + Seer + Oracular + Delphic + Epiphany + Sibylline + mystical + visionary + +68,apocryphal False Truthful + Mendacious Canonical + Mendacity Authentic + unauthentic Factual + Apocryphal Veracity, + Fictitious Veracious + Uncanonical Verisimilitude + Mythical Straight from + Legendary horses' mouth + +69,apodictic Beyond doubt Solipsism + Unquestionable + Demonstrated + Proved + Indubitable + empirical + Axiom-self evident truth + Incontrovertible + +70,apollyon Satan Humane + Lucifer Kind + apollyon Benign , + Arch-fiend Benevolent + Devil Angelic, + Belial Cherubic, + Baal Seraphic + Beelzebub Altruistic + Moloch + Mammon + Mephistopheles + Caliban + Diabolic, Satanic, Fiendish + +71,apostasy (apostate) Give up religious beliefs Loyalty + Recreant, Renegade Allegiance + Apostate fidelity (spouse) + Fugitive fealty + SECONDARY: + Non-conformist + Recusant + Heretic + maverick + Iconoclast + deserter + Turncoat + + +72,apothegm Proverb Platitude, + Dictum Truism + Adage Banal, Trite + Saw Inane, + Maxim Quotidian + Homily Cliche, + Apothegm Hackneyed + Aphorism + Epigram + Pithy + Sententious + Precept + Gnome, Byword + +73,arraign Arraign Absolve + Indict Shrive + Inculpate shriven + Impeach Exculpate + Prosecute Exonerated + Convict Vindicated- + justify + Acquit + Pardon + Condone + Amnesty + +74,arrant Unscrupulous Rascal Probity + Scoundrel Integrity + Knaves + Scamp, Scullion + Complete, total, consummate + +75,arrogate Usurp + Overthrow + Take position unlawfully + Changeling -False child + Imposter + Supplant + Assert + +76,asinine Silly, Foolish, Stupid, Obtuse Wise + Bovine, Asinine Clever + Fatuous, Doltish Sapient + Nit-wit, Ninny sagacious + Nincompoop, Numskull astute + Dullard, Dunce skillful + Blockhead, Dunderhead + Demented, imbecile + Moronic, Cretin, Idiot + + + + + +77,aspersion Revile Praise + Malign Laud + Slur + Aspersion + +78,assay To attempt + Evaluate + Test + +79,assiduous Industrious Lazy + Hard working Slothful + Diligent Sluggish + Assiduous Indolent + Sedulous Lethargic + SECONDARY: + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Perseverance + Indefatigable + Dogged + Indomitable + +80,assuage Console Provoke + Soothing Needle(US) + Grief Incite + Mitigate Instigate + Soften + Mollify + Placate + Pacify + Appease + Propitiate + +81,attenuate Make thin or Slender + Rarify + Diminish + +82,audacious Bold Meek + Daring, Impudent Timid + Impertinent, Reckless Timorous + Courageous, Dauntless Cowardly + Venturesome, Fearless, Intrepid Cowardice + Brave, Valiant, Valorous Dastardly + Adventurous, Plucky Craven + Gutsy, Spunky Poltroon(rank + Foolhardy coward) + Pusillanimous + + + + + + + + +83,augment Increase Resources + Aggrandize (-ve) + +84,aver Assert + Declare + Pronounce + Opine (US) + Affirm + State + +85,babel Pandemonium Cosmos + Anarchy Order + Confusion Harmony + Chaos Understand + Din + Tumult + Bedlam + Hubbub + +86,badger Pester + Harass + Annoying + Vexation + Baiting (stronger) + Torment + Torture + +87,badinage Clown, Buffoon Serious + merry-andrew Grave + Harlequinade Sober + Droll + drollery + Persiflage, Badinage + Raillery + Banter + SECONDARY: + Twit, Taunt + Tease, Mock, Challenge & joke + +88,banter Joke + Drollery + Raillery + +89,barb Thorny + Anything that pricks + Stinging + Laceration + Prickly + + + + + + + + +90,bashful Young women who are shy Bold + Shy (both men and women) Aggressive + Coy (women) Froward + Demure (young maidens who are very shy) + Meek + timid + +91,bask Take the warmth of the VIP parent + luxuriantly + reposing + dallying + enjoying + lounging + enjoy the sun + +92,baste Physical beating + Clobber + Pommel + Pound + Baste + Beat + Thrash + Lambaste + Bludgeon + Cudgel + +93,bastinado Physical beating + Thrashing + Clobber + Pommel + Pound + Baste + Beat + Thrash + Lambaste + Bludgeon + Cudgel + +94,bastion Impregnable + Fortification + Entrenchment + Unconquerable + Forte + Defense + +95,bate Lessening your breath + Holding your breath + +96,bathos Anticlimax + + +97,bawdy Vulgar talk in sex Virtuous + Concupiscent-church word, Carnal Pure + Prurient Chaste + Ribald Vestal + Smutty, Continence + Bawdy Celibate + Risque + Lewd + Salacious + Lascivious + Lecherous + Licentious + Libidinous + LickerishLubricous + Dissolute + Depravity(dissipated) + Debauch + Profligate + Philanderer + Libertine + Rake + Roue + Lothario + Casanova + Don Juan + Satyr + Women: + siren + seductress + wanton + Voluptuary + rant + nymphomaniac + fan-fatalle: + Circe the enchantress + lamia the vampire + medusa the gorgon + +98,batter Pommel + Clobber + Pound + Batter + Thrash + Beat + Flog + Baste + Lambaste + Cudgel + Bludgeon + + + + + + +99,bay Sound made by a hound + Bark of dog, Bay of a hound + +100,beadle (Church word) + Church servitor + apparitor, Summoner + Sexton-Protestant church + One who Serves the priest + pardoner + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +101,beatitude Highest form of Spiritual happiness + Bliss + Ecstasy + Rapturous + Happiness + Holy joy + Pleasure + +102,bedlam Mad-house Harmony + Irrational Cosmos + Confusion, Chaos, Disorder + Pandemonium + Maniacal + Anarchy + Lunatic asylum + +103,bedizen Over adorned, over-decorative Somber + outlandish Sober + garish, tawdry Plain + dowdy + Meretricious + Bizarre, Gaudy + +104,begrime Main Meanings: Praise + Damage a Man's reputation Commend + Besmirch + Besmear, Bemire + Begrime + Sully + Tarnish + Stigmatize + Related word groups: + Calumny Group of words + Disparage Group of words + Revile Group of words + +105,beguile Cheat Honest + Dupe Upright + Gull Truthful + Cozen Integrity + Hood wink (milder) Probity + Defraud + Deceive + +106,behest Order + Decree + Command + Bidding + Injunction, Mandatory + + +107,behove Suitable + Proper, Propriety + Decorous + +108,belabour Verbal assault(US) + Physical assault(UK) + Pommel + Pound + Cudgel + +109,belated Delayed Punctual + Postponed + Defer + Procrastinate (peripheral) + +110,belaud High praise + Praise (Approbation) + Applaud (Plaudits) + Commend (commendation) + Laud, Belaud (Laudation) + Extol (Encomium) + Eulogize (Eulogy) + Paean + Panegyric + Doxology + +111,beldam(UK) Vicious old women Lady + Harridan + crone + Witch + Hag + Vixen (Middle aged) + Termagant, Shrew (Young) + Virago + Xantippe + Jezebel + +112,bel espirit Witty person + Bonhomie + +113,belial Satan Humane + Apollyon Kind + Lucifer Benign + Archfiend Benevolent + Belial, Beelzebub, Baal Philanthropic + Moloch, Mammon, Mephistopheles Angelic + Caliban Cherubic + Seraphic + + + +114,bellicose Pugnacious Pacifist + Belligerent + Jingoism + Warmongering + Saber-Rattling + + +115,bemire Damage a Man's reputation + Besmirch + Besmear, Bemire + Begrime + Sully + Tarnish + Stigmatize + +116,bemused Confused + confounded + perplexed + Puzzled + Baffled + Nonplused + Flabbergasted + Bamboozled, Mystify + Stymied + Stultified + Stupefied + Flummoxed + +117,benign Benevolent Wicked + Kind Malevolent + +118,berate Scold + Chide + Upbraid + Reproach + Reprove + Admonish(UK) + Censure + Rebuke + Reprimand + Stronger Words: + Rate + Berate + Objurgate, Admonish(US) + Chastise + Castigate + + + + + + +119,besot Intoxicated + Enchanted + Come under some body's spell + (Inebriated) + (Crapulous) + +120,bevy Group of Pretty girls -Collective noun + covey of witches(UK) + covey of pretty girls(US) + bevy of pretty girls(UK) + +121,bewitch Put under a Spell Repulsive + (of Beauty) Enchanted + Enthrall + Ensnare + Entrap, Bewitch + Intoxicated + Besot + +122,bias Lean + Slant + Inclination + Bent + Flair + Predilection + Penchant (+) + Proclivity (-) + Propensity + +123,bibulous Dipsomaniac Teetotaler + Crapulous + Toper + Tippler + Sloshed + Sozzled + Sot + Inebriated + Alcoholic + Guzzler + Quaffer + + +124,bicker Quarrel + Tiff + Bicker + Squabble + Wrangler + Jangler + Altercate + Altercation + Contentious + Disputations + Litigious + Logomachy + Spat + +125,bigot Extremist when it comes to religious intolerance Catholic + Zealot Broadminded + Fanatic Secular + Fundamentalist Tolerant + Bigot Eclectic + Puritan Cosmopolitan + Pharisaical + Humbug + Hypocrisy + +126,Billet Humble position + Just enough salary to keep one alive + Soldiers' lodge + Billet-Doux (Love letter) + +127,blanch White with fear Ruddy + Bleach (US) Rosette + Etiolate (US) Robust + Blood Draining from face with fear + Horrendous + Blench + +128,bland Non-Spicy Expressiveness + Harmless, Non-Irritant + Mild, Gentle + +129,blandishment Compliment + Flattery of sorts + Gifts + Blarney + Cajole, Coax, Wheedle + + + + + +130,blarney Flatter + Adulation + Gammon + See also 129 Blandishment + +131,blase No longer needed + Surfeit + Satiated, Sated, Satiety + Cloy + Otiose + Redundant, Superfluous + Hackneyed + Excessive + +132,blatant Loud & Clear + Canard (When a nation lies) + +133,blench Shaking in fear + Cowered in fear + Tremble in fear + Blanch in fear + Quiver, Waver, Shake + Trepidation + +134,blithe Angelic Spirits(UK) + Lively (US) + Buoyant, Animated + Vivacity (Women) + Pep, Bounce (Women) + Cheerful + Gay + Sprightly + Elated + Verve (US) (Women) + +135,bludgeon Cudgel + Clobber + Pound + Pommel + Baste + Lambaste + +136,bombastic Pompous Language Direct + High Sounding Simple + Flowery Plain + Turgid Lucid + Euphuistic + Johnsonian + + + +137,bonhomie Witty + Good humor + Sociable, Friendly + Jolly, Bel esprit + +138,boor Uncultured Cultured + Crude Warm + Rude Refined + Vulgar Urbane + Churlish Genial + Rustic, Bucolic Congenial + Bumpkin Polished + Curt, Brusque, Bumptious Civil + Abrasive, brash Suave + Uncouth Friendly, Cordial, Amiable + + +139,bosh Pure nonsense Cogent + Prate, Prattle Coherent + Gibber, Gibberish Logical + Jabber, Jabberwocky Rational + Tattle, Babble, Twaddle + Palaver talk + Balderdash + Jargon + Bosh + +140,bounden Obligated Volitional + Trussed Voluntary + Shackle + Manacle + Bonded + Fetters + Feign + +141,bounty Munificence Mean + Largesse Unkind + Bountiful + Generous + magnanimous + Extravagant & Lavish + + + + + + + + +142,bourgeoisie Trades folk, Aristocrat + Trades people Blue Blooded + Merchant Class (UK) Patrician + Vaisyas (Ind) Scion + Hot polloi Mandarin + Rabble Noblesse- + Canaille Oblige + Lumpkin + Groundling + plebeian + Publican + Yokel + Common man + +143,bovine Silly Intelligence + Foolish Perspicacity + Stupid Wise + Obtuse Clever + Bovine Sapient + Asinine sagacious + Fatuous astute + Doltish + Nit-wit + Ninny + Nincompoop + Numskull + Dullard + Dunce + Blockhead + Dunderhead + Demented + imbecile + Moronic + Cretin + Idiot + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +144,brag Brag Humble + Boast Humility + Vaunt Modest + Gloat Meek + Swagger Timid + Thrasonical Timorous + Gasconade + Rodomontade + Cock-a-hoop + Roisterer + Blusterer + Vainglorious + Braggart, Braggadocio &Swaggerer + +145,brash Hasty + Rash + Impetuous + Bumptious + Tactless + Brusque + Abrasive + Rude + Reckless + +146,brevity In a nutshell Circumlocutive + Concise Lengthy + Shortness Magnified + Tersely Prolixity + Succinct Verbiage + Brevity Verbosity + +147,brigand Highwaymen + Marauder + Foot-pad + Mountebank + Dacoit (Ind) + +148,broach Approach + Begin + Introduce a topic or a person + +149,bromidic Dull & Uninteresting Exhilarating + Barren Stimulating + Dry Interesting + Vapid + Sterile + Jejune + Insipid + + +150,bruit Rumor Truthful + Hearsay Canonical + Hoax Authentic + Grapevine From horses' mouth + Unauthentic - Not dependable + +151,brusque Uncultured Amiable + Crude Warm + Rude Refined + Vulgar Urbane + Churlish Genial + Rustic, Bucolic Congenial + Bumpkin Polished + Curt, Brusque, Bumptious Civil + Abrasive, brash Suave + Uncouth Cordial + + +152,bucolic See 151 BRUSQUE + +153,bumpkin Clown + Peasant + Clodpoll + Clodhopper + See also 151 BRUSQUE + +154,burgeon Grow overnight + Mushroom + Sprout + +155,cabal Conclave (of admirals) + Caucus (of party people) + Coterie (-) + Clique (-) + Cohorts (-) + Junta (of disgruntled army man) + Insurgents + Insurrectionary + Gang + Faction + Confederacy + League + +156,cabalistic See 155 CABAL + + + + + +157,cacophony Creaking Euphonious + Croaking, Grating Musical + Jarring Melodious + Unpleasant sound Mellifluent + Staccato rhythm Dulcet + +158,cadaverous Of a Dead Body + Pallid (US) + Wan (US) + Corpse (UK) + +159,caitiff I Meaning: Honest + Knave Integrity + Scoundrel + Rascal + Scamp + Scullion + Caitiff + II Meaning: + Miser + Stingy + Skinflint(US) + Parsimonious + Niggardly + Codger + Curmudgeon + +160,callous Insensitive to others' feelings Pity + Indifferent Commiserate + Nonchalant Sympathy + Insouciance Empathy + Apathetic Clemency + Callous Concern + Ruthless Solicitude + Heartless Compassion + Merciless + +161,callow Inexperienced person Veteran + Fledgling Expert + Beginner Master + Tyro Virtuosity + Greenhorn + Callow + Neophyte, Novice, Proselyte + +162,calumet Indian pipe-seen in north + To promote fraternity + A puff from the pipe + + + +163,calumny Detraction + Defamation + Slander + Calumny + Vilification + Obloquy + Traduce + Libel + Revile (family of words) + +164,canard Rank Lie + When a nation lies. + +165,canaille Riotous mob + Rabble + riffraff + Unruly + Violent + plebeian + Publican + Yokel + Groundling + Hoi polloi + +166,candid Candor Crafty + Open Artful + Frank Cagey + Artless Cunning + Ingenuous, guileless Vulpine + Extrovert Machiavellian + +167,cant Puritanism Catholic + Hypocrisy of sorts Broad minded + Humbug Eclectic + Zealot Cosmopolitan + Fanatic Tolerant + Bigot Secular + Pharisaical + Fundamentalist + +168,capacious Spacious + Large + Well read + +169,caprice Whimsical Decisive + Impulsive Firm + Importunate Steadfast + Without forethought Stern + SEC: Oddities, Singularities, + Idiosyncrasies + + +170,captious Captious Equanimity + Carp Composure + Cavil Poise + Querulous + Petulant + Peevish + Piquant + Chagrin + Irked + Ire + Fret + Fume + Chafe + +171,carnage Killing Large no of innocent people + Carnage + Massacre + Butchery + Decimate + Genocide + Pogrom + Abattoir + Exterminate + In a shambles + Extirpation + Holocaust + Cataclysm + Calamity + Catastrophe + Disaster + Annihilation, Tragedy, Sanguinary + Bloody battle, Slaughter + +172,carnal See 97 BAWDY + +173,carte blanche Total Freedom + Total Authority + Blank Check + +174,castigate Scold, Chide, Upbraid, Reproach, + Reprove, Admonish(UK), Censure + Rebuke, Reprimand + Stronger Words: + Rate, Berate + Objurgate, Admonish(US) + Chastise + Castigate + + + + +175,cataclysm See 171 CARNAGE + +176,catechise Interrogate + Impugn + Inquisition + SEC: Apostate, Renegade + Recreant, Fugitive + FAQ (secular catechism) + +177,cathartic Purgative + Laxative + Bowdlerize + Expurgate + Inner moral cleansing + Purge + Cleanse + Evacuant + +178,causerie Idle talk + Chat + Gossip + +179,caveat Caveat Emptor (buyer beware) + Caveat Venditor (seller beware) + +180,cavil Captious Equanimity + Carp Composure + Cavil Poise + Querulous + Petulant + Peevish + Piquant + Chagrin + Irked + Ire + Fret + Fume + Chafe + +181,celerity Nimble Slow + Agile Sluggish + Fleet footed Slothful + Alacrity Tardy + Celerity Lazy + Sprite, Sprightly Lethargic + Spry Indolent + + + + + + +182,censure Scold + Chide + Upbraid + Reproach + Reprove + Admonish(UK) + Censure + Rebuke + Reprimand + Stronger Words: + Rate + Berate + Objurgate, Admonish(US) + Chastise + Castigate + +183,cerulean Azure Cloudy + Blue colored sky Nebulous + Turbid + murky + +184,chafe Fret + Vexed + Chafe + Fume + +185,chagrin See 180 CAVIL + +186,choleric Choleric Composure + Splenetic Poise + Irascible Equanimity + Ill-tempered + Ire + +187,changeling False-child + Usurper + Take someone's position unlawfully + Imposter + Charlatan + +188,charlatan Cheat + Cozener + Defrauder + Mountebank + Imposter + Pretender + + +189,charnel Cemetery + Ossuary + sepulchre + Bloody Killing + +190,chary Wary Careless + Cautious Carefree + Careful Cavalier + Circumspect Nonchalant + Cagey + +191,chastise See 182 CENSURE + +192,chattel Furniture + Passive Wives + Property + menage + +193,chicanery Political deceit + Duplicity + Clap-trap + Rel Word groups: Filch, purloin (group) + Sophistry (group) + +194,chide See 182 CENSURE + +195,chimera Fantasy +and Illusion +196,chimerical Imagination + Phantasmagoria + Bizarre + Mirage + +197,churlish Rude + Unpredictable + Ill mannered + Sullen + Surly + Grouchy + +198,cicatrice Hidden Scar + +199,circumspect See 190 CHARY + +200,civility See 40 AFFABLE + + + + + + + + +201,Clap-Trap Political deceit of sorts Probity + Duplicity Integrity + Chicanery Upright + Cheat Truthful + Rel Word groups: Filch, purloin (group) Honest + Sophistry (group) + +202,Cleave Hold on + Adhere + Stick + Cleft + Cleavage + +203,Clemency Pity, Commiseration Indifferent + Sympathy, Empathy Insouciance + Care, Concern, Solicitude Nonchalant + Compassion, Forgiving Apathetic + Clemency Ruthless + Careless + Heartless + Merciless + +204,Climacteric Watershed for Indian + Cross road of life + Turning point + Junction + Menopause for women + Phase of life which is important + +205,Clog Stenosis + Choke + Block + Stanch + Impede + Prevent + Hinder + Hamper + Thwart + +206,Clutter Confusion + Chaos + Scattered around + Pandemonium + Anarchy + Disarrangement + +207,Cobble Pebble stones with smooth surface + Shoe mender(cobbler) -stitch shoes + Metal mender -Tinker + Cloth mender + +208,Cock-A-Hoop Brag Humble + Boast Humility + Vaunt Modest + Gloat Meek + Swagger Timid + Thrasonical Timorous + Gasconade + Rodomontade + Cock-a-hoop + Vainglorious + Braggart, Braggadocio &Swaggerer + Roisterer, Blusterer -drunken boaster + +209,Codger Miserly Extravagant + Stingy Lavish + Skinflint(US) Spendthrift + Parsimonious Squander + Niggardly Prodigal + Curmudgeon Generous + Tight wart, Tightfisted Duck&Drake + Thrifty, Frugal, Husbandry (+) + +210,Cogent Logical + Cohesive + Cogent + ratiocinate + Syllogisms + +211,Coiffure Hair style + Head dress + Artificial hair + +212,Colligate Join, Bind, Unite, Fuse + Coalesce + Amalgamate (companies) + Concatenate (diversified facts) + Agglomerate (ideas) + Conglomerate + +213,Collocate Classify + Tabulate + +214,Colloquy Dialogue, Discussion Soliloquy + Parley Monologue + Harangue + Diatribe + Tirade + Trenchant + +215,Collude 2 people get together to harm the interests +and 216, Collusive of 3rd person. Complicity, conspire + +217,Comatose Slow Nimble + Sluggish Agile + Slothful Fleet footed + Tardy Sprightly + Lazy Alacrity + Lethargic Celerity + Indolent + Lackadaisical + Languorous, Languid + Lassitude + Torpor, Torpid + Inert + Comatose + Catatonic + Death + +218,Commend Praise -Approbation Rebuke + Applaud -Plaudits Censure + Commend -Commendation Scold + Laud, Belaud -Laudation Chide + Extol -Encomium + Eulogize -Eulogy + Stronger: + Paean, Panegyric, Doxology + +219,Commensurate Equal + Equivalent to + Tantamount to + Wages salary to the qualification + +220,Commingle Blend, Mix of different cultures + +221,Commiserate Pity, Commiseration Indifferent + and Sympathy, Empathy Insouciance +222,Commiseration Care, Concern, Solicitude Nonchalant + Compassion, Forgiving Apathetic + Clemency Ruthless + Careless + Heartless + Merciless + +223,Compendious Concise Elaborate + Synopsis (of an epic) Exemplify + Conspectus Expatiate + Compendium Expound + Gist (of a book) Magnify + Abstract (of a thesis) Prolific + Condensed + Epitome + Crux(the most important point) + Compress, Shorten + +224,Complacent Satisfied Disgruntled + Contented Unhappy + Smug Malcontent + +225,Complaisant Obliging + Helpful + Feign + +226,Compunction Qualms + Compunction + Twinge + Pain + Casuistry + Regret + Remorse + Repentant + Contrition + Penitent + +227,Concatenated Unite + Connect + Join + Fuse + +228,Conceited Arrogant + Proud + Imperious + Brazen + +229,Conciliate Reconcile + +230,Concomitant Accompanying + +231,Concord Harmony Discord + Understanding Dissent + Detente + Entente + Comity of nations + Agreement, Accord + Unison + +232,Concupiscent See 97 BAWDY + +233,Condescend Stoop + Deign + Patronizing attitude + +234,Conduce Promote + Aid + Help, Assist + Rel :Conducive + +235,Configuration Pattern + Design + Gestalt + Constellation, (malefic) + +236,Confluence Meeting + Junction + Union + Conflux + +237,Congeal Freeze + Anneal + Solidify + Curdle + Congeal, Clot, Coagulate - for blood + +238,Congruous Harmony + Agreement + Understanding + +239,Conjecture Guess + Surmise + Hypothesis + Not factual + Supposition + +240,Connoisseur Expert Critic, judge Philistine + Appreciate of good things Down to earth + Gourmet, Epicurean Materialistic + Art, Music, Paint, Aesthetic Pragmatic + Practical + +241,Connote Imply + Denote + +242,Conscientious Industrious Careless + Hard working Inattentive + Scrupulous Lax + Committed work Slapdash + +243,Conspectus Concise Elaborate + Synopsis (of an epic) Exemplify + Conspectus Expatiate + Compendium Expound + Gist (of a book) Magnify + Abstract (of a thesis) Detailed + Condensed + Epitome + Crux(the most important point) + Compress + Shorten + +244,Conspicuous Prominent by presence or absence + Looks + Dominant + +245,Constraint Inner compulsive force + Obligation + +246,Construe Interpret Misconstrue + Misinterpret + +247,Contumacious Stubborn Pliable + Obstinate Amenable + Obdurate Flexible + Contumacious Pliant + Intransigent Suppliant + Froward + Refractory + Mulish(US) + Wayward + Intractable + POS: + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Perseverance + Indefatigable + Dogged + Indomitable + +248,Cozen Cheat Honest + Gull Upright + Dupe Integrity + Defraud Probity + Mountebank Truthful + Deceive + Hoodwink + Mulct + Bilk + Rel family: Filch, purloin + +249,Credulous People who easily believe others Crafty + Naive, Simpleton Vulpine + Gullible, Ingenuous Disingenuous + Frank, Open, Candid Artful + Guileless Shrewd + Artless Perspicacious + +250,Cryptic Unfathomable, Profound, Arcane, Obvious + Obscure, Difficult to understand Lucid + Incomprehensible, Abstruse, Recondite, Ostensible + Secret, Hidden, Unseen Edify + Plain + +251,Curmudgeon Miserly Extravagant + Stingy Lavish + Skinflint(US) Spendthrift + Parsimonious Squander + Niggardly Prodigal + Codger, Curmudgeon Generous + Tight wart, Tightfisted Lavish + Thrifty, Frugal, Husbandry (+) Duck&Drake + +252,Dalliance Flirtation + Coquette, Promiscuous + +253,Dally Dawdle + Doodle + Waste time + Dilatory + Tarry + Shilly-Shally + Dilly-Dally + +254,Dastard Coward Brave + Meek, Timid, Timorous Courage + Dastardly Dauntless + Craven Intrepid + Poltroon Valorous + Pusillanimous Neg: bold, + Audacity + Reckless + Daring + Foolhardy + +255,Data Information + +256,Daub Plastering & Covering + Painted women + Splash + Dash + +257,Daunt Overwhelming + Intimidate + Cow + Frighten + Insurmountable + +258,Dauntless Fearless + Valorous + Brave + Intrepid + Valiant + Courageous + + +259,Dawdle Dawdle + Doodle + Waste time + Dilatory + Shilly-Shally + Dilly-Dally + Fiddle + Loiter + +260,Dearth Scarcity (of water) Abundant + Paucity (of money) Plentiful + Shortage Plentitude + Deficiency Copious + Plethora + +261,Debase Abased + Degrade + Demean + Deep Humiliation + + +262,Debauch See 97 BAWDY + +263,Decoy Bait + Enticement + Allurement + Entrap + Temptation + Ensnare + +264,Debilitate Loss of vitality Robust + Debilitate Ruddy + Enervated Rosette + Effete Rubicund + Emasculated Vitality + Etiolated Salubrious + Emaciated Sap + Gaunt looks Wiry + Run down + Washed out + +265,Debonair Well turned out Slovenly + Good looking Slatternly + Spruce + Tidy + Primp + Debonair, Attractive + Smart + Adonis + Chic-women + + +266,Decadence Declining of morals standards Rectitude + Declivity + Declension + +267,Decamp Runaway after robbing + Bolt + Escape + Fly + Flee + +268,Deceived Cheat + Gull + Dupe + Defraud + Mountebank + Deceive + Hoodwink + Mulct + Bilk + Rel family: Filch, purloin + +269,Deciduous Lack of moisture ,Vitality Evergreen + Slough, molt + Defoliate, Desiccated + +270,Decimate Killing Large no of innocent people + Carnage + Massacre + Butchery + Decimate + Genocide + Pogrom + Abattoir + Exterminate + In a shambles + Annihilation + Extirpation + SECONDARY: + Holocaust + Cataclysm + Calamity + Catastrophe + Disaster + Tragedy, Sanguinary + Bloody battle, Slaughter + +271,Declivity Come down from mountain Acclivity + Declension + + + + +272,Decorous Modest Coarse + Demure->women Crude + Proper Barbaric + Suitable Rustic + Seeming Bucolic + Propriety + Decorous behavior + Dress perfect for the perfect place + +273,Decorum See 272 DECOROUS + +274,Decrepit Old + Senile (men) + Anile (women) + Dotard + Dotage + Decrepitude + Enfeebled mentally + +275,Decry Censure (Strong) + Deplore + Denouncing (Strong) + +276,Defalcation Filch Honest + Purloin Upright + Mulct (US) Truthful + Bilk (US) Integrity + Embezzle Probity + Peculate + Defalcate + Malversation + Malfeasance + Misappropriation + +277,Defamation Damage one's reputation + Detraction + Defamation + Slander + Calumny + Vilification + Obloquy + Traduce + Libel + Revile, malign family of words + Belittle, Disparage Family of words + +278,Defer Postpone, Delay Disrespectful + Procrastinate, Shelve + Deep respect for Elders (as in Deference + for father) + + +279,Defile Desecrate Consecrate + Defile Sanctify + Sacrilegious Sanctimonious + Profane Sanctum + Blasphemous Sanctorum + Showing Disrespect for a place of worship Sacrosanct + purify + +280,Definitive 100% Definite Vague + Certitude Indefinite + Categorical + Very sure, certain + +281,Deflect Off the course + Swerve + Ricochet (for bullets) + Careen (for fast cars) + Divert, Refract + +282,Defunct No longer valid -Dead Extant + Extinct (of animals ex: dinosaur) + (Of defunct laws; newspapers; constitution) + +283,Deify Elevate someone to the level of god + (Demi-god) + Apotheosize + +284,Deign Come down to do a favor to somebody + stoop + condescend + Patronize + +285,Define Explicate + Clarify + Manifested + +286,Delete Erase + Rub-out + Delete + Expunge + Obliterate + Blot-out + Efface + Deface + +287,Delineation Portray + Depict + Limn (-) + + + +288,Delude Dupe + Deceive + Gull + Fool + Cheat oneself + Grandeur + Hallucination + Psychosis (Delusion) + +289,Deluge Inundation + Downpour + Cloudburst + Cyclonic + Cataclysm, Floods + Noah's Flood & Noah's Ark + Major upheavals + +290,Demeanor Comport Misdemeanor + Mien Misbehavior + Deportment + Decorum, Decorous + Appearance & Behavior + +291,Demur Hesitate + Dither + Vacillate + Demur + Hedge + +292,Denigrate Belittle Praise + Disparage Laud + Denigrate Extol + Derogatory + Deprecatory + Depreciatory + Calumny Family of words (Stronger) + +293,Denizen Resident + Habitue + +294,Deplete Drain off resources, Energy + Exhausting (Tiring) + Exhaust (Pipes) + Exhaustive (Complete) + +295,Deprecate See 292 DENIGRATE + +296,Depravity See 97 BAWDY + +297,Depreciate See 292 DENIGRATE + + +298,Depredation Large scale looting + Spoliation + Despoil + Ravage + Marauding + Rapacious, Rapacity + Rapine + Plunder + Loot + Pillage (Of churches; temples) + +299,Derelict Disuse + Desuetude + Abandoned + SECONDARY: + Rickety + Ramshackle + Dilapidated + (Ruins) + +300,Deride Contemptuous Polite + Mock , Scorn Cultured + Scoff, Sneer Suave + Deride, Derision, Derisive Composure + Jeer Poise + Fleer Equanimity + Gibe + Ridicule + Twit, Taunt + +301,Derogatory See 292 DENIGRATE + +302,Descry Espy + Spot something with binoculars + +303,Desecrate See 279 DEFILE + +304,Desiccate Lack of moisture + Hollow + Gaunt + Without vitality + Deciduous + +305,Despoil See 298 DEPRADATION + + + + + + + + +306,Despondent Dejected Euphoria + Depressed Lively + Downcast Animated + Dispirited Effervescent + Despondent Ebullient + Sad Buoyant + Melancholic + Doleful + Dolorous + Lugubrious + Mope (US) + Megrim + Nadir + +307,Despotism Dictator Democrat + Autocrat Democracy + Tyrant + Despot + Totalitarian + +308,Desultory Aimless Pointed + Casual Concise + Amble Precise + Unmethodical Succinct + Stroll + Saunter + Jaunt + Discursive + Ramble + Maunder + Meander + Digressive + +309,Deteriorate Worsen + Aggravate + Exacerbate + +310,Detraction See 277 DEFAMATION + +311,Devious Indirect + Circumlocutory + Detour + Periphrastic + Innuendo + Insinuation + Allusive + round about fashion + Done in a tricky method + Artful, Cunning, Cagey + + + +312,Devout Pious Impious + Religious Ungodly + Holy Irreligious + Godly Irreverent + +313,Dexterous Skillful use of hands Maladroit + Ambidextrous - Skillful use of both hands Clumsy + Adept Awkward + Adroit Gauche + Clever Gaucherie + Expertise Sinister + Deft + Ingenious + South paw (Left handed) + +314,Diabolic Satanic Humane + Diabolic Kind + Fiendish Benign + Devilish Benevolent + Apollyon, Lucifer, Satan, The arch fiend Angelic + Lieutenants: belial, Beelzebub, Baal Cherubic + Moloch, mammon, Mephistopheles Seraphic + Caliban + +315,Diaphanous Transparent Opaque + Gauzy Turbid + Gossamer like Murky + Nebulous + +316,Diatribe Colloquy + Parley + Harangue + Diatribe + Tirade + Trenchant + +317,Dichotomy Bisect + Divide(cut in two) + Dichotomize + +318,Dictum Adage Platitude, + Proverb Truism + Dictum Banal, Trite + Saw Inane, + Maxim Quotidian + Homily Cliche, + Apothegm (Apophthegm- Br) Hackneyed + Epigram + Aphorism + Pithy + Sententious, Precept + +319,Diffidence Unsure Confidence + Nervous Aplomb + Uncertain Self-possession + Opposite for confidence + +320,Diffuse Scatter + Make thin + Dilute + Spread + +321,Digressive Discursive Succinct + Digressive Pointed + Desultory Precise + Rambling + Meander + Maunder + SECONDARY: + Cursory + Perfunctory + Casual + +322,Dilapidated Derelict + Desuetude + Rickety + Ramshackle + Dilapidated + +323,Dilatory Deliberately delay Hurry + Stalling for time Prompt + (Delay; Defer; Postpone) Punctual + +324,Dilemma Quandary + Predicament + Dire straits + Harrowing + Double minded + Dithering + Vacillate + Indecisive + +325,Dilettante Amateur hobbyist Professional + Dabbler + Beginner + + + + + + + + + +326,Diligent Hardworking Lazy + Industrious Slothful + Diligent Lethargic + Assiduous Lackadaisical + Sedulous Tardy + SECONDARY: + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Perseverance + Indefatigable + Dogged, prod + Indomitable + +327,Dingy No ventilation, No light + Seedy(US) + Dingy(UK) + +328,Dipsomaniac Crapulous Teetotaler + Alcoholic Sober + Bibulous + Toper + Tippler + Guzzler + Quaffer + Sloshed + Sozzled + Sot + Inebriated + Maudlin - A Sentimental Drinker + +329,Dire A situation between Life and death + See also 324 DILEMMA + +330,Disclaim Deny + Disavow + Reject + +331,Disconcert Embarrass Composure + Discomfiture Poise + Mortify Equanimity + Chagrin + Unsettling + Vexed + Abashed + +332,Disconsolate Grief stricken + Heart broken + Forlorn + Inconsolable + + + +333,Discordant Not agreeing Amity + A note of dissent Comity + Lack of harmony Detente + Conflict Entente + Concord + Armistice + Ceasefire + Truce + +334,Discreet Judicious + Wise + Prudent + Cautious + Circumspect + +335,Discrepancy Error + Anomaly + Foible + Defect + +336,Discrete Separate + Distinct + +337,Discursive See 321 DIGRESSIVE + +338,Dishabille Transparent + Diaphanous + Thin + Partly dressed + +339,Disingenuous Cagy Candid + Crafty Open + Cunning Frank + Artful Artless + Wily Ingenuous + Vulpine Naive + Machiavellian Credulous + Tendentious Gullible + Disingenuous + Guile + +340,Disheveled Clumsy Spruce + Crumpled, Rumpled Tidy + Unkempt Primp + Tousled Nattily + Unruly Debonair + Untidy Chic + Slovenly + Slatternly + + + +341,Disinterested Altruistic + Selfless + Impartial + +342,Disparage Belittle Praise + Disparage Laud + Denigrate Extol + Derogatory + Deprecatory + Depreciatory + Calumny Family of words (Stronger) + +343,Dispel Remove + +344,Disperse Scatter + +345,Dispirited Dejected Euphoria + Depressed Lively + Downcast Animated + Dispirited Effervescent + Despondent Ebullient + Sad Buoyant + Melancholic Cheer + Doleful + Dolorous + Lugubrious + Mope (US) + Megrim + Nadir + +346,Dissemble Cheat + Feign + Simulate + Pretend + Malinger + Sham + Fake + Imposter + +347,Disseminate Spread + Scatter + Broadcast + +348,Divest Stripped + Deprive + +349,Ebullience Ebullience, Exuberance, Expansiveness + Buoyant, Lively, Animated, verve + vivacity, merriment, jocular, jocose + Effervescence, Enthusiastic + Bubbling with happiness + + +350,Ecclesiastical Priest + Ecclesiast + Cleric + Prelate + Episcopacy + Cardinal + Pontiff + Pope + +351,Eclat Brilliance + Outstanding + Panache + Elan + +352,Eclectic Great Religious tolerance Fanatic + Select from everything Zealot + Catholic Bigot + Secular Insular + Cosmopolitan Puritanical + Broad-minded Funda- + -mentalist + Provincial + Colloquial + +353,Eclogue Pastoral poems written for shepherds + Madrigal + +354,Ecumenical General Ecclesiastic + Laity + Common People + +355,Eddy Swirling + Maelstrom + Whirlpool + Vortex + +356,Edict Decree + Injunction + Mandate + Proclamation + Manifesto + +357,Edify Ennobling + Didactic + Elevate + Exhort + +358,Educe Extracting something + Elicit + Infer + Deduce + +359,Efface Erase + Rub-out + Delete + Expunge + Obliterate + Blot-out + Efface + Deface + +360,Effigy Figure of a man who is unpopular made + of straw. + +361,Efflorescence Flowering + Blossoming + Blooming + +362,Effluence That which flows out + Frith + Egress + Estuary + Effluence + Back water, Water outlet + +363,Effrontery Impudence Polite + Brazenness Civil + Insolence Cultured + Effrontery Suave + Hauteur Urbane + Supercilious Refined + Contumely + Proud + Arrogant + +364,Effulgence Dazzling Coruscated + Scintillating Dull + Refulgent Opaque + Effulgent Turbid + Resplendent Murky + Transplendent Cloudy + Bedizen Nebulous + +365,Effusion Sudden gush outpouring of emotions + +366,Egregious Himalayan Trivial + Prodigious Miniscule + Mammoth Atomic + Massive Petty + Colossal + Gigantic + Gargantuan + Huge in size + +367,Egress Exit + Outlet + +368,Elegance Beautiful + Regal + Majestic + Attractive + + +369,Elegy Mournful Poem meant to speak about a + dead person + +370,Elf Mischievous sprits + Puck + Pixie + Goblin + Hobgoblin + Gnome + Imp + +371,Elide Words drop down to something else + (Brethren - Brother) + Expunge + +372,Elite Upper crust Hoi-polloi + Cream Lumpkin + Flower plebeian + +373,Ellipsis Gap(...) + Lacuna + Hiatus + Omission + Chasm + Elliptical style + +374,Elysian Greek concept of heaven -paradise Hell + Heavenly Limbo + Empyreal, Empyrean Limbus + Celestial Hades + Stygian + Perdition + Damnation + +375,Emanate Issue forth + Exude + Comes out + Radiates + + + + + +376,Emasculate Debilitated Ruddy + Enervated Robust + Emasculated Rubicund + Castrated Rosette + Bobited Florid + Emaciated Wiry + Etiolated Rejuvenated + Emancipated + Washout appearance + Pale, Bloodless, Anemic + +377,Embellish Adorning + Bedeck + Decorated + Beautifying + Bedizened (-) + Garish (-) + Outlandish (-) + Dowdy (-) + Tawdry (-) + +378,Embezzle Filch Honest + Purloin Upright + Mulct (US) Truthful + Bilk (US) Integrity + Embezzle Probity + Peculate + Defalcate + Malversation + Malfeasance + Misappropriation + +379,Embroil Entangled + Enmeshed + Ensnared + Caught up in a controversy + +380,Emend Correct + Errata + Emendation + +381,Empiric Universal Solipsism + Axiomatic + Indubitable + Apodictic + +382,Empyreal Greek concept of heaven -paradise + and Heavenly +383,Empyrean Empyreal, Empyrean + Celestial, Ethereal + + + + + +384,Encomiastic High praise Ridicule + and Praise -Approbation Censure +385,Encomium Applaud -Plaudits Denounce + Commend -Commendation Deplore + Laud, Belaud -Laudation Criticize + Extol -Encomium Animadversion + Eulogize -Eulogy Zoilean (K) + Paean + Panegyric + Doxology + +386,Enervate See 376 EMASCULATE + +387,Enigma Puzzle + Riddle + Conundrum + Mystery + SECONDARY: + Labyrinth + Maze + Rigmarole + +388,Ennui Boredom + Lassitude + Tedium + Languor + Monotonous + +389,Ensconce Protected by a shell + Harbor + Aegis + Shield + +390,Enthrall Hypnotize + Enslave + Captivate + Charm + Bewitched + Enchanted + Ensnared + Besotted + +391,Ephemeral Temporary Eternal + Transient Lasting + Transitory Permanent + Fleeting Immortal + Evanescent + Ephemeral + Fugacious + + + + + + +392,Epigrammatic Adage Platitude, + Proverb Truism + Dictum Banal, Trite + Saw Inane, + Maxim Quotidian + Homily Cliche, + Apothegm(Apophthegm- Br) Hackneyed + Epigram + Aphorism + Pithy + Sententious + Precept + +393,Episcopal Priest Laity + Ecclesiast Ecumenical + Cleric + Prelate + Episcopacy + Cardinal + Pontiff + Pope + +394,Epitome In a Nutshell + Quintessence + Essence + Condensed form + SECONDARY: + Abstract, Gist ,crux family + +395,Equestrian Horse rider + Cavalier (UK) + Chevalier (Fr) + +396,Equivocate Palter Precise + Deliberately confuse Pointed + Ambiguous Concise + Succinct + +397,Eschew Shun + Avoid + Eschew + +398,Esoteric Special select body of people + Jargon + +399,Espirit De Corps Camaraderie, Fellowship + Understanding + +400,Estuary Mouth of the river + Water goes in to->frith, inlet + Water outlet->effluence, egress + + + + +401,Etiolate Debilitated Ruddy + Enervated Robust + Emasculated Rubicund + Castrated Rosette + Bobited (K) Florid + Emaciated Wiry + Etiolated Rejuvenated + Emancipated + Washout appearance + Pale, Bloodless, Anemic + +402,Exacerbate Worsen + Aggravate + Deteriorate + +403,Exacting Demanding Carefree + Fastidious Cavalier + Finicky Nonchalant + Squeamish (women) Indifferent + Meticulous + Pernickety + Punctilious + +404,Ex cathedra Authoritative + Formal + Pope's authority + Church order + +405,Exculpate Absolve Arraign + (Church word) Shrive Indict + Shriven Prosecute + Exculpate Inculpate + Exonerate Impeach + Vindicate Convict + Acquit + Pardon + Amnesty + Condone + Forgiving + +406,Excoriate Excruciate + Physical & Mental Pain + +407,Execrate Abhor + Detestable + Loathsome + Denounce + Hateful, Repulsive + +408,Exegesis Translation of bible + Solving of the problem + + +409,Exigency Urgency + Contingency + Necessity + Emergencies + +410,Exiguous Small + Thin + Slender + +411,Exorable Gracious Heartless + Merciful Cruel + Forgiving + Clemency + Benevolent + Kind + +412,Exorcise Drive away the terror + Expel + +413,Exordium Introduction Epilogue + Preface Peroration + Prologue Appendix + Proem + Preamble + +414,Exotic Bizarre + Foreign + Strange + +415,Expatiate Talk at length Concise + Explicate Terse + Expound Succinct + Exemplify + Detail lecture + Expatiate + Magnify + +416,Expedient Suitable + Proper + Politic + Fit + +417,Expiate Atone + Reparation + + + + + + + + + + + +418,Expletive Abusive language + Severe, Biting, Caustic, Sharp + Piquant + Sarcastic + Mordacious + Fulminate + Fusillade + Expletive + Trenchant + Invective + Vituperative + Opprobrium, opprobrious + Scurrilous + Truculence + +419,Explicate Explain in detail + Elucidate + +420,Expostulate Protest + Remonstrate + +421,Expurgate Bowdlerize Pollute + Cleanse Contaminate + Laxative + Purgative + Evacuant + Pure, Purify, Expurgate + Catharsis (Moral Cleansing) + +422,Extenuate Lessen + Diminish + Reducing + +423,Extrude Expel + Discharge + Banish + Eject + Barge in + +424,Facetious Laughter + Humor + Risible + Sardonic + +425,Farraginous Heterogeneous Homogeneous + Farrago, Farraginous Monolithic + Melange + Pot-Pourri + Hotch-potch + Hodge-podge + olla podrida + + + + +426,Fastidious Hard to please Carefree + Fussy Careless + Finicky Nonchalant + Fastidious Cavalier + Squeamish (women) + Meticulous + Punctilious + Dainty + Demanding & Exacting + Pernickety + +427,Fealty Loyalty Traitor + Allegiance Quisling + Faithful Infidelity + Fidelity (of Spouse) + +428,Feculent Foul, Stench Salubrious + Poisonous Salutary + Mephitic, Miasmatic Wholesome + Noisome, Noxious Healthy + Fetid, Feculent + Putrid, Putrefaction + Morbific SEC: Pestilential, Scourge + +429,Fecund Fertile Sterile + SECONDARY: Dry + Prolific, Productive Arid + Barren + Fallow + +430,Fetid See 428 FECULENT + +431,Flaccid Loose + Flabby + Flaccid + +432,Flagitious Wicked + Spiteful + Flagitous + Malevolent + Baleful + Insidious + Treacherous + +433,Flail Thresh, Thrash, Beat, Cudgel + Physical beating + Clobber, Pommel, Pound + Baste, Lambaste, Bludgeon + +434,Flex Getting ready for a fight + Bend + + + + +435,Fractious Unruly + rabble (US) + canaille (UK) + Destructive + Riotous + +436,Froward Stubborn Pliable + Obstinate Flexible + Obdurate Amenable + Contumacious Pliant + Froward Suppliant + Intransigent Amicable + Refractory + Mulish(US) + Wayward + Intractable + Unrelenting, Unyielding + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Persevering + Indefatigable + Dogged + Indomitable + +437,Furtive Covertly Direct + Surreptitious Open + Stealthy St.Forward + Gingerly Candid + Clandestine + Secretly + +438,Funereal Connected with funeral + Rituals and ceremonies + Exequies & Obsequies + Lamentation + Dirge + Monody + Threnody + Epicedium + Jeremiad + Ululation + Requiem + Cortege + Hearse + Wreath + Lilac (US), Chrysanthemum (UK) + Yew tree + + + + + + + + +439,Gabble Pure nonsense Sensible + Prate, Prattle Rational + Gibber, Gibberish Cohesive + Jabber, Jabberwocky Coherent + Tattle, Babble, Twaddle Logical + Palaver talk + Balderdash + Jargon + Bosh + +440,Garrulous Talkative Taciturn + Multiloquent Reserved + Voluble Reticent + Garrulous men Laconic + Loquacious women + +441,Gauche Clumsily Skillful + Done with left hand Clever + South paw Deft + Maladroit Adept + Sinister Adroit + Tactless Ingenious + Awkward + +442,Germane More relevant Irrelevant + Pertinent + Apposition + Kindred (SEC) + +443,Gird Tie + +444,Glib Smooth + Lubricous + Oily + Unctuous + Con man + Oleaginous + +445,Gnostic Shrewd in a Mystical sense + Clairvoyant + Extra Sensory Perception + Mystic + +446,Gregarious Sociable Anchorite + Hermit + Recluse + Solitary + Eremite + +447,Grouchy Disgruntled, Scowl faced + Grumpy, Sullen + + + + +448,Gull Cheat + Gull + Dupe + Defraud + Mountebank + Deceive + Hoodwink + Mulct + Bilk + Rel family: Filch, purloin + +449,Gyrate Swaying motion + Pirouette + Spiral + +450,Gyre Manacle + Fetter + Chain + +451,Halcyon Peace + Calm + Placid + Serene + Tranquil + +452,Harridan Beldam + Harridan + Crone + Witch + Hag + Vixen (Middle aged) + Termagant, Shrew (Young) + Virago + Xantippe + Jezebel + +453,Hauteur Impudence + Brazenness + Insolence + Effrontery + Hauteur + Supercilious + Contumely + Proud, Arrogant + Overbearing, Overweening + +454,Heterogeneous Farrago, Farraginous Homogeneous + Melange, Pot-Pourri Monolithic + Hotch-potch, Hodge-podge + olla podrida + (Motley; Variegated; Diversified) + + + + +455,Hoi-polloi Riotous mob + Rabble + Unruly + Violent + plebeian + Publican + Yokel + Groundling + Hoi-polloi + +456,Homogeneous Monolithic + +457,Hoyden Tomboy + Romp + Tramp + +458,Hubbub Dull Noise Calm + Uproar Peace + Disturbance + Tumult + Clamorous + Boisterous + obstreperous + Chaotic + Din + Pandemonium + Babel + Anarchy + Imbroglio + +459,Iconoclast Rebel + Maverick + Unconventional + Unorthodox + Dangerous + Malcontent + Insurgent + Insurrectionary + Recusant + Ideal breaker + +460,Idiosyncrasy Johnsonian + Eccentric + Singular + Oddities, Quixotic, Queer, Quaint + +461,Ignis fatuus(L) Evil sprits which mislead + Jack-a-lantern + Willow-the-wisp + + + + + + +462,Ignoble Mean + Miserly, Stingy + Skinflint(US) + Parsimonious + Niggardly + Curmudgeon + Tight wart, Tightfisted + Thrifty, Frugal, Husbandry (+) + +463,Ignominy Disgraceful + Infamous + Shameful + +464,Ignoramus Beginner + Simpleton, Naive, Frank + +465,Imbroglio (It) Violence + Confusion + Bloodshed & Chaos + Senseless killing + +466,Imbue Permeate + Percolate + +467,Immoderate Intemperate + Gluttonous + Gourmandize + +468,Immure Entomb + Buried alive, (Incarcerate) + +469,Immutable Unchangeable + Unalterable + Constant + Fixed + +470,Impassioned Fervent + Fervid + Vehement + Exhortation, Hortatory + +471,Impeach Arraign Absolve + Indict Shrive + Inculpate shriven + Impeach Exculpate + Prosecute Exonerated + Convict Vindicated + Acquit + Pardon + Condone + Amnesty + + + + +472,Impeccable Faultless + Immaculate + Stainless + Blameless + Sinless, Spotless + +473,Impecunious Misery Riches + Poverty Wealthy + Penury Affluence + Impoverished Opulence + Indigence Pelf + Impecunious Nouveau-riche + Pauperism Lucre + Destitution Mammon + Privation Parvenu + Thrifty, Frugal, Husbandry (+) Upstart + +474,Imperious Arrogant + Throw weight about + Impudent + +475,Impious Not religious Devout + Ungodly Pious + Irreverential Holy + Godly + Religious + +476,Implacable Irreconcilable + +477,Implicit Understood Explicit + Hidden Obvious + Tacit + Implied + +478,Importunate Compulsive in urge to do rash action + Impulsive + +479,Importunity Beg Order + Beseech Command + Implore At your behest + Obtest + Adjure + Entreaty + Importunity + Supplication (Strong) + Exhortation (Mild) + Hortatory + Genuflect + +480,Impoverished See 473 IMPECUNIOUS + + + + + +481,Impugn Punish religiously + Interrogate + Impugn + Inquisition + +482,Impute Blame indirectly + Insinuation + Hint + Impute (Direct) + Innuendo (Indirect) + Allusive (Indirect) + +483,Incarcerate Imprison + Immure + Confine + Entombed, Buried alive + +484,Incubus Burden, evil + Nightmare + Oppression + Situation when breathing is difficult + +485,Inculpate See 471 IMPEACH + +486,Indite Write + Compose + +487,Inert Slow Nimble + Sluggish Agile + Slothful Fleet footed + Tardy Sprightly + Lazy Alacrity + Lethargic Celerity + Indolent + Lackadaisical + Languorous, Languid + Lassitude + Torpor, Torpid + Inert + Comatose + Catatonic + Death + +488,Insidious Wicked, Spiteful Loyal + Flagitious Faithful + Treacherous, Perfidious Fealty + Slyly, Malevolent + (Baleful), + Quisling, Malicious (SEC) + + + + + + +489,Insouciant Indifferent Pity + Nonchalant Empathy + Insouciance Sympathy + Apathetic Care + Callous Concern + Ruthless Compassion + Heartless Solicitude + Merciless Clemency + Commiseration + +490,Intractable Stubborn Pliable + Obstinate Flexible + Obdurate Amenable + Contumacious Pliant + Froward Suppliant + Intransigent Amicable + Refractory + Mulish(US) + Wayward + Intractable + Unrelenting, Unyielding + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Persevering + Indefatigable + Dogged + Indomitable + +491,Intrepid Bold Meek + Daring Timid + Audacious Timorous + Impudent Cowardly + Impertinent Cowardice + Reckless Dastardly + Courageous Craven + Dauntless Poltroon(rank + Venturesome coward) + Fearless Pusillanimous + Intrepid + Brave + Valiant + Valorous + Adventurous + Plucky + Gutsy + Spunky + Foolhardy + +492,Jackanapes Monkey(Person resembling an ape) + +493,Jackass Male ass. Stupid(See also 76 ASININE) + + + + +494,Jacobin Black friars, who do not come out of + monastery and translate the bible with + hand, lived with a diet of bread & water. + +495,Jaculate Dart + Throw + Hurl + Launch + +496,Jangling Quarrel + and Tiff +497,Jangle Bicker + Squabble + Wrangler + Jangler + Altercate + Altercation + Contentious + Disputations + Litigious + Logomachy + Spat + +498,Janitor Porter + Caretaker + Doorkeeper, Doorman + +499,Jargon Technical language not understandable to + others. + SECONDARY: + Pure nonsense + Prate + Prattle + Gibber + Gibberish + Jabber + Jabberwocky + Tattle + Babble + Twaddle + Gabble + Palaver talk + Bosh + Balderdash + Jargon + +500,Jaundiced Prejudiced + Biased + (See also 122 BIAS for secondary meanings) + +501,Jaunt Holiday trip + Stroll + Saunter + Amble + Desultory + Rambling + Aimless talk + +502,Jeer Contemptuous Polite + Mock, Scorn Cultured + Scoff, Sneer Suave + Deride, Derision, Derisive Composure + Jeer Poise + Fleer Equanimity + Gibe + Ridicule + Twit, Taunt + +503,Jujune Dull & Uninteresting Stimulating + Barren Exhilarating + Dry Interesting + Vapid + Sterile + Jejune + Insipid + +504,Jeopardy Unnecessary risk or danger + Risk, Risky, Perilous + +505,Jeremiad Lamentation + Dirge + Monody + Threnody + Epicedium + Jeremiad + Ululation + Requiem + +506,Jezebel Beldam Lady + Harridan + Crone + Witch + Hag + Vixen (Middle aged) + Termagant, Shrew (Young) + Virago + Xantippe + Jezebel + + + + + + + +507,Jocose Merry + Jocular + Humorous + Witty, Jesting, Waggish + Happy, Jolly, Bonhomie + Jovial, Droll, Funny + +508,Junta Disgruntled army man + Malcontent + Insurgent + Insurrectionary + Iconoclast, Maverick + Rebellious people + Coup detat + NEG: Coterie, caucus, clique, cohorts + Faction, gang + POS: Conclave, cabal + +509,Keen Eager, Anxious, Sharp edged + +510,Kickshaw Trifle + Trivial thing like toy + +511,Kleptomania Mania for stealing + +512,Knave Knave + Scoundrel + Rascal + Scamp + Scullion + Caitiff + +513,Knoll Mound + Hillock + Sand-dunes(US) + +514,Labyrinth Take you in a cycle and you do not + Understand + Puzzle + Maze + Conundrum + Rigmarole + Labyrinth + +515,Lacerate Cut (literally) + Attack heavily + Barb + +516,Lachrymose Tearful + + + + + + +517,Lackadaisical Slow Nimble + Sluggish Agile + Slothful Fleet footed + Tardy Sprightly + Lazy Alacrity + Lethargic Celerity + Indolent + Lackadaisical + Languorous, Languid + Lassitude + Torpor, Torpid + Inert + Comatose + Catatonic + Death + +518,Lackey Flunky, Lackey + Sycophant + Flatterer + Toady + Stooge + Parasitic + Minion + Valet, Footman + Acolyte(+) + +519,Laconic Reserved Garrulous + Reticent Voluble + Taciturn, Incommunicado + Laconic + +520,Lambent Gliding + Glossing + Touching lightly, Graceful movement + +521,Lampoon Pasquinade (Attack against political rival) + Squib + Satire, Lampoon + +522,Languidness See 517 LACKADAISICAL + +523,Largess Munificence + Bounty + Extravagant + Largesse + Bountiful, Generous + Magnanimous, Lavish + + + + + + + + +524,Lascivious Vulgar talk in sex Virtuous + Concupiscent-church word, Carnal Pure + Prurient Chaste + Ribald Vestal + Smutty, Bawdy(jokes) Continence + Risque, Lewd Celibate + Salacious + Lascivious, Lecherous + Licentious, Libidinous + Lickerish, Lubricous + Dissolute + Depravity(dissipated) + Debauch + Profligate + Philanderer + Libertine + Rake + Roue + Lothario + Casanova + Don Juan + Satyr + Women: + siren + seductress + wanton + Voluptuary + rant + nymphomaniac + fan-fatalle: + Circe the enchantress + lamia the vampire + medusa the gorgon + +525,Lassitude See 517 LACKADAISICAL + +526,Latitude Slow & Gentle + +527,Latitudinarian Laxity Martinet + and Flexible, Pliable +528,Laxity Not a disciplinarian + + +529,Lecherous See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +530,Legerdemain Trickery + Magic + Juggling + Conjuring + + + + + + +531,Lenitive Anodyne Stimulate + Pain Reliever Rejuvenate + Analgesic + Lenitive + Palliative + Narcotic + Sedative + Soporific + Somnific + Emollient + Demulcent + Gilead + Opium, Opiate + +532,Lenity Mild + Gentle + Soft + Lenience + +533,Leonine Lion Like + +534,Levity Discussing serious matters in a frivolous + fashion + +535,Lewd See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +536,Libel Detraction + Defamation + Slander + Calumny + Vilification + Obloquy + Traduce + Libel + Revile family of words. + +537,Libertine See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +538,Libidinous See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +539,Licentious See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +540,Limber Exercise oneself, prepare for athletics + +541,Limbo Hell Elysian + Limbo Empyreal + Limbus Celestial + Hades Paradise + Stygian Heavenly + Perdition Salvation + Damnation Redemption + + + + +542,Limpid Clear Turbid + Beautiful Murky + Lucid Opaque + Pure Nebulous + Transparent + Crystal Clear eyes + Gelly-like + Pellucid + +543,Limn Delineated + Portray in a bad light + Depict in a bad light + Limn (-) + +544,Linguist 1)Scientific study of a language + 2)Speaks several languages but cannot + read & write + SEC: polyglot (Read; Write; Speak) + +545,Lithe Limber + Graceful + Flexible + Supple + Pliable + Willowy + Slender waist + Svelte + Lissome + +546,Litigious Quarrel Composure + and Tiff Poise +547,Logomachy Bicker Equanimity + Squabble + Wrangler + Jangler + Altercate + Altercation + Contentious + Disputations + Litigious + Logomachy + Spat + +548,Loquacious Talkative Taciturn + Voluble Reserved + Multiloquent Reticent + Garrulous men Laconic + Loquacious women + Verbose + Verbiage + Prolixity + + + + +549,Lothario See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +550,Lout Oaf + and Vagabond +551,Lubber Waif + Vagrant + Wastrel + Lubber + Tramp + Hobo + Lout + +552,Lucre Wealth Misery + Nouveau-Riche Poverty + Parvenu Penury + Upstart Impoverished + Riches Indigence + Affluence Impecunious + Opulence Pauperism + Pelf Destitution + Aggrandize Privation + Lucre + Mammon + Avarice + +553,Ludicrous Ridiculous Rational + Absurd Cogent + Silly Cohesive + Foolish + Preposterous + Fatuous + Doltish + +554,Lugubrious Dejected Euphoria + Depressed Lively + Downcast Animated + Dispirited Effervescent + Despondent Ebullient + Sad Buoyant + Melancholic + Doleful + Dolorous + Lugubrious + Mope (US) + Megrim + Nadir + +555,Lustful See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +556,Lusty Vigorous, Robust + Full throated cry of a baby + + + + +557,Lydian Soft + Gentle + Effeminate + Voluptuous + +558,Lynx-Eyed Eagle-Eyed + Hawk-Eyed + Keen-Eyed + Angus-Eyed + Shrewd Businessman + +559,Machiavellian Cagy + Crafty + Cunning + Artful + Wily + Vulpine + Machiavellian + Tendentious + Disingenuous + Guile + +560,Machinate Plot + Maneuver + Manipulate + Machiavellian person indulges in + Machinations + +561,Maelstrom Whirlpool + Eddy Waters + Swirling + Maelstrom + Vortex + Air current that sucks you apart + +562,Maim Loss of the use of either limb + Cripple + Mangle + Mutilate + +563,Maladroit Clumsy Skillful + Awkward Clever + Gauche, Gaucherie Deft + Maladroit Adept + Inept Adroit + Done with left hand Ingenious + South paw, Sinister , Tactless + +564,Malapert Pert + Tart + Slut, Saucy + + + + +565,Malcontent Dissatisfied + Disgruntled + Malcontent + Insurgent + Insurrectionary + Iconoclast, Maverick + Rebellious people + Coup detat + NEG: Coterie, caucus, clique, cohorts + Faction, gang + POS: Conclave, cabal + +566,Malediction Anathema + Curse from church + Ex-communication + Gods curse by pope + Imprecation + Malediction + Interdiction + Proscribe + Outlawry, ban, Banishment + +567,Maligner To damage one's reputation Praise + Revile Laud + Malign + Slur + Aspersion + +568,Malversation Filch Honest + Purloin Upright + Mulct (US) Truthful + Bilk (US) Integrity + Embezzle Probity + Peculate + Defalcate + Malversation + Malfeasance + Misappropriation + +569,Mammon Avaricious Misery + Riches Poverty + Wealthy Penury + Nouveau-riche Impoverished + Lucre Indigence + Affluence Impecunious + Opulence Pauperism + Pelf Destitution + Mammon Privation + Parvenu Thrifty (+) + Upstart Frugal (+) + Husbandry (+) + + + + +570,Manumit Free Enslave + Liberated (Country) + Emancipate (Women) + +571,Martinet Disciplinarian Latitudinarian + Stickler + Strict Person + Rectitude + +572,Matrix Source + Umbilical + +573,Maudlin Sentimental Drinker + SEC: Guzzler group + +574,Maxim Proverb Platitude, + Dictum Truism + Adage Banal, Trite + Saw Inane, + Maxim Quotidian + Homily Cliche, + Apothegm Hackneyed + Aphorism + Epigram + Pithy + Sententious + Precept + Gnome, Byword + +575,Meander I Meaning: Aimless, Casual + Amble, Unmethodical + Stroll, Saunter + Jaunt, Discursive + Ramble, Maunder + Meander, Digressive + II Meaning: Labyrinth, Maze, Rigmarole + +576,Melange (Fr) Heterogeneous Homogeneous + Farrago, Farraginous Monolithic + Melange + Pot-Pourri + Hotch-potch + Hodge-podge + olla podrida + +577,Melee (Fr) Fight + Affray + Fracas + Skirmish + + + + + + +578,Mellifluence Euphonious Creaking + Musical Croaking + Melodious Jarring + Mellifluent Grating + Dulcet Staccato + +579,Menage Furniture + Chattel + Household + Passive Wives + Property + Menage + +580,Mendacious False Truthful + Mendacious, Mendacity Canonical + Unauthentic Authentic + Apocryphal Factual + Fictitious Veracity, + Uncanonical Veracious + Mythical Verisimilitude + Legendary Straight from + SEC: Parable, Fable, Allegory, Apologue horses' mouth + +581,Mephitic Foul, Stench Salubrious + Poisonous Salutary + Mephitic, Miasmatic Wholesome + Noisome, Noxious Healthy + Fetid, Feculent + Putrid, Putrefaction + Morbific + SEC: Pestilential + Scourge + +582,Meretricious Bedizened Somber + Over adorned Sober + Over-decorative Plain + outlandish + garish + tawdry + dowdy + Meretricious + Bizarre + Gaudy + +583,Miasma See 581 MEPHITIC + +584,Milksop Mollycoddle + Sissy + Effeminate Males + Namby-Pamby + + + + + +585,Minion Favorite + Lackey + Flunky + Sycophant + Flatterer + Toady + Stooge + Parasitic + Minion + (Valet; Footman) + Acolyte- Religious follower (+) + +586,Misconstrue Misunderstand + Misinterpret + +587,Miscreant Felony + +588,Mite Tiny Coin + Atomic + Particle + Whit + Modicum + Iota + Scintilla + +589,Mitigate Abate Aggravate + Allay Worsen + Alleviate Deteriorate + Mitigate + Ameliorate + Lessen + Reduce + Slacken + Assuage + Diminish + +590,Mollify Soothing Language Provoke + Placate Needle(US) + Appease Incite + Propitiate Instigate + Pacify + Mitigate + Soften + Mollify + Console + +591,Morbific See 581 MEPHITIC + + + + + + + + +592,Mordacious Abusive language + Severe, Biting, Caustic, Sharp + Piquant + Sarcastic + Mordacious + Fulminate + Fusillade + Expletive + Trenchant + Invective + Vituperative + Opprobrium, opprobrious + Scurrilous + Truculence + +593,Mormon Religious + Godly + +594,Motley People from diverse walks of life + Variegated + Pied + Mottled + +595,Mountebank Cheat Honest + Gull, Dupe Upright + Defraud Integrity + Mountebank Probity + Deceive Truthful + Hoodwink + Mulct, Bilk + Rel family: Filch, purloin + +596,Multiloquence Talkative + Multiloquent + Voluble + Garrulous men + Loquacious women + +597,Mummery Ritualistic ceremony + Ridiculous ceremonial; religious ritual + regarded as silly or hypocritical + +598,Mundane Ordinary + Commonplace + +599,Munificence Philanthropic Mean + Largesse, Bountiful, Munificence Unkind + Generous, Magnanimous + Extravagant & Lavish + +600,Mutable Flux, Change + + + + +601,Mutation See 600 MUTABLE + +602,Muzzle Protective gear + Snout + Suppress + Prevent + SEC: Nozle + +603,Myopic Short sighted + Near sighted + Purblind + +604,Myth See 580 MENDACIOUS + +605,Myriad Numerous + + +606,Mystify Confused + confounded + perplexed + Puzzled + Baffled + Nonplused + Flabbergasted + Bamboozled, Mystify + Stymied + Stultified + Stupefied + Flummoxed + +607,Naiad Allusive + Water-nymph + Fairy + (Women who are hard to see) + +608,Naivete Credulous Crafty + People who easily believe others Vulpine + Naive, Simpleton Disingenuous + Gullible, Ingenuous Artful + Frank, Open, Candid Shrewd + Guileless Perspicacious + Artless + +609,Namby-Pamby Nonsense + Hanky-Panky + Silly + Frivolous + Senseless + Shilly-Shally + Dilly-Dally + See also 584 MILKSOP + + + + +610,Naught Nothing + Nought (Zero) + +611,Narcotic Anodyne + Pain Reliever + Analgesic + Lenitive + Palliative + Narcotic + Sedative + Soporific + Somnific + Emollient + Demulcent + Balm - Gilead + Opium, Opiate + +612,Nebulous Cloudy Azure + Opaque Transparent + Turbid (Water) Clear + Murky (Night) Limpid + Nebulous Incandescent + Luminescent + +613,Necrology Obituary + +614,Necromancer Witchcraft + Theurgist + Black Magic + Shaman + Sorcerer + Voodoo + Milder: + Magician + Juggler + Wizard + Conjurer + (Merlin) + +615,Necropolis Cemetery + Burial ground + Graveyard + Mortuary + Ossuary, Charnel house + +616,Neologism Coining new words + +617,Neophyte Inexperienced person Veteran + Fledgling, Beginner Expert + Tyro, Greenhorn, Callow Master + Neophyte, Novice, Proselyte Virtuosity + + + + +618,Neoteric Contemporary Fashion + Vogue + Beau monde + (Sartorial & Tonsorial) + +619,Nestle Cuddle + Coddle + Nurture + Snuggle + +620,Nicety Accuracy + Precision + SECONDARY: Fastidious, finicky group + +621,Niche Nook + Corner + Cranny + +622,Niggardly Miserly Extravagant + Stingy Lavish + Skinflint(US) Spendthrift + Parsimonious, Niggardly Squander + Curmudgeon, Codger Prodigal + Tight wart, Tightfisted Generous + Thrifty, Frugal, Husbandry (+) Duck&Drake + Provident(+) + +623,Nihilism Non-existent, Existentialism + Nothingness + +624,Ninny Silly Intelligence + Foolish Perspicacity + Stupid Wise + Obtuse Clever + Bovine Sapient + Asinine sagacious + Fatuous astute + Doltish + Nit-wit + Ninny + Nincompoop + Numskull + Dullard + Dunce + Blockhead + Dunderhead + Demented + Imbecile + Moronic + Cretin + Idiot + + + + +625,Noblesse Aristocrat Hot polloi + Patrician Rabble + Scion Lumpkin + Mandarin Groundling + Noblesse-Oblige plebeian + Blue Blooded Yokel + +626,Nonage Minor Regent + Pupilage Guardian + Tutelage + Protege + +627,Nonchalance Indifferent Pity + nonchalant Commiseration + Insouciance Sympathy + Apathetic Empathy + Callous Care + Ruthless Concern + Heartless Solicitude + Merciless Compassion + Clemency + +628,Nonpareil No equal + Unequalled + Peerless + Unparalleled + sui generic + Outstanding + Genius + +629,Nosegay Bouquet Wreath + Posy + Posey + Flowers + +630,Noxious Foul, Stench Salubrious + Poisonous Salutary + Mephitic, Miasmatic Wholesome + Noisome, Noxious Healthy + Fetid, Feculent + Putrid, Putrefaction + Morbific + SEC: Pestilential + Scourge + +631,Nugget Words of wisdom + Golden oar + + + + + + + + +632,Nullify Repeal (in Parliament) Retain + Rescind status quo + Quash (Judges) + Revoke(Suspension; appointment) + Countermand (an election) + Cancel + Abolish, Abrogate + Annul, Invalidate + Nullify + +633,Numskull See 624 NINNY + +634,Nurture Nourish + Foster + Feed + +635,Oaf Stupid Person + Vagabond + Waif + Vagrant + Wastrel + Lubber + Lout + Tramp + Hobo + Oaf + +636,Obduracy Stubborn Pliable + and Obstinate Amenable +637,Obdurate Obdurate Flexible + Contumacious Pliant + Intransigent Suppliant + Froward + Refractory + Mulish(US) + Wayward + Intractable + POS: + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Perseverance + Indefatigable + Dogged + Indomitable + +638,Obeisance Curtsy + Bow + Salutation + Respect + + + + + + +639,Obelisk Pier + Pillar + +640,Obese Fat + Obese + Corpulent + Portly + Buxom + +641,Obfuscate Befuddle + Obfuscate + Unclear + +642,Objurgate Scold + Chide + Upbraid + Reproach + Reprove + Admonish (UK) + Censure + Rebuke + Reprimand + Stronger Words: + Rate, Berate + Objurgate + Admonish (US) + Chastise + Castigate + +643,Oblige Constrained Volitional + Feign Voluntary + Compel + Bounded + +644,Oblique Indirect reference Direct + Allusive St. Forward + Innuendo Pointed + NEG: Insinuate + Slant, Inclined + +645,Obliterate Erase + Rub-out + Delete + Expunge + Obliterate + Blot-out + Efface + Deface + +646,Oblivious Forgetful + Unaware + + + + +647,Obloquy Detraction + Defamation + Slander + Calumny + Vilification + Obloquy + Traduce + Libel + Revile family of words. + +648,Obnoxious Repulsive + Loathsome + Detestable + Hateful + Repugnant + Odious, Odium + Abominable + (Invidious) + +649,Obscene Vulgar + Coarse + Obscene posture + Crude + +650,Obscure Unfathomable Obvious + Profound Lucid + Arcane Ostensible + Obscure Edify + Difficult to understand Plain + Incomprehensible + Abstruse + Recondite + Secret, Hidden, Unseen + +651,Obsequies Connected with funeral + Rituals and ceremonies + Exequies & Obsequies + Lamentation + Dirge + Monody + Threnody + Epicedium + Jeremiad + Ululation + Requiem + Cortege + Hearse + Wreath + Lilac (US), Chrysanthemum (UK) + Yew tree + + + + + +652,Obsequious Servile Mandate + Fawning Decree + Obsequious Behest + Bondman Injunction + Thralldom + +653,Obstinacy See 636 OBDURACY + +654,Obstreperous Boisterous (Children) + Clamorous (workers) + Obstreperous (Bosses), Tumultuous + +655,Obtest To urge solemnly Order + Beg Command + Beseech + Implore, Obtest + Adjure + Entreaty + Importunate + Supplication + (Genuflection; Exhort; Hortatory) + +656,Obtrude Intrude + Barge in + Interference + Invade someone's privacy + +657,Obtuse See 624 NINNY + +658,Obviate Preclude + Remove + +659,Occasional Done infrequently + Casually + Not done often + Sporadic (Violence) + +660,Occlude Block in the flow of blood + Stenosis + Occlusion + Stanch + Hinder, Hamper, Block, Trammel + +661,Oddity Eccentric Normal + Singularities + Idiosyncrasies + Oddities + Queer + Quaint + Quixotic + Johnsonian + + + + +662,Odious See 648 OBNOXIOUS + and +663,Odium + +664,Odorous Fragrant Malodorous + Scented Noxious + Balmy Noisome + Redolent + Whiff + +665,Offal Garbage Can + Putrid matter, Putrefaction + +666,Offend Umbrage + Affront + Insult + +667,Officious Meddlesome + Interfering + +668,Ogee Serrated + Cyma + Wavy + +669,Ogle Eyeing a women + Leer + +670,Ogre Monster + Hobgoblin + +671,Oily Glib Tongued + Smooth Talking + Lubricous + Oily + Unctuous + Con man + Oleaginous + +672,Omen Ominous + Premonition + Prescient + Precognition + Augury + (Presage) + +673,Onerous Burdensome + Responsible office + +674,Opine Assert, Declare + Pronounce, Opine(US) + Affirm, State, Aver(US) + + + + +675,Opportune Right moment + Timely + Auspicious(Ind) + Proper + Suitable + Politic + +676,Opprobrious Abusive language + Severe, Biting, Caustic, Sharp + Piquant + Sarcastic + Mordacious + Fulminate + Fusillade + Expletive + Trenchant + Invective + Vituperative + Opprobrium, opprobrious + Scurrilous + Truculence + +677,Opulence Wealth Misery + Nouveau-Riche Poverty + Parvenu Penury + Upstart Impoverished + Riches Indigence + Affluence Impecunious + Opulence Pauperism + Pelf Destitution + Aggrandize Privation + Lucre Thrifty (+) + Mammon Frugal (+) + Avarice Husbandry (+) + +678,Oracular Prophetic + Seer + Oracular + Delphic + Epiphany + Sibylline + mystical + Visionary + Apocalyptic + Portentous + Ominous + +679,Ordure Dung + Excrement + Faeces + + + + + +680,Orgies Mixed party(men & women) + Drinking heavily and indulging in sex + +681,Orifice Tiny opening + Aperture + +682,Orison Normally a woman who dress in white for + the prayer with bible in hand + Woman who is always praying + +683,Ostentation Glamorous Plain + Flamboyant Ascetic + Decorated Spartan + Flaunting + Showing + Lavish display of wealth + Extravagant + Outre + +684,Ostracism Social boycott + +685,Otiose Redundant Novel + Excessive New + Superfluous + Blase + Satiated, Sated, Satiety + Cloyed + Surfeited + Otiose + Lazy + Indolent + +686,Outre See 683 OSTENTATION + +687,Overture Beginning of playing of musical + instrument + Make peace with friends + Make pass at a women + +688,Pacific Calm Turbulent + Serene Agitated + Tranquil Violent + Placid + Halcyon + Peace + +689,Pachyderm Thick skinned animal + Elephant, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus + Behemoth - mammoth animals (100 feet) + Leviathan- Huge + + + + + +690,Paean High praise + Praise -Approbation + Applaud -Plaudits + Commend -Commendation + Laud, Belaud -Laudation + Extol -Encomium + Eulogize -Eulogy + Paean, Doxology + Panegyric-Formal citation award at the + National level. + +691,Pagan Used by early Christians for referring Christian + non-Christians(Jews) Loyalist + Heathen Faithful + Infidel (used by Muslims) Fidelity + Fealty + Allegiance + +692,Pageant Spectacle + Tableau + Float + +693,Palliate Anodyne Stimulate + and Pain Reliever Rejuvenate +694,Palliative Analgesic + Lenitive + Palliative + Narcotic + Sedative + Soporific + Somnific + Emollient + Demulcent + Gilead + Opium, Opiate + +695,Pallid(US) Wan(US) + Cadaver(UK) + Corpse(UK) + +696,Palter Equivocate Precise + Ambiguous Concise + (Ambivalent) Pointed + Succinct +697,Paltry Small + Trivial + Insignificant + (Frivolous) + +698,Panacea Cure all, Magic cure + Universal Medicine + + + + +699,Pander Procurer + Pimp + Solicitor, Lawyer + Tout + +700,Panegyric + and See 690 PAEAN +701,panegyrical + +702,pantomime Charade + Mime + Masque + Burlesque + Parody + Caricature + +703,parable Wise Saying(usually those found in bible) + Fable + Allegory + Apologue + +704,paradigm A picture of perfection + Example + Model + Exemplar, Paragon + +705,paragon Women who is beautiful + Man who is virtuous + Exemplar + Model + +706,paralogism Sophism + Sophistry + Specious reasoning + False logic + +707,paramour Lover (Illicit partner of a married person) + Mistress + Concubine + +708,parasite Lackey + Flunky + Sycophant + Flatterer + Toady + Stooge + Parasitic, Leech + Minion + Acolyte- Religious follower (+) + (Valet; Footman) + (Symbiotic) + + + + +709,parity Equality Disparity + Egalitarian Unequal + Equity(Sometimes used for shares) + +710,parlance Terminology + Jargon, Argot, Phraseology, Patter + +711 + +712,parody Exaggerated situation that causes humor + Burlesque + Caricature + +713,paroxysm Fit + Convulsions + Spasm + Paroxysm + +714,parricide Patricide(US) + Killing a near relative(Like Father; Uncle; Nephew; Brother-in-Law)(UK) + Treason(UK) + +715,parry Ward off + Evade + Fencing + +716,parsimonious Miserly Generous + Stingy Extravagant + Skinflint(US) Lavish + Parsimonious Spendthrift + Niggardly Squander + Codger, Curmudgeon Prodigal + Tight wart, Tightfisted Generous + Thrifty, Frugal, Husbandry (+) Duck&Drake + Provident(+) + +717,parvenu Wealth Misery + Nouveau-Riche Poverty + Parvenu Penury + Upstart Impoverished + Riches Indigence + Affluence Impecunious + Opulence Pauperism + Pelf Destitution + Aggrandize Privation + Lucre + Mammon + Avarice + + + + + + +718,pasquin Attack against political rival + Lampoon + Pasquinade + Squib + Satire + +719,passe Out of fashion Vogue + Outdated Neoteric + Outmoded Beau monde + Obsolete + Antiquated + Archaic + Antediluvian + +720,pastiche Mosaic design of different things + Collage + Montage + Melange + Medley + +721,patois Dialect + (Patois is only spoken) + Creole, Lingo (In a context) + +722,patronymic Surname + Cognomen + +723,paucity Deficiency of something + Scarcity (of water) + Paucity (of money) + Dearth (People) + Shortage, Scanty + +724,pauperism Misery Affluence + Poverty Opulence + Penury Lucre + Impoverished Mammon + Indigence Nouveau-riche + Impecunious Purloin + Pauperism + Destitution + Privation + +725,peccadillo Minor Sin + Venial + Iniquity -Major sin + Peccant - Faulty ( also Unhealthy) + +726,peccant Erring + Sinful, Guilty + See also 725 PECCADILLO + + + + +727,peculate Filch Honest + Purloin Upright + Mulct (US) Truthful + Bilk (US) Integrity + Embezzle Probity + Peculate + Defalcate + Malversation + Malfeasance + Misappropriation + +728,pellucid Clear Turbid + Beautiful Murky + Lucid Opaque + Pure Nebulous + Transparent + Crystal Clear eyes + Gelly-like + Pellucid + +729,penchant Lean + Slant + Inclination + Bent + Flair + Predilection + Penchant (+) + Proclivity (-) + Propensity + +730,penitence Regret (Recidivist) + Remorse + Repentant + Contrition + Penitent + SECONDARY: Qualms + Compunction + Twinge + Pain + Casuistry + +731,perdition Damnation Redemption + Soul in hell -it is damned Salvation + Limbo + Limbus + Hell + Hades, Stygian + +732,peregrination Globe-trotter, Always on the move + Traveling world over + Peripatetic, Perambulate, Nomadic + + + + +733,perfidious Treacherous Loyalty + Insidious Allegiance + Spiteful fidelity(spouse) + Malevolent fealty + Flagitious + Disloyal + Dishonest + Wicked, Perfidious, Slyly, (Baleful), + Quisling, Malicious (SEC) + +734,perfunctory Cursory + Casual + Off the cuff manner + Prima-facie -superficial view + Cavalier like + Unmethodically + +735,perigee Closest point from equator + Nearest + Lowest + +736,pernicious Deadly + Fell + Disease that has no cure (Ex: AIDS) + Anemic Condition + +737,persiflage Clown, Buffoon (Wearing a Motley) ASININE + Merry-andrew group + Harlequin, Harlequinade + Droll, Drollery + Persiflage, Badinage + Raillery + Banter + SECONDARY: + Twit, Taunt, Frivolous + Tease, Mock, Challenge, joke + +738,perspicacious Razor Sharp intellect + Shrewd + Astute + Clever + Sagacious + Sapient + Perspicacious (Stronger) + +739,pert Malapert Timid + Tart Polite + Slut, Saucy Modest + +740,pervious Seeps through + Penetrates, Permeable + + + + +741,petulant Captious Equanimity + Carp Composure + Cavil Poise + Querulous + Petulant + Peevish + Piquant + Chagrin + Irked + Ire + Fret + Fume + Chafe + +742,phlegmatic Slow to react + Stolid + Lethargic, Dull witted person + +743,Pharisaical Zealot Catholic + Fanatic Cosmopolitan + Fundamentalist Broadminded + Bigot Secular + Puritan, Cant Tolerant + Pharisaical Eclectic + Humbug + Hypocrisy + +744,pique See 741 PETULANT + +745,pithy Proverb Platitude, + Dictum Truism + Adage Banal, Trite + Saw Inane, + Maxim Quotidian + Homily Cliche, + Apothegm Hackneyed + Aphorism + Epigram + Pithy + Sententious + Precept + Gnome, Byword + +746,plaintive Melancholy + Doleful + Dolorous + Sad + +747,platitude Common place, Hackneyed + Truism, Platitude, Banal, Trite + Quotidian, Inane, Cliche + + + + +748,placate Soothing Language Provoke + Mollify Needle(US) + Placate Incite + Pacify Insinuate + Assuasive + Appease, Propitiate, Mitigate + Soften, Console + +749,plebeian Trades folk, Aristocrat + Trades people Blue Blooded + Merchant Class (UK) Patrician + Vaisyas (Ind) Scion + Hoi polloi (US) Mandarin + Rabble Noblesse- + Canaille Oblige + Lumpkin + Groundling + plebeian + Publican + Yokel + Common man + +750,polity Method of government + +751,poltroon Meek Courageous + Timid Brave + Timorous Intrepid + Cowardly Bold + Cowardice Audacity + Dastardly Reckless + Craven Daring + Poltroon(rank coward) Foolhardy + Pusillanimous Valorous + +752,portend Impending calamity + Ominous(writing on the wall) + Augury + Premonition + Precognition, Prescient, Presage + Omen + +753,potentate Puissant + Mighty king + Powerful + +754,pragmatic Practical Idealist + Pragmatic Utopian + Feet on terraform Quixotic + Down to earth + Realistic + + + + + +755,predilection See 729 PENCHANT + +756,preface Introduction Epilogue + Prologue Peroration + Foreword Appendix + Proem + Preamble + Exordium + Preface + +757,preposterous Ridiculous Sensible + Foolish Rational + Absurd Cogent + Ludicrous Cohesive + Obtuse, Silly, Fatuous, Doltish, Stupid + Preposterous + +758,prevaricate Fact that is distorted Honest + Twisted Upright + Travesty Truthful + Garble Integrity + Convoluted Probity + Gnarled + Warped + +759,pristine Uncontaminated + Pure and beautiful + Unpolluted (Of a Vestal Virgin) + +760,proclivity See 729 PENCHANT + +761,procrastinate Defer Punctual + Delay Prompt + Postpone + Lag + Adjourn + +762,profane Desecrate Consecrate + Defile Sanctify + Sacrilegious Sanctimonious + Profane Sanctum + Blasphemous Sanctorum + Showing Disrespect for a place of worship Sacrosanct + Purify + +763,profligate Spendthrift, Extravagant, Prodigal, Lavish + See also See 524 LASCIVIOUS + +764,propinquity Nearness, Proximity + Closeness, Contiguous + + + + +765,proscription Banishment, Anathema + Ex-communication + Gods curse by pope + Imprecation + Malediction + Interdiction + Proscribe + Outlawry, ban + +766,proselyte Neophyte, Novice, Proselyte Veteran + Inexperienced person Expert + Fledgling, Beginner Master + Tyro, Greenhorn, Callow Virtuosity + +767,proxy Substitute + Deputy + Surrogate (motherhood) + +768,puerile Childish Sophisticated + Immature, Foolish, Silly + +769,pugnacious Bellicose Pacifist + Belligerent Calm + Pugnacious + Jingoism + War-mongering + + +770,puissant See 753 POTENTATE + +771,pulchritude Ineffable beauty + Beauty which Is indescribable + +772,punctilious Hard to please Carefree + Fussy Careless + Finicky Nonchalant + Fastidious Cavalier + Squeamish (women) + Meticulous + Punctilious + Dainty + Demanding & Exacting + Pernickety + +773,purlieu Bounds + Limits + Level of jurisdiction + +774,purloin See 727 PECULATE + +775,pusillanimous See 751 POLTROON + + + + +776,putrefy Foul, Stench Salubrious + Poisonous Salutary + Mephitic, Miasmatic Wholesome + Noisome, Noxious Healthy + Fetid, Feculent + Putrid, Putrefaction + Morbific + SEC: Pestilential + Scourge + +777,pyromaniac Mania for starting fires + + +778,quack Does not have credentials he claims to + have. + Imposter + Charlatan + Cheat + +779,quaff Dipsomaniac Teetotaler + Crapulous + Toper + Tippler + Sloshed + Sozzled + Sot + Inebriated + Alcoholic + Guzzler + Quaffer + +780,quagmire Fen + Morass + Slough + Marshy area + +781,quail Cower, Shrink, Blench, Blanch + +782,quaint Dress in odd, funny fashion, but attractive + Queer, Quixotic + Oddity, Singularity, Idiosyncrasy + +783,qualm Qualms + Compunction + Twinge + Pain + Casuistry + +784,quandary Dilemma, Predicament + Dire straits, Harrowing, Double minded + Dithering, Vacillate, Indecisive + + + + +785,quash Repeal (in Parliament) Retain + Rescind status quo + Quash (Judges) + Revoke(Suspension; appointment) + Countermand (an election) + Cancel + Abolish + Annul, Invalidate + Nullify + +786,quaver Tremble + Shake, Trepidation + Quiver + +787,queer See 782 QUAINT + +788,quell Suppressive forcibly + Stop + Prevent + +789,quench Sate (Thirst) + Put out, Douse + +790,querulous Captious Composure + Carp Equanimity + Cavil Poise + Querulous + Petulant + Peevish + Piquant + Chagrin + Irked + Ire + Fret + Fume + Chafe + +791,quibble Beat around the bush + Evasive + Circumlocution + Verbiage, Verbosity + +792,quid pro quo On a reciprocal basis + Tit for tat (Revengeful) (-) + +793,quiescent Dormant + Inactive + +794,quirk Twist + Trick + + + + + +795,quietus Final settlement with god, Peace with god + Acquittance + Settlement + +796,quixotic Eccentric, Idealist(US) + Singularities, Idiosyncrasies, Oddities + Queer, Quaint, Quixotic + Johnsonian + +797,rabble See 749 plebeian + +798,rabid Maniacal Dislike + Furious + Implacable Hatred + +799,rack Torture + +800,radiance Inner glow & Happiness + +801,ragamuffin Street urchin, Street Arab + Vagrant, Gypsy, Hobo, Wastrel + Tramp, Oaf, Oafish, Lout + Vagabond, Waif, Lubber, guttersnipe + +802,rake Vulgar talk in sex Virtuous + Concupiscent-church word, Carnal Pure + Prurient, Ribald Chaste + Smutty, Bawdy(jokes) Vestal + Risque, Lewd, Salacious Continence + Lascivious, Lecherous Celibate + Licentious, Libidinous + Lickerish, Lubricous + Dissolute, Depravity(dissipated) + Debauch, Profligate, Philanderer + Libertine, Rake + Roue + Lothario + Casanova + Don Juan + Satyr + Women: + siren + seductress + wanton + Voluptuary + rant + nymphomaniac + fan-fatalle: + Circe the enchantress + lamia the vampire + medusa the gorgon + + + + +803,raillery Clown, Buffoon Serious + merry-andrew Grave + Harlequinade Sober + Droll, Drollery . + Persiflage, Badinage + Raillery, Banter + SECONDARY: + Twit, Taunt + Tease, Mock, Challenge & joke + Slight hearted mirth + +804,rakish Quaint fashioned dress + See also 802 RAKE + +805,ramble Wander Pointed + Desultory Concise + Aimless Precise + Casual Succinct + Amble + Unmethodical + Stroll, Saunter + Jaunt + Discursive + Ramble + Maunder, Meander + Digressive + +806,ramification Divergence + Branching out + Forking out + +807,rampant Found everywhere + Prevalent, Dominant + Ubiquitous + Rife, Widespread + +808,rancid Putrid Salubrious + Putrefaction Salutary + Stale Wholesome + Not Fresh Healthy + Decompose + Fusty + Musty + +809,rancour Bitter, Ill will + Animosity, Animus + Acrimonious + Inimical + Hostility + + + + + + +810,rank Total, Absolute, Complete + Consummate + Unscrupulous + Scant, Scullion, Knave, Rascal + +811,rant Declaim + Spout + Shout at the top of voice, Spit Venom + Rave + +812,rapacious Large scale looting + and Depredation +813,rapine Spoliation + Despoil + Ravage + Marauding + Rapacious, Rapacity + Rapine + Plunder + Loot + Pillage (Of churches; temples) + +814,rapt Lost + Transported + Far away + +815,rapturous Very Happy + Delirious + Bliss, Beatitude, Holy joy + Ecstasy + Rapturous + Pleasure + +816,ratify Corroborate + Confirm + +817,ratiocination Reasoning + Syllogism, Syllogistic + Argumentation + Deduction + +818,rationale Reason + raison d'etre + +819,raucous Laughter + Drunken laughter + 40 to 50 people laughing at the same time + Guffaw + +820,ravage See 812 RAPACIOUS + + + + + +821,ravenous Voracious + Appetite + Hunger + Gargantuan + Gourmandize + +822,ravish Deflower, Rape + +823,ravine Canyon + Gorge + Gulch + Chasm + SEC: Abyss, Cleft + +824,rebellious Dissatisfied, Disgruntled + Malcontent + Insurgent, Insurrectionary + Iconoclast, Maverick + Rebellious people + Coup detat, Junta + NEG: Coterie, caucus, clique, cohorts + Faction, gang + SEC: Conclave, cabal, Non-Conformist + +825,rebuke Scold, Chide + Upbraid + Reproach + Reprove + Admonish (UK) + Censure + Rebuke + Reprimand + Stronger Words: + Rate, Berate + Objurgate + Admonish (US) + Chastise + Castigate + +826,rebuff Insult + Oppose + Affront, Umbrage + +827,recalcitrant Stubborn, Obstinate + Obdurate, Contumacious + Intransigent, Froward + Refractory, Mulish(US) Pliable + Wayward, Intractable Amenable + POS: Flexible + Pertinacious, Tenacious, Perseverance Pliant + Indefatigable, Dogged, Indomitable Suppliant + + + + +828,recant Renounce Fidelity + Recusant Faithful + Non-Conformist Loyal + Apostate Allegiance + Renegade Fealty + Recreant + +829,recherche Rare, Uncommon + Delicate + Exquisite + Research in a difficult area + +830,reciprocate Quid pro quo + Return a favor + +831,recluse Hermit + Anchoret + anchorite + Solitary + Recluse + Eremite + +832,recondite Unfathomable, Profound, Arcane, Obvious + Obscure Lucid + Difficult to understand Ostensible + Incomprehensible, Abstruse, Recondite, Edify + Secret, Hidden, Unseen Plain + +833,reconnoitere Spy + Survey + Inspect + Examine + Reconnaissance flight + +834,recreant See 828 RECANT + +835,rectitude Morally upright Reprobate + Integrity Turpitude + Probity + Stickler, Martinet + +836,recumbent Leaning Prostrate + Lying Backwards (Posture) + A good for nothing fellow + Posture + Reclining + Lounging + +837,recusant See 828 RECANT + + + + + + +838,redolent Fragrance Stench + Sweet-scented Foul + Odoriferous Malodorous + Perfumed + +839,redress Social Justice + One's Grievance + +840,refluence Backward flow of water + Regurgitate + +841,refractory Stubborn Pliable + Obstinate Flexible + Obdurate Amenable + Contumacious Pliant + Froward Suppliant + Intransigent Amicable + Refractory + Mulish(US) + Wayward + Intractable + Unrelenting, Unyielding + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Persevering + Indefatigable + Dogged + Indomitable + +842,refulgent Dazzling Coruscated + Scintillating Dull + Refulgent Opaque + Effulgent Turbid + Resplendent Murky + Transplendent Cloudy + Bedizen Nebulous + +843,refute Deny Accept + Reject Accede + Repudiate + Retract + Confute + Volte-face + +844,regale Raconteur + Nice Stories + +845,regalia Medallions + Heavily Decorated War heroes + Insignia, Emblem + Signet, Decorating + + + + +846,regress Backward step in time Progress + Retrocession + Retrogression + +847,relegate Transfer Power + Delegate + Assign + Consign + +848,relent Yield after pressure Dogmatic + Soften + Capitulate + Surrender + +849,relinquish Quit + Waive + Renounce + +850,remonstrance Protest vociferously + Expostulate + +851, + +852, + +853,remorse Regret + Remorse + Repentant + Contrition + Penitent (Recidivist) + SECONDARY: Qualms + Compunction + Twinge + Pain + Casuistry + +854,rendition Translation + Rendering + Transcription + +855,renegade Give up his religious beliefs Fidelity + Apostate Faithful + Renegade Loyal + Recreant Allegiance + Fugitive Fealty + Renounce, Recusant, Non-Conformist + +856,repartee Rejoinder + Retort + Wit, Witticism + Sharp, Fits in very beautiful + + + + +857,repeal Repeal (in Parliament) Retain + Rescind status quo + Quash (Judges) + Revoke(Suspension; appointment) + Countermand (an election) + Cancel + Abolish, Abrogate + Annul, Invalidate + Nullify + +858,repine Yearning for something which leads to + nostalgic memories (UK) + Reflect(US) + +859,repletion Overflowing Depletion + Replete + Joy, Happiness + Satiety, Surfeit + +860,repository People who are custodians of something + Repository of Knowledge + Container + Depository(US) + Magazine(US) + Custodial + +861,requital Reciprocate (For love) + Quid pro quo + Tit for Tat + +862,reprehend Strong censure for band conduct or + misdemeanor + +863,reprehensible Unmoral + Decry, Deplore, Felony + Blamable + +864,repress Repression of urges + Subdue + Subjugate + Trammel + Suppress + Crush + +865,reprieve Lease of life + Relief + Pardon + Acquit + +866,reprobate Immoral, Laxity in morality Rectitude + Turpitude + + + + +867,reproof Scold + and Chide +868,reprove Upbraid + Reproach + Reprove + Admonish (UK) + Censure + Rebuke + Reprimand + Stronger Words: + Rate, Berate + Objurgate + Admonish (US) + Chastise + Castigate + +869,repudiate Discard + Deny + Reject + Refute, Retract + Refuse, Repudiate + Confute, Volte-face + +870,repugnance Repulsive + Loathsome + Detestable + Hateful + Repugnant + Odious, Odium + Abominable, Obnoxious + +871,requite Compensate + Repay + Quid pro quo + Tit for tat + Reciprocity + +872,rescind See 857 REPEAL + +873,resplendent See 842 REFULGENT + +874,retard Hinder + Prevent + Hamper + Thwart + Retrogression + Filibuster + Trammel + SEC: Stenosis, Choke, Block, Stanch + Impede, Clog (of blood) + + + + +875,retribution Divine justice + Nemesis + +876,retrocede + and See 846 REGRESS +877,retrogression + +878,reveler Merry making + Drink Heavily + Celebrating + Festive mood, Festive Occasion + Noisy, Boisterous, Clamorous + Jocose, Jocular, Jolly + +879,revile Revile Praise + Malign Laud + Slur + Aspersion + Rel groups: Slander, Calumny group + : Disparage. Belittle + +880,ribald See 802 RAKE + +881,rife (rife rumours) + Widely prevalent or predominant + Dominant + Rampant (Corruption) + Ubiquitous (Cockroach) + Omnipresent (God) + +882,rigmarole Labyrinth + Maze + Rigmarole + SEC: Puzzle, Riddle, Conundrum + Mystery, Enigma + +883,rile(US) Provoke + Instigate + Incite + Rile + Needle(US) + Foment + +884,risible Mocking Laughter + Facetious + Risible + Sardonic + Raucous + SEC: Jeer, Fleer, Leer + +885,rive Cut, Rend, Rent + Shaping + + + + +886,rodomontade Brag Humble + Boast Humility + Vaunt Modest + Gloat Meek + Swagger Timid + Thrasonical Timorous + Gasconade + Rodomontade + Cock-a-hoop + Roisterer + Blusterer + Vainglorious + Braggart, Braggadocio &Swaggerer + +887,roisterer Drunken Boaster + See also 886 RODOMONTADE + +888,rublicund Ruddy, Good looks Frail + Reddish & Roundish Feeble + Robust, Florid Weak + Rosette (Women) + +889,sacrilege Desecrate Consecrate + Defile Sanctify + Sacrilegious Sanctimonious + Profane Sanctum + Blasphemous Sanctorum + Showing Disrespect for a place of worship Sacrosanct + Purify + +890,sacrosanct Sacred + Holy + Hallowed + +891,sagacity Sapient ASININE + Sagacious group + Wise + Razor Sharp intellect + Shrewd + Astute + Clever + Perspicacious (Stronger) + +892,sallow Yellow Ruddy + Pale complexion, Anemic Rosette + SEC: Pallid, Wan (US), Cadaverous Rubicund + +893,salubrious Wholesome MEPHITIC + Healthy Group + Salutary + Salubrious + + + + +894,sanguine Optimistic Cynic + Hopeful Pessimistic + +895,sardonic See 884 RISIBLE + +896,saucy Impudent, Brazen + Pert, Malapert, Slut, + Tart, Insolent + +897,savoir-faire Tactful (Diplomacy) + Polish + Polite + +898,scintillate See 842 REFULGENT + +899,scraggy Uneven Growth, Jagged Tidy + Ragged Primp + +900,sententious See 745 PITHY + +901,similitude Akin + Similarity + Alike + +902,sine qua non Indispensable + Essential + +903,shibboleth Password (For Success) + (For Success) Secret Word for success + +904,slobber Slaver Cohesive + Blabber Rational + Drivel + Drool + +905,smutty See 802 RAKE + +906,sneer Contemptuous Polite + Mock , Scorn Cultured + Scoff, Sneer Suave + Deride, Derision, Derisive Composure + Jeer, Fleer Poise + Gibe, Ridicule Equanimity + Twit, Taunt + +907,snivel Whimper + Whine + +908,solecism Error in grammar + Spoonerism + Malapropism + + + + +909,somatic Bodily + Corporal, Corporeal + +910,sophism Specious reasoning + False logic + Sophism, Sophistry + Paralogism, Casuistry, Quibbling + +911,soporific Sleep Inducing Stimulate + Anodyne - Pain Reliever Rejuvenate + Analgesic Invigorating + Lenitive + Palliative + Narcotic + Sedative + Soporific + Somnific + Emollient + Demulcent + Balm -Gilead + Opium, Opiate + +912,specious See 910 SOPHISM + +913,spume Froth + Foam + Waves lash against the rock a kind of + foam is produced + +914,squeamish Hard to please Carefree + Fussy Careless + Finicky Nonchalant + Fastidious Cavalier + Squeamish (women) Indifferent + Meticulous + Punctilious + Dainty + Demanding & Exacting + Pernickety + +915,squib Attack Verbally + Pasquinade (Attack against political rival) + Squib, Satire, Lampoon + +916,staid Sedate, Dull Exciting + Drab Exhilarating + Staid, Stolid Stimulating + Dour, Dragness of life + Sober, Serious, Grave, Uninteresting + + + + + + +917,stentorian Booming voice + Loud & Unpleasant + Strident + Clarion + +918,stint Time is limited in a particular job + Short time + +919,stolid Dull Alacrity + Phlegmatic Celerity + Slow, Tardy + +920,strait A narrow path + A situation in which one needs to be + helped out (In "Dire Straits" ) + Dilemma, Predicament, Quandary + Dire straits, Harrowing, + (Quagmire) + +921,strangle Stifle + Choke + Strangle + Smother + Throttle + +922,stratagem Ploy + Ruse + Trick + Deception, Inveigle, Strategy + +923,strident See 917 STENTORIAN + +924,stultify Confused + and Confounded +925,stupefy Bemused, Perplexed + and Puzzled +926,stymie Baffled + Nonplused + Flabbergasted + Bamboozled, Mystify + Stymied + Stultified + Stupefied + Flummoxed + +927,sublunary Connected to moon + Worldly as opposed to idealistic, temporal + +928,subrosa Secretly + Confidential + + + + + +929,subterfuge Evasive + See 922 STRATAGEM + +930,succinct Concise Verbose + Precise Verbiage + Tersely Circumlocution + Pointedly Prolixity + In a nutshell, Shortness, Succinct, Brevity + +931,sully Damage a Man's reputation + Besmirch + Besmear, Bemire + Begrime + Sully + Tarnish + Stigmatize + Related word groups: + Calumny Group of words + Disparage Group of words + Revile Group of words + +932,sumptuous (Of Lunch; Dinner) + Lavish meal or Dinner + Luxurious Dinner + +933,supercilious Impudence Polite + Brazenness Civil + Insolence Cultured + Effrontery Suave + Hauteur Urbane + Supercilious Refined + Contumely + Proud, Arrogant + Haughty + Contemptuous + Overbearing, Overweening + +934,supernumerary Redundant + Excessive + Superannuated + +935,supplicate Beg Order + Beseech Command + Implore At your behest + Obtest Decree + Adjure + Entreaty + Importunity + Supplication (Strong) + Exhortation (Mild) + Hortatory + Genuflect + + + + +936,surly Scowl + Sullen + grouchy + Disgruntled + Menacing + Belligerent + +937,surreptitious Secretly Openly + Covertly Overtly + Stealthily Artless + Furtive Candidly + Clandestine + +938,surrogate (of mothers) + Deputy + Substitute + Proxy + +939,svelte Slender waist + Willowy + Slim + Svelte + Limber, Graceful, Flexible + Supple, Pliable + Lithe, Lissome + +940,sycophant Servile person Master + Flunkey leader + Lackey captain + flatterer + sycophant + toady + stooge + parasitic + minion + acolyte (+) + valet (+) + +941,sybarite Hedonist Ascetic + Sensualist Spartan + Voluptuary Eremite, Cyrenaic, Anchoret, Stoic, Teetotaler + +942,taciturn Reticent Voluble + Incommunicado Talkative + Laconic Loquacious + Silent Multiloquent + Reserved Garrulous + Mute + +943,tart Pert Lady like + Malapert Mild + Saucy Harmless + Slut + OTHERS: + Acerbity + Acrimonious + Snarling + Sharp + Bitter + Pungent + Sour + Vinegary + +944,tattle Meaningless talks + Prate + Prattle + Gibberish + Jabber + Babble + Tattle + Twaddle + Gabble + Chatter + Palaver + Bosh + Balderdash + +945,tawdry Women who dresses in outlandish fashion Somber + Garish Plain + Outlandish Sober + Tawdry + Gaudy + Bedizened(poetic word) + Meretricious + Flashy + +946,temerity Rashness Polite + Audacity Civil + Recklessness Cultured + Boldness Suave + Precipitancy Polished + Impudent + Arrogant + +947,termagant A quarrel some woman Lady + Beldam, Harridan, Crone, Witch + Hag, Shrew + Termagant + Virago, Xantippe, Vixen + Jezebel + + + + +948,testy Irritable-voice will reveal it. Composure + Irritable Poise + Peevish Equanimity + Petulance + Chagrin + Waspish + Fretful + +949,theurgy Black magic + Necromancer + Shaman + Sorcerer + Witchcraft + MILD: + Wizard + Juggler + Magician + Conjure + +950,thrall Hypnotize and keep under a spell Lord + Slavery - Thralldom Master + Bondman Captain + Villain Leader + Serf + +951,thrasonical Vain Humble + Brag Humility + Braggart Meek + Bragging Timid + Boast Timorous + Gloat + Vaunt + Vainglorious + Cock-a-hoop + Rodomontade + Swagger + Swaggerer + Gasconade + +952,threnody Monody + Jeremiad + Epicedium + Dirge + Lamentation + Requiem + Ululation + + + + + + + + + +953,tipple (or) tippler Alcoholic Teetotaler + Dipsomaniac + crapulous + Bibulous + Toper + Tippler + Guzzler + Quaffed + Slush + Sozzled + Inebriated + +954,tirade Colloquy + Parley + Harangue + Diatribe + Tirade + Trenchant + Truculence + Logomachy + Declamation + Censure + Invective + Fulminate + Fusillade + Vituperative, (Philippic) + +955,titter Woman who laughs in a silly fashion + Giggle + Chuckle + Snigger + Snicker + +956,tittle Small particle + Iota, Whit, Particle + Atom, Grain + Speck, Scrap, Bit + Scintilla, Modicum, Trace + +957,torpor Slow, Sluggish + MILD: + Lazy, Lethargic, Indolent + STRONG: + lackadaisical + languorous, lassitude + The languid + Torpor, torpid + inert + comatose + catatonic + dead + + + + +958,tortuous Roundabout + Circumlocution + Sinuous + Serpentine + Devious + Winding + Meandering + +959,trammel Restrict + Confine + Clog + Hamper + Hinder + Impede + Shackle + Cramp + +960,transient Evanescent Permanent + Ephemeral Lasting + Fugacious Durable + Fleeting + Momentary + Transitory + Brief + Impermanent + Volatile + +961,transplendent Resplendent + Dazzle + Scintillate + +962,transude Exude (confidence) + Strain + Percolate + Ooze + Filter + Permeate + +963,travesty Distorted + Prevaricate + Garbled + Convoluted + Gnarled + SECONDARY: + Caricature + Burlesque + Parody + (Humorous) + + + + + + + +964,trenchant Severe + Caustic + Biting + Sharp + Piquant + Sarcastic + Fulminate + Fusillade + Expletive + Trenchant + Invective + Vituperative + Opprobrium + Scurrilous + Truculence + +965,trepidation Tremble Valorous + Quirk Intrepid + Blench Courageous + Coward Brave + Serene + Tranquil + +966,trill Sharp whistling sound made by a bird + Warble + Shake + Quaver + +967,truncheon Steel rod-carried by police + Club + Bollard + Pound + Thrash + Beat + +968,trundle Move heavily or noisily + Small wheel + Roll + Bowl + Revolve + +969,tumbrel Farmers cart + +970,tumid Swollen + Bloated + Inflated + Enlarged + Turgid + + + + + + + +971,turbulent Violent Calm + Agitated Serene + Clamorous Halcyon + Tumultuous Quiet + Riotous Placid + Uproarious Tranquil + +972,turgid Swollen + Enlarged + Swelled + Inflated + Tumid + +973,turpitude Evil + Wicked + Shameful + Depravity + Vileness + Villainy + Baseness + Meanness + Ignoble + +974,tutelage Instruction + Pupilage + Protege + Aegis + Protection + Guardianship + Care + +975,twit To tease + Mock + Taunt + Challenging + Ridicule + reproach + +976,ubiquity Omnipresent + [Related words Omniscient + Omnipotent] + +977,ukase Russian court + +978,ululation Wailing + See 952 THRENODY + +979,umbilicus Source + Navel + + + + + + +980,umbrage Affront + Offence + Resentment + Pique + Displeasure + +981,unctuous Servile + Polite + Hypocritical + Glib-tongued, oily, greasy + +982,upbraid MILD: + Rate + Berate + Chide + Reprove + Admonish(UK) + Rebuke + Censure + Reprimand + Reproach + Taunt + Condemn + Scold + STRONG: + Objurgate + Admonish(US) + Chastise + Castigate + +983,uxorious Fond of wife Bluebeard, Wife beater + + +984,vacuous Void + Empty + Vacant + Unfilled + +985,vapid Dull Exhilarating + Uninteresting Stimulate + Jejune + Bromidic + Stale + +986,vacuity Emptiness + void + +987,vaquero Cow boy(Spanish) + +988,vaunt See 951 THRASONICAL + + + + + +989,varlet Young rascal + Rogue + Rascal + Knave + Scoundrel + Mountebank + Charlatan, Gamine + Street Arabs, Street Urchin (Guttersnipe) + +990,verdant Green Barren + Fresh colored Sterile + Lush Arid + Viridity Dry + +991,verisimilitude Appearance of truth + Probability, Likeliness, Fiction + Veracity, Canonical + Authentic + +992,vertigo Dizziness + giddiness + Sickness + Light headedness + Muzziness + +993,verve (for women) + Vivacity + Pep and bounce + Vitality, Vigor, Exuberance + Briskness + Buoyant, Blithe(US),Lively, Animated + +994,vicissitude Change Stable + Mutation + Alternation + Shift + +995,viridity Greenness + See also 990 VERDANT + +996,vituperate Defame + Revile + Abuse + Obloquy + See also 954 TIRADE + +997,waft Convey + Transport + Carry + Bear + + + + + + +998,waggery Pixie + Puck + Mischievous Merriment + Imp & Elf + +999,wainscot Wood paneling + +1000,wassail Bacchanalian + Carousal + Revelry + Toast + Heavy drinking during festive occasion + Saturnalia + +1001,waddle Toddle + On the verge of falling down + Totter + Wobble + +1002,waive Relinquish + Renounce + Give up + +1003,wallow Falling and getting up and again falling + Flounder + +1004,wayward Stubborn Pliable + Obstinate Amenable + Obdurate Flexible + Contumacious Pliant + Intransigent Suppliant + Froward + Refractory + Mulish(US) + Wayward + Intractable + POS: + Pertinacious + Tenacious + Perseverance + Indefatigable + Dogged + Indomitable + +1005,wean To detach + Accustom to food other than (esp. the + mother's) milk. + +1006,welter To roll about + Flounder + + + + + +1007,wheedle Coax + Cajole + Persuade someone to do something + +1008,whirlpool Eddy water + Maelstrom + Vortex + +1009,whirr Going round & round + +1010,wizened Old man with wisdom Youthful + +1011,wince Contortion of face + Flinch + Wince in pain + +1012,wistful Reflective + Contemplative + +1013,woof Warp + Texture + Fabric + +1014,wraith Ghost + Spook + Zombie + Dead + +1015,wroth Anger + Ire + Irascible + +1016,wrangler Quarrel + Tiff + Bicker + Squabble + Wrangler + Jangler + Altercate + Altercation + Contentious + Disputations + Litigious + Logomachy + Spat + +1017,xanthous Very fair skinned + +1018,xylographer Wood carver + + + + + + +1019,xylem Tissue from plant + Woody + +1020,xantippe See 947 TERMAGANT + +1021,xenodochium Guest Chamber + and Guest room + +1022,xenodochy Related to Hospitality + +1023,xiphoid (Of Cartilage& Bone) + Sword shaped. + +1024,xylophagous Feeding on wood (Ex: termite) + +1025,xylotomous Cutting wood + +1026,yap Puppy, Yelp + +1027,yokel Trades folk, Aristocrat + Trades people Blue Blooded + Merchant Class (UK) Patrician + Vaisyas (Ind) Scion + Hoi polloi (US) Mandarin + Rabble, Canaille Noblesse- + Lumpkin, Groundling Oblige + plebeian, Publican + Yokel, Common man + +1028,zany Nitwit (ASININE Group of words) + +1029,zealot Extremist when it comes to religious Catholic + intolerance Cosmopolitan + Zealot, Fanatic, Fundamentalist Broadminded + Bigot, Puritan, Pharisaical Secular + Humbug, Hypocrisy Tolerant + Eclectic + +1030,zebrine Zebra like striped + +1031,zephyr West wind (used in poem) + +1032,zetetic In search of truth, + Investigating, Inquiring + +1033,zoilean Hypercritical + +1034,zygote Cell formed by union of two gametes. + +1035,zymotic Contagious + Fermentative + Bacterial, Infectious + diff --git a/HEADER.html b/HEADER.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bef187 --- /dev/null +++ b/HEADER.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + +

GRE Word Clusters

+

This is a sleek UI to help study the GRE word list clusters by + Prof. James, originally typed out by one of his students + http://anupamarnold.googlepages.com/GRE_Verbal.pdf. +

+

This directory contains scripts and data files needed to render the + final `index.html,' which is hosted here. +

+

Contact me if you need to modify the word list; or send a patch to + sridhar.ratna at gmail.com. +

+ + + diff --git a/README b/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83e9f85 --- /dev/null +++ b/README @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GRE Word Clusters +----------------- + +This is a sleek UI to help study the GRE word list clusters by +Prof. James, originally typed out by one of his students +. + +This directory contains scripts and data files needed to render the +final `index.html,' which is hosted [here](/words/clusters/). + +Contact me if you need to modify the word list; or send a patch to +sridhar.ratna at gmail.com. diff --git a/cache.py b/cache.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..895e39e --- /dev/null +++ b/cache.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +import os, pickle + +class DiskCache: + + instances = set() + + def __init__(self, name): + self.instances.add(self) + self.name = name + self.filename = "cache_%s" % name + self.items = {} + if os.path.exists(self.filename): + self.items.update(pickle.load(open(self.filename))) + + def __contains__(self, key): + return key in self.items + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return self.items[key] + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + self.items[key] = value + + def flush(self): + pickle.dump(self.items, open(self.filename, "w")) + +def cached(func): + CACHE = DiskCache(func.__name__) + def pre_func(*args): + if args not in CACHE: + CACHE[args] = func(*args) + return CACHE[args] + return pre_func + +def flush_cache(): + "flush all cache to disk" + for c in DiskCache.instances: + c.flush() + +__all__ = ['cached', 'flush_cache'] diff --git a/conv.py b/conv.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb005c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/conv.py @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +# parse MAMA easy format (pdf2txt) + +from __future__ import with_statement + +import re, time +import simplejson + +from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate +from genshi.core import Markup + +from dict import find_definition_html +from cache import flush_cache + +def e_clusters(): + p = re.compile("\d+,[\w-]+(( |\()+.*\n)*") + s = open("GRE_Verbal.txt").read() + for m in p.finditer(s): + yield m.group() + +def parse(): + for c in e_clusters(): + # print '#', c, '<<' + index, c = c.split(",", 1) + assert int(index) > 0, "%s is not valid +ve integer?" % index + word, c = c.split(" ", 1) + word = word.strip() + synonyms, antonyms = [], [] + for line in c.splitlines(): + # we do not split by a single SPACE + # lest we should split the synonym "phrases" + # print '$', line + line = line.strip() + if " " in line: + syn, ant = line.split(" ", 1) + else: + syn, ant = line, "" + for g, e in [(synonyms, syn), (antonyms, ant)]: + if e: + if ',' in e: + g.extend([s.strip().lower() for s in e.split(',')]) + else: + g.append(e.strip().lower()) + + yield word.lower(), synonyms, antonyms + +clusters = {} +for w, s, a in parse(): + assert w not in clusters, "%s is already in cluster!" % w + clusters[w] = (s, a) + +def print_words_json(): + words = clusters.keys() + words.sort(key=str.lower) + with open("words.js", "w") as f: + f.write("var words = %s;\n" % simplejson.dumps(words)) + f.write("var clusters = %s;\n" % simplejson.dumps(clusters)) + +pat_parenthesis = re.compile('(\([^)]*\))') +def fuzzy_match_definition(phrase): + phrase = pat_parenthesis.sub('', phrase).strip() # remove ()'ed text + if not phrase: return '' # ??? + return find_definition_html(phrase) + +def def_dict(): + words = clusters.keys() + dict = {} + def add(w): + if w and w not in dict: + dict[w] = fuzzy_match_definition(w) + + for word in words: + add(word) + [add(w) for w in clusters[word][0]] + [add(w) for w in clusters[word][1]] + + return dict + +def map_keys(d): + "map keys of `d' to unique integer and return the mapping" + keydict = {} + next_key = 1 + for k in d: + if k not in keydict: + keydict[k] = next_key + next_key += 1 + return keydict + +class erosive_dict(object): + "__contains__ returns False for elements that were read at least once" + + def __init__(self, d): + self.d = d + self.read = {} + + def __getitem__(self, key): + self.read[key] = True + return self.d[key] + + def __contains__(self, key): + return key not in self.read and key in self.d + + def __getattr__(self, a): + return self.d.__getattr__(a) + +def print_index_html(): + tmpl = MarkupTemplate(open("index.tmpl.html").read()) + words = clusters.keys() + words.sort() + defdict = def_dict() + defdict[""] = "naaaaaa" # ?? + stream = tmpl.generate(clusters=clusters, + words=words, + defdict=defdict, + keydict=erosive_dict(map_keys(defdict)), + Markup=Markup) + with open("index.html", "w") as f: + f.write(stream.render()) + +print_index_html() +flush_cache() + + diff --git a/dict.py b/dict.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..626ffd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/dict.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +import re +from nltk.wordnet import N,V,ADJ,ADV + +from cache import cached + +parts = [N, V, ADJ, ADV] + +@cached +def find_definition(word): + # TODO: do fuzzy matching for misspelled words and its variations + s = "" + for part in parts: + if word in part: + s += "[%s]\n" % part.pos + for sense in part[word]: + s += sense.gloss + "\n" + s += "\n" + return s + +pat_quoted = re.compile('("[^"]*")') +@cached +def find_definition_html(word): + """This is much like `find_definition_html' except the returned + string is formatted as pretty HTML + """ + s = "" + for part in parts: + if word in part: + s += "

[%s]

    " % part.pos + for sense in part[word]: + s += "
  1. " + pat_quoted.sub(r'\1', sense.gloss) + s += "
    2. " + s += "

" + return s + +if __name__ == '__main__': + print "dog:\n", find_definition("dog") + print "mitigate:\n", find_definition("mitigate") diff --git a/index.tmpl.html b/index.tmpl.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79a017a --- /dev/null +++ b/index.tmpl.html @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ + + + GRE Word Clusters + + + + ${loadjs("jquery.js")} + ${loadjs("jquery.shortkeys.js")} + ${loadjs("jqModal.js")} + + ${loadcss("jqModal.css")} + ${loadcss("style.css")} + + + + + + + + + ${loadjs("wz_tooltip.js")} + + + + + ${loadjs("ui.js")} + +
+ + Close +
+

GRE Word Clusters is an easy-to-use application to help you + prepare for the GRE Verbal exam. Prof. Donald E. James is known + for his renowned teaching in vocabulary, especially the GRE. He + recommends studying the words by first clustering them. Using + this application you can interactively go over the word + clusters. +

+ +

Did you know that you can, +

    +
  • hover over any word to get its definition + popup?
    • +
  • press n or p to smoothly scroll this page?
    • +
  • press r to go to a random cluster?
    • +
  • press 1,2,..,9 to go to the + corresponding cluster set?
    • +
  • save this file to your hard disk for off-line access?
    • +
+

+ +
+ +
+

GRE Word Clusters

+ + + + + + + ${s.replace('\'', '\\\'')} + + ${w} + +
  • ${render_word(w)}
+ +
+
+ ${i+1} +
${render_word(w)}
+
${render_wl(clusters[w][0])} + ${render_wl(clusters[w][1])} +
+
+
+
+ + + + + diff --git a/jqModal.css b/jqModal.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd75883 --- /dev/null +++ b/jqModal.css @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +/* jqModal base Styling courtesy of; + Brice Burgess */ + +/* The Window's CSS z-index value is respected (takes priority). If none is supplied, + the Window's z-index value will be set to 3000 by default (in jqModal.js). You + can change this value by either; + a) supplying one via CSS + b) passing the "zIndex" parameter. E.g. (window).jqm({zIndex: 500}); */ + +.jqmWindow { + display: none; + + position: fixed; + top: 17%; + left: 50%; + + margin-left: -300px; + width: 600px; + + background-color: #EEE; + color: #333; + border: 1px solid black; + padding: 12px; +} + +.jqmOverlay { background-color: #000; } + +/* Background iframe styling for IE6. Prevents ActiveX bleed-through ("] || + + !s.indexOf("", ""] || + + (!s.indexOf("", ""] || + + !s.indexOf("", ""] || + + // matched above + (!s.indexOf("", ""] || + + !s.indexOf("", ""] || + + [0,"",""]; + + // Go to html and back, then peel off extra wrappers + div.innerHTML = wrap[1] + arg + wrap[2]; + + // Move to the right depth + while ( wrap[0]-- ) + div = div.firstChild; + + // Remove IE's autoinserted from table fragments + if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) { + + // String was a , *may* have spurious + if ( !s.indexOf(" or + else if ( wrap[1] == "
" && s.indexOf("= 0 ; --n ) + if ( jQuery.nodeName(tb[n], "tbody") && !tb[n].childNodes.length ) + tb[n].parentNode.removeChild(tb[n]); + + } + + arg = jQuery.makeArray( div.childNodes ); + } + + if ( 0 === arg.length && (!jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") && !jQuery.nodeName(arg, "select")) ) + return; + + if ( arg[0] == undefined || jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") || arg.options ) + r.push( arg ); + else + r = jQuery.merge( r, arg ); + + }); + + return r; + }, + + attr: function(elem, name, value){ + var fix = jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ? {} : jQuery.props; + + // Certain attributes only work when accessed via the old DOM 0 way + if ( fix[name] ) { + if ( value != undefined ) elem[fix[name]] = value; + return elem[fix[name]]; + + } else if ( value == undefined && jQuery.browser.msie && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "form") && (name == "action" || name == "method") ) + return elem.getAttributeNode(name).nodeValue; + + // IE elem.getAttribute passes even for style + else if ( elem.tagName ) { + // IE actually uses filters for opacity ... elem is actually elem.style + if ( name == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie ) { + if ( value != undefined ) { + // IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout + // Force it by setting the zoom level + elem.zoom = 1; + + // Set the alpha filter to set the opacity + elem.filter = (elem.filter || "").replace(/alpha\([^)]*\)/,"") + + (parseFloat(value).toString() == "NaN" ? "" : "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")"); + } + + return elem.filter ? + (parseFloat( elem.filter.match(/opacity=([^)]*)/)[1] ) / 100).toString() : ""; + } + + if ( value != undefined ) elem.setAttribute( name, value ); + if ( jQuery.browser.msie && /href|src/.test(name) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) + return elem.getAttribute( name, 2 ); + return elem.getAttribute( name ); + + // elem is actually elem.style ... set the style + } else { + name = name.replace(/-([a-z])/ig,function(z,b){return b.toUpperCase();}); + if ( value != undefined ) elem[name] = value; + return elem[name]; + } + }, + trim: function(t){ + return t.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, ""); + }, + + makeArray: function( a ) { + var r = []; + + // Need to use typeof to fight Safari childNodes crashes + if ( typeof a != "array" ) + for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ ) + r.push( a[i] ); + else + r = a.slice( 0 ); + + return r; + }, + + inArray: function( b, a ) { + for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ ) + if ( a[i] == b ) + return i; + return -1; + }, + merge: function(first, second) { + // We have to loop this way because IE & Opera overwrite the length + // expando of getElementsByTagName + for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ ) + first.push(second[i]); + return first; + }, + unique: function(first) { + var r = [], num = jQuery.mergeNum++; + + for ( var i = 0, fl = first.length; i < fl; i++ ) + if ( num != first[i].mergeNum ) { + first[i].mergeNum = num; + r.push(first[i]); + } + + return r; + }, + + mergeNum: 0, + grep: function(elems, fn, inv) { + // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function + // for it (a handy shortcut) + if ( typeof fn == "string" ) + fn = new Function("a","i","return " + fn); + + var result = []; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ ) + if ( !inv && fn(elems[i],i) || inv && !fn(elems[i],i) ) + result.push( elems[i] ); + + return result; + }, + map: function(elems, fn) { + // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function + // for it (a handy shortcut) + if ( typeof fn == "string" ) + fn = new Function("a","return " + fn); + + var result = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their + // new value (or values). + for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ ) { + var val = fn(elems[i],i); + + if ( val !== null && val != undefined ) { + if ( val.constructor != Array ) val = [val]; + result = result.concat( val ); + } + } + + return result; + } +}); + +/* + * Whether the W3C compliant box model is being used. + * + * @property + * @name $.boxModel + * @type Boolean + * @cat JavaScript + */ +new function() { + var b = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); + + // Figure out what browser is being used + jQuery.browser = { + version: b.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[\/: ]([\d.]+)/)[1], + safari: /webkit/.test(b), + opera: /opera/.test(b), + msie: /msie/.test(b) && !/opera/.test(b), + mozilla: /mozilla/.test(b) && !/(compatible|webkit)/.test(b) + }; + + // Check to see if the W3C box model is being used + jQuery.boxModel = !jQuery.browser.msie || document.compatMode == "CSS1Compat"; + + jQuery.styleFloat = jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat", + + jQuery.props = { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className", + "float": jQuery.styleFloat, + cssFloat: jQuery.styleFloat, + styleFloat: jQuery.styleFloat, + innerHTML: "innerHTML", + className: "className", + value: "value", + disabled: "disabled", + checked: "checked", + readonly: "readOnly", + selected: "selected", + maxlength: "maxLength" + }; +}; + +jQuery.each({ + parent: "a.parentNode", + parents: "jQuery.parents(a)", + next: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'nextSibling')", + prev: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'previousSibling')", + siblings: "jQuery.sibling(a.parentNode.firstChild,a)", + children: "jQuery.sibling(a.firstChild)" +}, function(i,n){ + jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(a) { + var ret = jQuery.map(this,n); + if ( a && typeof a == "string" ) + ret = jQuery.multiFilter(a,ret); + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +}); + +jQuery.each({ + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after" +}, function(i,n){ + jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(){ + var a = arguments; + return this.each(function(){ + for ( var j = 0, al = a.length; j < al; j++ ) + jQuery(a[j])[n]( this ); + }); + }; +}); + +jQuery.each( { + removeAttr: function( key ) { + jQuery.attr( this, key, "" ); + this.removeAttribute( key ); + }, + addClass: function(c){ + jQuery.className.add(this,c); + }, + removeClass: function(c){ + jQuery.className.remove(this,c); + }, + toggleClass: function( c ){ + jQuery.className[ jQuery.className.has(this,c) ? "remove" : "add" ](this, c); + }, + remove: function(a){ + if ( !a || jQuery.filter( a, [this] ).r.length ) + this.parentNode.removeChild( this ); + }, + empty: function() { + while ( this.firstChild ) + this.removeChild( this.firstChild ); + } +}, function(i,n){ + jQuery.fn[ i ] = function() { + return this.each( n, arguments ); + }; +}); + +jQuery.each( [ "eq", "lt", "gt", "contains" ], function(i,n){ + jQuery.fn[ n ] = function(num,fn) { + return this.filter( ":" + n + "(" + num + ")", fn ); + }; +}); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function(i,n){ + jQuery.fn[ n ] = function(h) { + return h == undefined ? + ( this.length ? jQuery.css( this[0], n ) : null ) : + this.css( n, h.constructor == String ? h : h + "px" ); + }; +}); +jQuery.extend({ + expr: { + "": "m[2]=='*'||jQuery.nodeName(a,m[2])", + "#": "a.getAttribute('id')==m[2]", + ":": { + // Position Checks + lt: "im[3]-0", + nth: "m[3]-0==i", + eq: "m[3]-0==i", + first: "i==0", + last: "i==r.length-1", + even: "i%2==0", + odd: "i%2", + + // Child Checks + "first-child": "a.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('*')[0]==a", + "last-child": "jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,1,'previousSibling')==a", + "only-child": "!jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,2,'previousSibling')", + + // Parent Checks + parent: "a.firstChild", + empty: "!a.firstChild", + + // Text Check + contains: "(a.textContent||a.innerText||'').indexOf(m[3])>=0", + + // Visibility + visible: '"hidden"!=a.type&&jQuery.css(a,"display")!="none"&&jQuery.css(a,"visibility")!="hidden"', + hidden: '"hidden"==a.type||jQuery.css(a,"display")=="none"||jQuery.css(a,"visibility")=="hidden"', + + // Form attributes + enabled: "!a.disabled", + disabled: "a.disabled", + checked: "a.checked", + selected: "a.selected||jQuery.attr(a,'selected')", + + // Form elements + text: "'text'==a.type", + radio: "'radio'==a.type", + checkbox: "'checkbox'==a.type", + file: "'file'==a.type", + password: "'password'==a.type", + submit: "'submit'==a.type", + image: "'image'==a.type", + reset: "'reset'==a.type", + button: '"button"==a.type||jQuery.nodeName(a,"button")', + input: "/input|select|textarea|button/i.test(a.nodeName)" + }, + "[": "jQuery.find(m[2],a).length" + }, + + // The regular expressions that power the parsing engine + parse: [ + // Match: [@value='test'], [@foo] + /^\[ *(@)([\w-]+) *([!*$^~=]*) *('?"?)(.*?)\4 *\]/, + + // Match: [div], [div p] + /^(\[)\s*(.*?(\[.*?\])?[^[]*?)\s*\]/, + + // Match: :contains('foo') + /^(:)([\w-]+)\("?'?(.*?(\(.*?\))?[^(]*?)"?'?\)/, + + // Match: :even, :last-chlid, #id, .class + new RegExp("^([:.#]*)(" + + ( jQuery.chars = "(?:[\\w\u0128-\uFFFF*_-]|\\\\.)" ) + "+)") + ], + + multiFilter: function( expr, elems, not ) { + var old, cur = []; + + while ( expr && expr != old ) { + old = expr; + var f = jQuery.filter( expr, elems, not ); + expr = f.t.replace(/^\s*,\s*/, "" ); + cur = not ? elems = f.r : jQuery.merge( cur, f.r ); + } + + return cur; + }, + find: function( t, context ) { + // Quickly handle non-string expressions + if ( typeof t != "string" ) + return [ t ]; + + // Make sure that the context is a DOM Element + if ( context && !context.nodeType ) + context = null; + + // Set the correct context (if none is provided) + context = context || document; + + // Handle the common XPath // expression + if ( !t.indexOf("//") ) { + context = context.documentElement; + t = t.substr(2,t.length); + + // And the / root expression + } else if ( !t.indexOf("/") && !context.ownerDocument ) { + context = context.documentElement; + t = t.substr(1,t.length); + if ( t.indexOf("/") >= 1 ) + t = t.substr(t.indexOf("/"),t.length); + } + + // Initialize the search + var ret = [context], done = [], last; + + // Continue while a selector expression exists, and while + // we're no longer looping upon ourselves + while ( t && last != t ) { + var r = []; + last = t; + + t = jQuery.trim(t).replace( /^\/\//, "" ); + + var foundToken = false; + + // An attempt at speeding up child selectors that + // point to a specific element tag + var re = new RegExp("^[/>]\\s*(" + jQuery.chars + "+)"); + var m = re.exec(t); + + if ( m ) { + var nodeName = m[1].toUpperCase(); + + // Perform our own iteration and filter + for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ ) + for ( var c = ret[i].firstChild; c; c = c.nextSibling ) + if ( c.nodeType == 1 && (nodeName == "*" || c.nodeName == nodeName.toUpperCase()) ) + r.push( c ); + + ret = r; + t = t.replace( re, "" ); + if ( t.indexOf(" ") == 0 ) continue; + foundToken = true; + } else { + re = /^((\/?\.\.)|([>\/+~]))\s*([a-z]*)/i; + + if ( (m = re.exec(t)) != null ) { + r = []; + + var nodeName = m[4], mergeNum = jQuery.mergeNum++; + m = m[1]; + + for ( var j = 0, rl = ret.length; j < rl; j++ ) + if ( m.indexOf("..") < 0 ) { + var n = m == "~" || m == "+" ? ret[j].nextSibling : ret[j].firstChild; + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) + if ( n.nodeType == 1 ) { + if ( m == "~" && n.mergeNum == mergeNum ) break; + + if (!nodeName || n.nodeName == nodeName.toUpperCase() ) { + if ( m == "~" ) n.mergeNum = mergeNum; + r.push( n ); + } + + if ( m == "+" ) break; + } + } else + r.push( ret[j].parentNode ); + + ret = r; + + // And remove the token + t = jQuery.trim( t.replace( re, "" ) ); + foundToken = true; + } + } + + // See if there's still an expression, and that we haven't already + // matched a token + if ( t && !foundToken ) { + // Handle multiple expressions + if ( !t.indexOf(",") ) { + // Clean the result set + if ( context == ret[0] ) ret.shift(); + + // Merge the result sets + done = jQuery.merge( done, ret ); + + // Reset the context + r = ret = [context]; + + // Touch up the selector string + t = " " + t.substr(1,t.length); + + } else { + // Optomize for the case nodeName#idName + var re2 = new RegExp("^(" + jQuery.chars + "+)(#)(" + jQuery.chars + "+)"); + var m = re2.exec(t); + + // Re-organize the results, so that they're consistent + if ( m ) { + m = [ 0, m[2], m[3], m[1] ]; + + } else { + // Otherwise, do a traditional filter check for + // ID, class, and element selectors + re2 = new RegExp("^([#.]?)(" + jQuery.chars + "*)"); + m = re2.exec(t); + } + + m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, ""); + + var elem = ret[ret.length-1]; + + // Try to do a global search by ID, where we can + if ( m[1] == "#" && elem && elem.getElementById ) { + // Optimization for HTML document case + var oid = elem.getElementById(m[2]); + + // Do a quick check for the existence of the actual ID attribute + // to avoid selecting by the name attribute in IE + // also check to insure id is a string to avoid selecting an element with the name of 'id' inside a form + if ( (jQuery.browser.msie||jQuery.browser.opera) && oid && typeof oid.id == "string" && oid.id != m[2] ) + oid = jQuery('[@id="'+m[2]+'"]', elem)[0]; + + // Do a quick check for node name (where applicable) so + // that div#foo searches will be really fast + ret = r = oid && (!m[3] || jQuery.nodeName(oid, m[3])) ? [oid] : []; + } else { + // We need to find all descendant elements + for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ ) { + // Grab the tag name being searched for + var tag = m[1] != "" || m[0] == "" ? "*" : m[2]; + + // Handle IE7 being really dumb about s + if ( tag == "*" && ret[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() == "object" ) + tag = "param"; + + r = jQuery.merge( r, ret[i].getElementsByTagName( tag )); + } + + // It's faster to filter by class and be done with it + if ( m[1] == "." ) + r = jQuery.classFilter( r, m[2] ); + + // Same with ID filtering + if ( m[1] == "#" ) { + var tmp = []; + + // Try to find the element with the ID + for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ ) + if ( r[i].getAttribute("id") == m[2] ) { + tmp = [ r[i] ]; + break; + } + + r = tmp; + } + + ret = r; + } + + t = t.replace( re2, "" ); + } + + } + + // If a selector string still exists + if ( t ) { + // Attempt to filter it + var val = jQuery.filter(t,r); + ret = r = val.r; + t = jQuery.trim(val.t); + } + } + + // An error occurred with the selector; + // just return an empty set instead + if ( t ) + ret = []; + + // Remove the root context + if ( ret && context == ret[0] ) + ret.shift(); + + // And combine the results + done = jQuery.merge( done, ret ); + + return done; + }, + + classFilter: function(r,m,not){ + m = " " + m + " "; + var tmp = []; + for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ ) { + var pass = (" " + r[i].className + " ").indexOf( m ) >= 0; + if ( !not && pass || not && !pass ) + tmp.push( r[i] ); + } + return tmp; + }, + + filter: function(t,r,not) { + var last; + + // Look for common filter expressions + while ( t && t != last ) { + last = t; + + var p = jQuery.parse, m; + + for ( var i = 0; p[i]; i++ ) { + m = p[i].exec( t ); + + if ( m ) { + // Remove what we just matched + t = t.substring( m[0].length ); + + m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, ""); + break; + } + } + + if ( !m ) + break; + + // :not() is a special case that can be optimized by + // keeping it out of the expression list + if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "not" ) + r = jQuery.filter(m[3], r, true).r; + + // We can get a big speed boost by filtering by class here + else if ( m[1] == "." ) + r = jQuery.classFilter(r, m[2], not); + + else if ( m[1] == "@" ) { + var tmp = [], type = m[3]; + + for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) { + var a = r[i], z = a[ jQuery.props[m[2]] || m[2] ]; + + if ( z == null || /href|src/.test(m[2]) ) + z = jQuery.attr(a,m[2]); + + if ( (type == "" && !!z || + type == "=" && z == m[5] || + type == "!=" && z != m[5] || + type == "^=" && z && !z.indexOf(m[5]) || + type == "$=" && z.substr(z.length - m[5].length) == m[5] || + (type == "*=" || type == "~=") && z.indexOf(m[5]) >= 0) ^ not ) + tmp.push( a ); + } + + r = tmp; + + // We can get a speed boost by handling nth-child here + } else if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "nth-child" ) { + var num = jQuery.mergeNum++, tmp = [], + test = /(\d*)n\+?(\d*)/.exec( + m[3] == "even" && "2n" || m[3] == "odd" && "2n+1" || + !/\D/.test(m[3]) && "n+" + m[3] || m[3]), + first = (test[1] || 1) - 0, last = test[2] - 0; + + for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) { + var node = r[i], parentNode = node.parentNode; + + if ( num != parentNode.mergeNum ) { + var c = 1; + + for ( var n = parentNode.firstChild; n; n = n.nextSibling ) + if ( n.nodeType == 1 ) + n.nodeIndex = c++; + + parentNode.mergeNum = num; + } + + var add = false; + + if ( first == 1 ) { + if ( last == 0 || node.nodeIndex == last ) + add = true; + } else if ( (node.nodeIndex + last) % first == 0 ) + add = true; + + if ( add ^ not ) + tmp.push( node ); + } + + r = tmp; + + // Otherwise, find the expression to execute + } else { + var f = jQuery.expr[m[1]]; + if ( typeof f != "string" ) + f = jQuery.expr[m[1]][m[2]]; + + // Build a custom macro to enclose it + eval("f = function(a,i){return " + f + "}"); + + // Execute it against the current filter + r = jQuery.grep( r, f, not ); + } + } + + // Return an array of filtered elements (r) + // and the modified expression string (t) + return { r: r, t: t }; + }, + parents: function( elem ){ + var matched = []; + var cur = elem.parentNode; + while ( cur && cur != document ) { + matched.push( cur ); + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + return matched; + }, + nth: function(cur,result,dir,elem){ + result = result || 1; + var num = 0; + + for ( ; cur; cur = cur[dir] ) + if ( cur.nodeType == 1 && ++num == result ) + break; + + return cur; + }, + sibling: function( n, elem ) { + var r = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType == 1 && (!elem || n != elem) ) + r.push( n ); + } + + return r; + } +}); +/* + * A number of helper functions used for managing events. + * Many of the ideas behind this code orignated from + * Dean Edwards' addEvent library. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + // Bind an event to an element + // Original by Dean Edwards + add: function(element, type, handler, data) { + // For whatever reason, IE has trouble passing the window object + // around, causing it to be cloned in the process + if ( jQuery.browser.msie && element.setInterval != undefined ) + element = window; + + // Make sure that the function being executed has a unique ID + if ( !handler.guid ) + handler.guid = this.guid++; + + // if data is passed, bind to handler + if( data != undefined ) { + // Create temporary function pointer to original handler + var fn = handler; + + // Create unique handler function, wrapped around original handler + handler = function() { + // Pass arguments and context to original handler + return fn.apply(this, arguments); + }; + + // Store data in unique handler + handler.data = data; + + // Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed + handler.guid = fn.guid; + } + + // Init the element's event structure + if (!element.$events) + element.$events = {}; + + if (!element.$handle) + element.$handle = function() { + // returned undefined or false + var val; + + // Handle the second event of a trigger and when + // an event is called after a page has unloaded + if ( typeof jQuery == "undefined" || jQuery.event.triggered ) + return val; + + val = jQuery.event.handle.apply(element, arguments); + + return val; + }; + + // Get the current list of functions bound to this event + var handlers = element.$events[type]; + + // Init the event handler queue + if (!handlers) { + handlers = element.$events[type] = {}; + + // And bind the global event handler to the element + if (element.addEventListener) + element.addEventListener(type, element.$handle, false); + else + element.attachEvent("on" + type, element.$handle); + } + + // Add the function to the element's handler list + handlers[handler.guid] = handler; + + // Remember the function in a global list (for triggering) + if (!this.global[type]) + this.global[type] = []; + // Only add the element to the global list once + if (jQuery.inArray(element, this.global[type]) == -1) + this.global[type].push( element ); + }, + + guid: 1, + global: {}, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function(element, type, handler) { + var events = element.$events, ret, index; + + if ( events ) { + // type is actually an event object here + if ( type && type.type ) { + handler = type.handler; + type = type.type; + } + + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) + this.remove( element, type ); + + } else if ( events[type] ) { + // remove the given handler for the given type + if ( handler ) + delete events[type][handler.guid]; + + // remove all handlers for the given type + else + for ( handler in element.$events[type] ) + delete events[type][handler]; + + // remove generic event handler if no more handlers exist + for ( ret in events[type] ) break; + if ( !ret ) { + if (element.removeEventListener) + element.removeEventListener(type, element.$handle, false); + else + element.detachEvent("on" + type, element.$handle); + ret = null; + delete events[type]; + + // Remove element from the global event type cache + while ( this.global[type] && ( (index = jQuery.inArray(element, this.global[type])) >= 0 ) ) + delete this.global[type][index]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if it's no longer used + for ( ret in events ) break; + if ( !ret ) + element.$handle = element.$events = null; + } + }, + + trigger: function(type, data, element) { + // Clone the incoming data, if any + data = jQuery.makeArray(data || []); + + // Handle a global trigger + if ( !element ) + jQuery.each( this.global[type] || [], function(){ + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + }); + + // Handle triggering a single element + else { + var val, ret, fn = jQuery.isFunction( element[ type ] || null ); + + // Pass along a fake event + data.unshift( this.fix({ type: type, target: element }) ); + + // Trigger the event + if ( jQuery.isFunction(element.$handle) && (val = element.$handle.apply( element, data )) !== false ) + this.triggered = true; + + if ( fn && val !== false && !jQuery.nodeName(element, 'a') ) + element[ type ](); + + this.triggered = false; + } + }, + + handle: function(event) { + // returned undefined or false + var val; + + // Empty object is for triggered events with no data + event = jQuery.event.fix( event || window.event || {} ); + + var c = this.$events && this.$events[event.type], args = [].slice.call( arguments, 1 ); + args.unshift( event ); + + for ( var j in c ) { + // Pass in a reference to the handler function itself + // So that we can later remove it + args[0].handler = c[j]; + args[0].data = c[j].data; + + if ( c[j].apply( this, args ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + val = false; + } + } + + // Clean up added properties in IE to prevent memory leak + if (jQuery.browser.msie) + event.target = event.preventDefault = event.stopPropagation = + event.handler = event.data = null; + + return val; + }, + + fix: function(event) { + // store a copy of the original event object + // and clone to set read-only properties + var originalEvent = event; + event = jQuery.extend({}, originalEvent); + + // add preventDefault and stopPropagation since + // they will not work on the clone + event.preventDefault = function() { + // if preventDefault exists run it on the original event + if (originalEvent.preventDefault) + return originalEvent.preventDefault(); + // otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false (IE) + originalEvent.returnValue = false; + }; + event.stopPropagation = function() { + // if stopPropagation exists run it on the original event + if (originalEvent.stopPropagation) + return originalEvent.stopPropagation(); + // otherwise set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true (IE) + originalEvent.cancelBubble = true; + }; + + // Fix target property, if necessary + if ( !event.target && event.srcElement ) + event.target = event.srcElement; + + // check if target is a textnode (safari) + if (jQuery.browser.safari && event.target.nodeType == 3) + event.target = originalEvent.target.parentNode; + + // Add relatedTarget, if necessary + if ( !event.relatedTarget && event.fromElement ) + event.relatedTarget = event.fromElement == event.target ? event.toElement : event.fromElement; + + // Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available + if ( event.pageX == null && event.clientX != null ) { + var e = document.documentElement, b = document.body; + event.pageX = event.clientX + (e && e.scrollLeft || b.scrollLeft); + event.pageY = event.clientY + (e && e.scrollTop || b.scrollTop); + } + + // Add which for key events + if ( !event.which && (event.charCode || event.keyCode) ) + event.which = event.charCode || event.keyCode; + + // Add metaKey to non-Mac browsers (use ctrl for PC's and Meta for Macs) + if ( !event.metaKey && event.ctrlKey ) + event.metaKey = event.ctrlKey; + + // Add which for click: 1 == left; 2 == middle; 3 == right + // Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it + if ( !event.which && event.button ) + event.which = (event.button & 1 ? 1 : ( event.button & 2 ? 3 : ( event.button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) )); + + return event; + } +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend({ + bind: function( type, data, fn ) { + return type == "unload" ? this.one(type, data, fn) : this.each(function(){ + jQuery.event.add( this, type, fn || data, fn && data ); + }); + }, + one: function( type, data, fn ) { + return this.each(function(){ + jQuery.event.add( this, type, function(event) { + jQuery(this).unbind(event); + return (fn || data).apply( this, arguments); + }, fn && data); + }); + }, + unbind: function( type, fn ) { + return this.each(function(){ + jQuery.event.remove( this, type, fn ); + }); + }, + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each(function(){ + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + }); + }, + toggle: function() { + // Save reference to arguments for access in closure + var a = arguments; + + return this.click(function(e) { + // Figure out which function to execute + this.lastToggle = 0 == this.lastToggle ? 1 : 0; + + // Make sure that clicks stop + e.preventDefault(); + + // and execute the function + return a[this.lastToggle].apply( this, [e] ) || false; + }); + }, + hover: function(f,g) { + + // A private function for handling mouse 'hovering' + function handleHover(e) { + // Check if mouse(over|out) are still within the same parent element + var p = e.relatedTarget; + + // Traverse up the tree + while ( p && p != this ) try { p = p.parentNode } catch(e) { p = this; }; + + // If we actually just moused on to a sub-element, ignore it + if ( p == this ) return false; + + // Execute the right function + return (e.type == "mouseover" ? f : g).apply(this, [e]); + } + + // Bind the function to the two event listeners + return this.mouseover(handleHover).mouseout(handleHover); + }, + ready: function(f) { + // If the DOM is already ready + if ( jQuery.isReady ) + // Execute the function immediately + f.apply( document, [jQuery] ); + + // Otherwise, remember the function for later + else + // Add the function to the wait list + jQuery.readyList.push( function() { return f.apply(this, [jQuery]) } ); + + return this; + } +}); + +jQuery.extend({ + /* + * All the code that makes DOM Ready work nicely. + */ + isReady: false, + readyList: [], + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function() { + // Make sure that the DOM is not already loaded + if ( !jQuery.isReady ) { + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + if ( jQuery.readyList ) { + // Execute all of them + jQuery.each( jQuery.readyList, function(){ + this.apply( document ); + }); + + // Reset the list of functions + jQuery.readyList = null; + } + // Remove event listener to avoid memory leak + if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera ) + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false ); + + // Remove script element used by IE hack + if( !window.frames.length ) // don't remove if frames are present (#1187) + jQuery(window).load(function(){ jQuery("#__ie_init").remove(); }); + } + } +}); + +new function(){ + + jQuery.each( ("blur,focus,load,resize,scroll,unload,click,dblclick," + + "mousedown,mouseup,mousemove,mouseover,mouseout,change,select," + + "submit,keydown,keypress,keyup,error").split(","), function(i,o){ + + // Handle event binding + jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){ + return f ? this.bind(o, f) : this.trigger(o); + }; + + }); + + // If Mozilla is used + if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera ) + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false ); + + // If IE is used, use the excellent hack by Matthias Miller + // http://www.outofhanwell.com/blog/index.php?title=the_window_onload_problem_revisited + else if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) { + + // Only works if you document.write() it + document.write("<\/script>"); + + // Use the defer script hack + var script = document.getElementById("__ie_init"); + + // script does not exist if jQuery is loaded dynamically + if ( script ) + script.onreadystatechange = function() { + if ( this.readyState != "complete" ) return; + jQuery.ready(); + }; + + // Clear from memory + script = null; + + // If Safari is used + } else if ( jQuery.browser.safari ) + // Continually check to see if the document.readyState is valid + jQuery.safariTimer = setInterval(function(){ + // loaded and complete are both valid states + if ( document.readyState == "loaded" || + document.readyState == "complete" ) { + + // If either one are found, remove the timer + clearInterval( jQuery.safariTimer ); + jQuery.safariTimer = null; + + // and execute any waiting functions + jQuery.ready(); + } + }, 10); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + jQuery.event.add( window, "load", jQuery.ready ); + +}; + +// Clean up after IE to avoid memory leaks +if (jQuery.browser.msie) + jQuery(window).one("unload", function() { + var global = jQuery.event.global; + for ( var type in global ) { + var els = global[type], i = els.length; + if ( i && type != 'unload' ) + do + els[i-1] && jQuery.event.remove(els[i-1], type); + while (--i); + } + }); +jQuery.fn.extend({ + loadIfModified: function( url, params, callback ) { + this.load( url, params, callback, 1 ); + }, + load: function( url, params, callback, ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.isFunction( url ) ) + return this.bind("load", url); + + callback = callback || function(){}; + + // Default to a GET request + var type = "GET"; + + // If the second parameter was provided + if ( params ) + // If it's a function + if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) { + // We assume that it's the callback + callback = params; + params = null; + + // Otherwise, build a param string + } else { + params = jQuery.param( params ); + type = "POST"; + } + + var self = this; + + // Request the remote document + jQuery.ajax({ + url: url, + type: type, + data: params, + ifModified: ifModified, + complete: function(res, status){ + if ( status == "success" || !ifModified && status == "notmodified" ) + // Inject the HTML into all the matched elements + self.attr("innerHTML", res.responseText) + // Execute all the scripts inside of the newly-injected HTML + .evalScripts() + // Execute callback + .each( callback, [res.responseText, status, res] ); + else + callback.apply( self, [res.responseText, status, res] ); + } + }); + return this; + }, + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this ); + }, + evalScripts: function() { + return this.find("script").each(function(){ + if ( this.src ) + jQuery.getScript( this.src ); + else + jQuery.globalEval( this.text || this.textContent || this.innerHTML || "" ); + }).end(); + } + +}); + +// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events + +jQuery.each( "ajaxStart,ajaxStop,ajaxComplete,ajaxError,ajaxSuccess,ajaxSend".split(","), function(i,o){ + jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){ + return this.bind(o, f); + }; +}); + +jQuery.extend({ + get: function( url, data, callback, type, ifModified ) { + // shift arguments if data argument was ommited + if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) { + callback = data; + data = null; + } + + return jQuery.ajax({ + type: "GET", + url: url, + data: data, + success: callback, + dataType: type, + ifModified: ifModified + }); + }, + getIfModified: function( url, data, callback, type ) { + return jQuery.get(url, data, callback, type, 1); + }, + getScript: function( url, callback ) { + return jQuery.get(url, null, callback, "script"); + }, + getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { + return jQuery.get(url, data, callback, "json"); + }, + post: function( url, data, callback, type ) { + if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) { + callback = data; + data = {}; + } + + return jQuery.ajax({ + type: "POST", + url: url, + data: data, + success: callback, + dataType: type + }); + }, + ajaxTimeout: function( timeout ) { + jQuery.ajaxSettings.timeout = timeout; + }, + ajaxSetup: function( settings ) { + jQuery.extend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, settings ); + }, + + ajaxSettings: { + global: true, + type: "GET", + timeout: 0, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", + processData: true, + async: true, + data: null + }, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + ajax: function( s ) { + // TODO introduce global settings, allowing the client to modify them for all requests, not only timeout + s = jQuery.extend({}, jQuery.ajaxSettings, s); + + // if data available + if ( s.data ) { + // convert data if not already a string + if (s.processData && typeof s.data != "string") + s.data = jQuery.param(s.data); + // append data to url for get requests + if( s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) { + // "?" + data or "&" + data (in case there are already params) + s.url += ((s.url.indexOf("?") > -1) ? "&" : "?") + s.data; + // IE likes to send both get and post data, prevent this + s.data = null; + } + } + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( s.global && ! jQuery.active++ ) + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + + var requestDone = false; + + // Create the request object; Microsoft failed to properly + // implement the XMLHttpRequest in IE7, so we use the ActiveXObject when it is available + var xml = window.ActiveXObject ? new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") : new XMLHttpRequest(); + + // Open the socket + xml.open(s.type, s.url, s.async); + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data ) + xml.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", s.contentType); + + // Set the If-Modified-Since header, if ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) + xml.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since", + jQuery.lastModified[s.url] || "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT" ); + + // Set header so the called script knows that it's an XMLHttpRequest + xml.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest"); + + // Allow custom headers/mimetypes + if( s.beforeSend ) + s.beforeSend(xml); + + if ( s.global ) + jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xml, s]); + + // Wait for a response to come back + var onreadystatechange = function(isTimeout){ + // The transfer is complete and the data is available, or the request timed out + if ( xml && (xml.readyState == 4 || isTimeout == "timeout") ) { + requestDone = true; + + // clear poll interval + if (ival) { + clearInterval(ival); + ival = null; + } + + var status; + try { + status = jQuery.httpSuccess( xml ) && isTimeout != "timeout" ? + s.ifModified && jQuery.httpNotModified( xml, s.url ) ? "notmodified" : "success" : "error"; + // Make sure that the request was successful or notmodified + if ( status != "error" ) { + // Cache Last-Modified header, if ifModified mode. + var modRes; + try { + modRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"); + } catch(e) {} // swallow exception thrown by FF if header is not available + + if ( s.ifModified && modRes ) + jQuery.lastModified[s.url] = modRes; + + // process the data (runs the xml through httpData regardless of callback) + var data = jQuery.httpData( xml, s.dataType ); + + // If a local callback was specified, fire it and pass it the data + if ( s.success ) + s.success( data, status ); + + // Fire the global callback + if( s.global ) + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxSuccess", [xml, s] ); + } else + jQuery.handleError(s, xml, status); + } catch(e) { + status = "error"; + jQuery.handleError(s, xml, status, e); + } + + // The request was completed + if( s.global ) + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [xml, s] ); + + // Handle the global AJAX counter + if ( s.global && ! --jQuery.active ) + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); + + // Process result + if ( s.complete ) + s.complete(xml, status); + + // Stop memory leaks + if(s.async) + xml = null; + } + }; + + // don't attach the handler to the request, just poll it instead + var ival = setInterval(onreadystatechange, 13); + + // Timeout checker + if ( s.timeout > 0 ) + setTimeout(function(){ + // Check to see if the request is still happening + if ( xml ) { + // Cancel the request + xml.abort(); + + if( !requestDone ) + onreadystatechange( "timeout" ); + } + }, s.timeout); + + // Send the data + try { + xml.send(s.data); + } catch(e) { + jQuery.handleError(s, xml, null, e); + } + + // firefox 1.5 doesn't fire statechange for sync requests + if ( !s.async ) + onreadystatechange(); + + // return XMLHttpRequest to allow aborting the request etc. + return xml; + }, + + handleError: function( s, xml, status, e ) { + // If a local callback was specified, fire it + if ( s.error ) s.error( xml, status, e ); + + // Fire the global callback + if ( s.global ) + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxError", [xml, s, e] ); + }, + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest was successful or not + httpSuccess: function( r ) { + try { + return !r.status && location.protocol == "file:" || + ( r.status >= 200 && r.status < 300 ) || r.status == 304 || + jQuery.browser.safari && r.status == undefined; + } catch(e){} + return false; + }, + + // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest returns NotModified + httpNotModified: function( xml, url ) { + try { + var xmlRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"); + + // Firefox always returns 200. check Last-Modified date + return xml.status == 304 || xmlRes == jQuery.lastModified[url] || + jQuery.browser.safari && xml.status == undefined; + } catch(e){} + return false; + }, + + /* Get the data out of an XMLHttpRequest. + * Return parsed XML if content-type header is "xml" and type is "xml" or omitted, + * otherwise return plain text. + * (String) data - The type of data that you're expecting back, + * (e.g. "xml", "html", "script") + */ + httpData: function( r, type ) { + var ct = r.getResponseHeader("content-type"); + var data = !type && ct && ct.indexOf("xml") >= 0; + data = type == "xml" || data ? r.responseXML : r.responseText; + + // If the type is "script", eval it in global context + if ( type == "script" ) + jQuery.globalEval( data ); + + // Get the JavaScript object, if JSON is used. + if ( type == "json" ) + data = eval("(" + data + ")"); + + // evaluate scripts within html + if ( type == "html" ) + jQuery("
").html(data).evalScripts(); + + return data; + }, + + // Serialize an array of form elements or a set of + // key/values into a query string + param: function( a ) { + var s = []; + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array + // of form elements + if ( a.constructor == Array || a.jquery ) + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function(){ + s.push( encodeURIComponent(this.name) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this.value ) ); + }); + + // Otherwise, assume that it's an object of key/value pairs + else + // Serialize the key/values + for ( var j in a ) + // If the value is an array then the key names need to be repeated + if ( a[j] && a[j].constructor == Array ) + jQuery.each( a[j], function(){ + s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this ) ); + }); + else + s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( a[j] ) ); + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join("&"); + }, + + // evalulates a script in global context + // not reliable for safari + globalEval: function( data ) { + if ( window.execScript ) + window.execScript( data ); + else if ( jQuery.browser.safari ) + // safari doesn't provide a synchronous global eval + window.setTimeout( data, 0 ); + else + eval.call( window, data ); + } + +}); +jQuery.fn.extend({ + + show: function(speed,callback){ + return speed ? + this.animate({ + height: "show", width: "show", opacity: "show" + }, speed, callback) : + + this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){ + this.style.display = this.oldblock ? this.oldblock : ""; + if ( jQuery.css(this,"display") == "none" ) + this.style.display = "block"; + }).end(); + }, + + hide: function(speed,callback){ + return speed ? + this.animate({ + height: "hide", width: "hide", opacity: "hide" + }, speed, callback) : + + this.filter(":visible").each(function(){ + this.oldblock = this.oldblock || jQuery.css(this,"display"); + if ( this.oldblock == "none" ) + this.oldblock = "block"; + this.style.display = "none"; + }).end(); + }, + + // Save the old toggle function + _toggle: jQuery.fn.toggle, + toggle: function( fn, fn2 ){ + return jQuery.isFunction(fn) && jQuery.isFunction(fn2) ? + this._toggle( fn, fn2 ) : + fn ? + this.animate({ + height: "toggle", width: "toggle", opacity: "toggle" + }, fn, fn2) : + this.each(function(){ + jQuery(this)[ jQuery(this).is(":hidden") ? "show" : "hide" ](); + }); + }, + slideDown: function(speed,callback){ + return this.animate({height: "show"}, speed, callback); + }, + slideUp: function(speed,callback){ + return this.animate({height: "hide"}, speed, callback); + }, + slideToggle: function(speed, callback){ + return this.animate({height: "toggle"}, speed, callback); + }, + fadeIn: function(speed, callback){ + return this.animate({opacity: "show"}, speed, callback); + }, + fadeOut: function(speed, callback){ + return this.animate({opacity: "hide"}, speed, callback); + }, + fadeTo: function(speed,to,callback){ + return this.animate({opacity: to}, speed, callback); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.queue(function(){ + var hidden = jQuery(this).is(":hidden"), + opt = jQuery.speed(speed, easing, callback), + self = this; + + for ( var p in prop ) + if ( prop[p] == "hide" && hidden || prop[p] == "show" && !hidden ) + return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete) && opt.complete.apply(this); + + this.curAnim = jQuery.extend({}, prop); + + jQuery.each( prop, function(name, val){ + var e = new jQuery.fx( self, opt, name ); + if ( val.constructor == Number ) + e.custom( e.cur(), val ); + else + e[ val == "toggle" ? hidden ? "show" : "hide" : val ]( prop ); + }); + }); + }, + queue: function(type,fn){ + if ( !fn ) { + fn = type; + type = "fx"; + } + + return this.each(function(){ + if ( !this.queue ) + this.queue = {}; + + if ( !this.queue[type] ) + this.queue[type] = []; + + this.queue[type].push( fn ); + + if ( this.queue[type].length == 1 ) + fn.apply(this); + }); + } + +}); + +jQuery.extend({ + + speed: function(speed, easing, fn) { + var opt = speed && speed.constructor == Object ? speed : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && easing.constructor != Function && easing || (jQuery.easing.swing ? "swing" : "linear") + }; + + opt.duration = (opt.duration && opt.duration.constructor == Number ? + opt.duration : + { slow: 600, fast: 200 }[opt.duration]) || 400; + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + opt.complete = function(){ + jQuery.dequeue(this, "fx"); + if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) ) + opt.old.apply( this ); + }; + + return opt; + }, + + easing: { + linear: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) { + return firstNum + diff * p; + }, + swing: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) { + return ((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2) + 0.5) * diff + firstNum; + } + }, + + queue: {}, + + dequeue: function(elem,type){ + type = type || "fx"; + + if ( elem.queue && elem.queue[type] ) { + // Remove self + elem.queue[type].shift(); + + // Get next function + var f = elem.queue[type][0]; + + if ( f ) f.apply( elem ); + } + }, + + timers: [], + + /* + * I originally wrote fx() as a clone of moo.fx and in the process + * of making it small in size the code became illegible to sane + * people. You've been warned. + */ + + fx: function( elem, options, prop ){ + + var z = this; + + // The styles + var y = elem.style; + + if ( prop == "height" || prop == "width" ) { + // Store display property + var oldDisplay = jQuery.css(elem, "display"); + + // Make sure that nothing sneaks out + var oldOverflow = y.overflow; + y.overflow = "hidden"; + } + + // Simple function for setting a style value + z.a = function(){ + if ( options.step ) + options.step.apply( elem, [ z.now ] ); + + if ( prop == "opacity" ) + jQuery.attr(y, "opacity", z.now); // Let attr handle opacity + else { + y[prop] = parseInt(z.now) + "px"; + y.display = "block"; // Set display property to block for animation + } + }; + + // Figure out the maximum number to run to + z.max = function(){ + return parseFloat( jQuery.css(elem,prop) ); + }; + + // Get the current size + z.cur = function(){ + var r = parseFloat( jQuery.curCSS(elem, prop) ); + return r && r > -10000 ? r : z.max(); + }; + + // Start an animation from one number to another + z.custom = function(from,to){ + z.startTime = (new Date()).getTime(); + z.now = from; + z.a(); + + jQuery.timers.push(function(){ + return z.step(from, to); + }); + + if ( jQuery.timers.length == 1 ) { + var timer = setInterval(function(){ + var timers = jQuery.timers; + + for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ ) + if ( !timers[i]() ) + timers.splice(i--, 1); + + if ( !timers.length ) + clearInterval( timer ); + }, 13); + } + }; + + // Simple 'show' function + z.show = function(){ + if ( !elem.orig ) elem.orig = {}; + + // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later + elem.orig[prop] = jQuery.attr( elem.style, prop ); + + options.show = true; + + // Begin the animation + z.custom(0, this.cur()); + + // Make sure that we start at a small width/height to avoid any + // flash of content + if ( prop != "opacity" ) + y[prop] = "1px"; + + // Start by showing the element + jQuery(elem).show(); + }; + + // Simple 'hide' function + z.hide = function(){ + if ( !elem.orig ) elem.orig = {}; + + // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later + elem.orig[prop] = jQuery.attr( elem.style, prop ); + + options.hide = true; + + // Begin the animation + z.custom(this.cur(), 0); + }; + + // Each step of an animation + z.step = function(firstNum, lastNum){ + var t = (new Date()).getTime(); + + if (t > options.duration + z.startTime) { + z.now = lastNum; + z.a(); + + if (elem.curAnim) elem.curAnim[ prop ] = true; + + var done = true; + for ( var i in elem.curAnim ) + if ( elem.curAnim[i] !== true ) + done = false; + + if ( done ) { + if ( oldDisplay != null ) { + // Reset the overflow + y.overflow = oldOverflow; + + // Reset the display + y.display = oldDisplay; + if ( jQuery.css(elem, "display") == "none" ) + y.display = "block"; + } + + // Hide the element if the "hide" operation was done + if ( options.hide ) + y.display = "none"; + + // Reset the properties, if the item has been hidden or shown + if ( options.hide || options.show ) + for ( var p in elem.curAnim ) + jQuery.attr(y, p, elem.orig[p]); + } + + // If a callback was provided, execute it + if ( done && jQuery.isFunction( options.complete ) ) + // Execute the complete function + options.complete.apply( elem ); + + return false; + } else { + var n = t - this.startTime; + // Figure out where in the animation we are and set the number + var p = n / options.duration; + + // Perform the easing function, defaults to swing + z.now = jQuery.easing[options.easing](p, n, firstNum, (lastNum-firstNum), options.duration); + + // Perform the next step of the animation + z.a(); + } + + return true; + }; + + } +}); +} diff --git a/jquery.shortkeys.js b/jquery.shortkeys.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddf8969 --- /dev/null +++ b/jquery.shortkeys.js @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +jQuery.fn.shortkeys = jQuery.fn.keys = function (obj, settings) { + var el = this; + this.settings = jQuery.extend({ + split: "+", + moreKeys: {} + }, settings || {}); + this.wackyKeys = { '.': 190, ',': 188, ';': 59, 'Space': 32 }; + this.formElements = new Array("input", "select", "textarea", "button"); + this.keys = new Array(); + this.onFormElement = false; + this.keysDown = new Array(); + this.init = function (obj) { + for(x in this.wackyKeys) { + this.wackyKeys[x.toUpperCase()] = this.wackyKeys[x]; + } + for(x in obj) { + this.keys.push(x.split(this.settings.split)); + } + for(i in this.keys) { + var quickArr = new Array(); + for(j in this.keys[i]) { + quickArr.push(this.convertToNumbers(this.keys[i][j].toUpperCase())); + } + quickArr.sort(); + this.keys[i] = quickArr; + } + }; + this.convertToNumbers = function (inp) { + if (this.wackyKeys[inp] != undefined) { + return this.wackyKeys[inp]; + } + return inp.toUpperCase().charCodeAt(0); + }; + this.keyAdd = function(keyCode) { + this.keysDown.push(keyCode); + this.keysDown.sort(); + }; + this.keyRemove = function (keyCode) { + for(i in this.keysDown) { + if(this.keysDown[i] == keyCode) { + this.keysDown.splice(i,1); + } + }; + this.keysDown.sort(); + }; + this.keyTest = function (i) { + if (this.keys[i].length != this.keysDown.length) return false; + for(j in this.keys[i]) { + if(this.keys[i][j] != this.keysDown[j]) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }; + this.keyRemoveAll = function () { + this.keysDown = new Array(); + }; + this.focused = function (bool) { + this.onFormElement = bool; + } + $(document).keydown(function(e) { + el.keyAdd(e.keyCode); + var i = 0; + for(x in obj) { + if(el.keyTest(i) && !el.onFormElement) { + obj[x](); + return false; + break; + } + i++; + }; + }); + $(document).keyup(function (e) { + el.keyRemove(e.keyCode); + }); + for(x in this.formElements) { + $(this.formElements[x]).focus( function () { + el.focused(true); + }); + $(this.formElements[x]).blur( function () { + el.focused(false); + }); + } + $(document).focus( function () { + el.keyRemoveAll(); + }); + + this.init(obj); + jQuery.extend(this.wackyKeys, this.settings.moreKeys); + + return this; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/style.css b/style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f13b7cb --- /dev/null +++ b/style.css @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +body { + font-family:"Trebuchet MS",verdana,geneva,sans-serif; + background-color: #272727; +} + +#content { + padding-left: 10px; + padding-right: 10px; + color: #BFBFBF; +} + +h1 { + text-align: center; + color: white; +} + +a { + color: lightgray; + text-decoration: none; +} + +ul.nav { + text-align: center; +} + +ul.nav li { + display: inline; + list-style-type: none; + padding-right: 20px; +} + +/* http://annevankesteren.nl/2005/01/comma-separated-list */ + ul.wl li{ + display:inline; + + } + ul.wl li::before{ + content:", "; + white-space:pre; + } + ul.wl li:first-child::before{ + content:""; + } + ul.wl li:last-child::before{ + content:" & "; + white-space:pre; + } + + +dl#words i { + margin-top: 1em; +} + +dl#words dt { + color: #CCCCCC; + border-bottom:1px dotted #666666; +} + +dl#words dd span.s a { + color: #EEEEEE; +} + +dl#words dt span.w { + padding: 0.1em; + background: rgb(40, 21, 110) none repeat scroll 0%; + color: white; +} + +#footer { + font-size: smaller; + color: gray; + text-align: center; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ui.js b/ui.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1804ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/ui.js @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +function random_cluster(till){ + return function(){ + var n = Math.floor(Math.random()*till); + window.location = "#c" + n; + } +} + +function scroller(offset, repeat_code){ + var MAX_STEPS = 10; + var INCREMENT = 10; + var REPEAT_FREQ = 30; + + var timer; + var steps=0; + + function scrollABit(){ + if (steps > MAX_STEPS){ + clearTimeout(timer); + steps = 0; + }else{ + window.scrollBy(0, INCREMENT * offset); + steps = steps + 1; + timer = setTimeout(repeat_code, REPEAT_FREQ); + } + } + return scrollABit; +} + +var scroll_down = scroller(+1, "scroll_down()"); +var scroll_up = scroller(-1, "scroll_up()"); + +function scroll_to(index){ + return function(){ + window.location = "#c" + index; + } +} + +$(document).shortkeys({ + 'n': scroll_down, + 'p': scroll_up, + 'r': random_cluster(total), + 'u': random_cluster(200), + 'i': random_cluster(500), + '0': scroll_to("1"), + '1': scroll_to("100"), + '2': scroll_to("200"), + '3': scroll_to("300"), + '4': scroll_to("400"), + '5': scroll_to("500"), + '6': scroll_to("600"), + '7': scroll_to("700"), + '8': scroll_to("800"), + '9': scroll_to("900"), +}); + + diff --git a/wl/33new.txt.wl b/wl/33new.txt.wl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c786477 --- /dev/null +++ b/wl/33new.txt.wl @@ -0,0 +1,4863 @@ +* abase lower; degrade; humiliate; make humble; make (oneself) lose self-respect +* abash embarrass +* abate subside or moderate +- abbreviate shorten +* abdicate renounce; give up (position, right, or responsibility) ++ aberrant abnormal or deviant ++ aberration deviation from the normal; mental disorder +* abet assist usually in doing something wrong; encourage +* abeyance suspended action +* abhor detest; hate +* abject (of a condition) wretched; as low as possible; lacking pride; very humble; showing lack of self-respect; Ex. abject apology +* abjure renounce upon oath +* ablution washing +* abnegation renunciation; self-sacrifice; self-abnegation +- abolish cancel; put an end to +* abominate loathe; hate +* abominable detestable; extremely unpleasant ++ aboriginal being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native; indigenous; N. aborigine +* abortive unsuccessful; fruitless + abrasive rubbing away; tending to grind down ++ abridge condense or shorten +* abrogate abolish +* abscission cutting off; separation +* abscond depart secretly and hide +- absolute complete; totally unlimited; having complete power; certain; not relative; Ex. absolute honesty/ruler; CF. absolutism +* absolve pardon (an offense) +- abstain refrain; withhold from participation; intentionally not use one's vote; ±â±ÇÇÏ´Ù +* abstemious sparing in eating and drinking; temperate ++ abstinence restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote +- abstract theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentational ++ representational (of a style of art) showing things as they actually appear in real life +* abstruse obscure; profound; difficult to understand +- abusive coarsely insulting; physically harmful +* abut border upon; adjoin +- abysmal bottomless +- abyss enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit +- academic related to a school; not practical or directly useful +* accede agree +- accelerate move faster +- accessible easy to approach; obtainable +- accessory additional object; useful but not essential thing + acclaim applaud; praise; greet with great approval; announce with great approval; Ex. The new drung has been acclaimed as the most important discoveries for years; N: strong expression of approval and praise +* acclimate adjust to climate or environment; adapt +* acclivity sharp upslope of a hill; OP. declivity +* accolade award of merit; strong praise and approval +- merit good quality deserving praise; merits: aspect of character or behavior deserving approval or disapproval; Ex. judge each plan on its own merits; V: deserve; earn +- demerit fault; bad quality +- earn gain for the performance of service or labor; gain (something that one deserves); deserve +- accommodate oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommodative; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging +* accomplice partner in crime +- accord agreement +* accost approach and speak first to a person + accoutre equip; N. accoutrement +* accretion growth or increase in size by gradual addition; growth; increase; increase by natural growth; Ex. towers and other accretions of the castle; V. accrete + accrue come to one as a gain; accumulate over time; come about by addition; Ex. benefits that accrue from scientific research; Ex. interest accruing in a bank account; N. accrual +* acerbity bitterness of speech and temper; ADJ. acerbic: bitter; acrid (in taste, manner, or tone) +- bitter having a sharp biting taste; ¾´; causing sharp pain to the body or mind; filled with resentment, disappointment, or other unpleasant feelings; Ex. bitter wind/sorrow/tears +- biting sharply painful to the body or mind; Ex. biting wind/remarks +- acetic vinegary +* acidulous slightly sour (in taste or manner); sharp; caustic +- acknowledge recognize; admit ++ acme peak; pinnacle; highest point +- acoustics science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in +* acquiesce assent; agree passively; comply without protest + acquittal deliverance from a charge; V. acquit: free from a charge or accusation; discharge from a duty; conduct (oneself) in a specified manner +* acrid bitter (to the taste or smell); sharp; bitterly pungent +* acrimonious stinging; caustic; bitter in words or manner; N. acrimony: bitter ill-natured animosity in speech or behavior ++ acrophobia fear of heights + actuarial calculating; pertaining to insurance statistics + actuary someone who advises insurance companies +* actuate motivate; activate; cause to act +- acuity sharpness (of mind or senses of sight or hearing) +* acumen mental keenness; sharpness of judgment; ability to judge quickly and well; Ex. business acumen +- acute (of the senses) sharp; quickly perceptive; keen; penetrating; brief and severe; Ex. acute sense of smell/analysis/pain ++ adage wise saying; proverb +- proverb adage; someone or something well known for notoriety; ADJ. proverbial: of a proverb; widely known; ADV. proverbially ++ adamant hard; inflexible +- adapt make or become suitable for a specific use; alter; modify; adjust; N. adaptation: act of adapting; composition recast into a new form; Ex. The play is an adaption of a short novel. +- addendum addition; appendix to book; something that is added (as at the end of a speech or book) +- addiction compulsive habitual need + addle make or become confused; muddle; drive crazy; become rotten (egg) +- address direct a speech to; speak to; deal with or discuss; direct one's efforts or attention to; make with a destination; N: formal speech +- adept expert at; very skilled +- adhere stick fast; be a devotd follower; N. adhesion: adhering; devotion; loyality +- adherent supporter; follower +- adjacent adjoining; neighboring; close by +- adjoin be next to ++ adjourn suspend until a later time; move from one place to another +- adjunct something attached to but holding an inferior position + adjuration solemn urging; V. adjure: entreat earnestly; enjoin solemnly + adjutant staff officer assisting the commander; assistant +* admonish warn or speak to with gentle disapproval; reprove +- adore love deeply and respect highly +- adorn decorate ++ adroit skillful (in using mind or hand) + +* adulation flattery; admiration that is more than is necessary or deserved +- adulterate make impure or of poorer quality by adding inferior or tainted(contaminated) substances +* advent arrival + adventitious accidental; casual; happening by chance +* adversary opponent; enemy +- adverse going against; opposing; unfavorable; hostile ++ adversity great hardship or affliction; misfortune; calamitous event + advert refer +- advocacy support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something +- advocate speak in favor of; support (an idea or plan); urge; plead for ++ aegis shield; protection; defense + aerie(aery,eyrie,eyry) nest of a large bird of prey +- aesthetic artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciating the beautiful (of a person or building); CF. aesthete; CF. aesthetics + affable easily approachable; easy to talk to; warmly friendly +- affected artificial; pretended +* affidavit written statement made under oath (for use as proof in a court of law) +- affiliation joining; associating with +* affinity feeling of kinship; similarity; Ex. strong affinity for her; Ex. many affinities between two languages +- affirmation positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath; V. affirm; ADJ. affirmative; CF. affirmative action: positive discrimination +- affliction state of distress; trial; cause of distress or suffering; V. afflict: inflict grievous suffering on + affluence abundance; wealth + affront insult; offense; intentional act of disrespect; V: insult or hurt the feelings of intentionally +- agape openmouthed +- agenda items of business at a meeting +- agglomeration collection; heap; V. agglomerate: gather into a rounded mass; N. aggolmeate: jumbled mass; heap +* aggrandize make greater; increase in power, wealth, rank, or honor; N. aggrandizement +- aggregate sum; total; ADJ. V: gather into a mass or whole; accumulate; add up to; Ex. aggregate 100 dollars + aghast filled with great surprise or fear; horrified +- agility nimbleness; ability to move quickly +- agitate stir up; disturb +- agnostic one who is skeptical of the existence or knowability of a god or any ultimate reality + agog highly excited; intensely curious +* agrarian pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform ++ alacrity cheerful promptness without reluctance +- alchemy medieval chemistry + alcove nook; recess +- alias an assumed name esp. by a criminal (usually to mislead people); ADV. alias +- alienate make unfriendly or hostile; estrange; separate; change the ownership of + alimentary supplying nourishment +- alimony payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce +* allay calm; pacify ++ allege state without proof +* allegiance loyalty +- allegory story, play, or picture in which characters are used as symbols; fable +- alleviate relieve (pain) +* alliteration repetition of beginning sound in poetry +- allocate assign; set apart for a particular purpose +* earmark set aside (money or time) for a particular purpose +- alloy mixture as of metals; something added that lowers in value or purity; V: mix; make less pure; lower in value or quality; spoil; CF. unalloyed: not in mixture with other maetals; pure; complete; unqualified; Ex. unalloyed happiness +- allude refer indirectly; N. allusion: indirect reference +- allure entice; attract; tempt + siren apparatus for making sounds; womanlike creature +- alluvial pertaining to soil deposits left by running water +* aloof apart; not open in one's relationship with other people; reserved; ADV. + aloft upward; high up in the air +- altercation noisy quarrel +- altruistic unselfishly generous; concerned for others; N. altiruism: unselfish concern for the welfare of others; unselfishness; OP. egoism +- amalgamate (of societies or groups) combine; unite in one body +- amalgam combination of different things; mixture of metals (containing mercury) used for filling holes in teeth + amass collect (gradually, in a very large amount) +* amazon female warrior +- ambidextrous capable of using either hand with equal ease +- ambience environment; atmosphere; Ex. restraurant with a pleasant ambience; ADJ. ambient: completely surrounding; Ex. ambient temperature +- ambiguous unclear or doubtful in meaning; having more than one possible interpretation ++ ambivalence the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes or opinions +* amble walking at an easy unhurried pace; V: walk slowly and aimlessly + ambrosia food of the gods +- nectar drink of the gods; sweet liquid collected by bees + ambulatory able to walk ++ ameliorate improve +* amenable obedient; compliant; readily managed; responsive; willing to be led; answerable or accountable legally; responsible; able to be tested by; Ex. amenable to sensible suggestions; Ex. He is very amenable; Ex. amenable to the usual tests +- amend correct; change ; generally for the better ++ amenities convenient features that helps to make life pleasant; social courtesies ++ amiable agreeable; lovable; warmly friendly +* amicable peaceful; politely friendly; not quarrelsome; Ex. amicable settlement +* amiss wrong; faulty; Ex. something amiss; ADV. +- amity friendship; peaceful relationship as between nations +- amnesia loss of memory +* amnesty pardon (allowed by government to political criminals) +- amoral nonmoral; having no understanding of right and wrong +- amorous moved by sexual love; loving; of sexual love; Ex. amorous advances +- amorphous formless; lacking shape or definition +- amphibian able to live both on land and in water; N. + amphitheater oval building with tiers of seats; CF. arena +- ample enough; abundant; spacious; large in size; Ex. ample opportunity/garden; N. amplitude: quality of being ample; abundance; largeness of space +- amplify increase in size or effect; expand; broaden or clarify by expanding; intensify; make stronger; Ex. amplify one's remarks with a graph + amputate cut off part of body; prune (a limb) + amok(amuck) in a state of rage; Ex. run amok + amulet charm; talisman; an object worn believed to protect against evil, bad luck + anachronism an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time; ADJ. anachronistic + analgesic causing insensitivity to pain; N. + analgesia condition of being unable to feel pain +- analogous comparable; similar +- analogy similarity; parallelism; comparing two similar things +* anarchist person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority ++ anarchy absence of governing body; state of disorder + anathema solemn curse; someone or something regarded as a curse; V. anathematize +- ancestry family descent; ADJ. ancestral +- anchor secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; N. anchorage + ancillary serving as an aid or accessory; auxiliary; N. +* anecdote short story of an amusing or interesting event + anemia condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles; ADJ. anemic + anesthetic substance that removes sensation with or without loss of consciousness; N. anesthesia ++ anguish acute pain; extreme suffering + angular sharp-cornered; having an angle; not rounded (body); bony; lean; gaunt; stiff in manner + animadversion critical remark; V. animadvert: comment critically with disapproval + animated lively; spirited + animosity active enmity + animus hostile feeling or intent; animosity; hostility; disposition + annals records arranged in yearly parts; history + anneal reduce brittleness and improve toughness by heating and cooling (metal or glass) + annex attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate (territory) into a larger existing political unit (by force); N: building added to a large one + annihilate destroy + annotate comment; make explanatory notes + annuity yearly allowance + annul make void + elope run away secretly with the intention of getting married +* anodyne drug that relieves pain or trouble; ÁøÅëÁ¦; opiate; ADJ. Ex. anodyne statement + anoint consecrate; put oil on (in a religious ceremony) ++ anomalous abnormal; irregular +* anomaly irregularity + anonymity state of being nameless; anonymousness; ADJ. anonymous +* antagonism hostility; active opposition; V. antagonize: cause to become an enemy; N. antagonist: person who is opposed to another; opponent; adversary; principal character in oppostion to the protagonist ++ protagonist leader or noticeable supporter of an idea; chief character in a play or story +* antecede precede +* antecedents preceding events that influence what comes later; ancestors or early background + antediluvian antiquated; extremely ancient +- anthem song of praise or patriotism; Ex. national anthem +* anthology book of literary selections by various authors; CF. omnibus +* anthropoid manlike; resembling a human being; N. +- anthropologist student of the history and science of humankind +* anthropomorphic having human form or characteristics +* anticlimax letdown in thought or emotion; something unexciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting +- antidote remedy to counteract a poison or disease; Ex. antidote to the economic troubles ++ antipathy aversion; dislike or opposition + antiquated obsolete; old-fashioned; outdated + antique made in an earlier period and usu. valuable; N: object that was made in an earlier period and that is rare or valuable + antiquity quality of being very old; ancient times; °í´ë +- antiseptic substance that prevents infection in a wound; ADJ. ++ antithesis contrast; direct opposite of or to; ADJ. antithetic or antithetical +* antler bony growth on the head of a deer + anvil iron block used in hammering out metals +- apathy lack of caring; indifference; lack of concern or interest in important matters; Ex. He was sunk in apathy after his failure; ADJ. apathetic +* ape imitate or mimic (a person's behavior or manner) +- aperture opening; hole; adjustable opening in a camera that limits the amount of light +- apex tip; summit; climax; highest point + aphasia loss of speech due to injury or illness +* aphorism pithy maxim or saying; ADJ. aphoristic + apiary a place where bees are kept + hive box for bees; V: cause to go in a hive + apiculture bee-keeping + apiarist person who keeps bees + aplomb poise; composure in difficult situations; assurance; self-confidence + poise good judgment with composure; balance; V: place in a carefully balanced position + apocalyptic prophetic; pertaining to revelations especially of disaster; N. apocalypse ++ apocryphal (of a story) widely believed but untrue + apogee highest point; the point farthest from the earth; OP. perigee + apolitical having an aversion or lack of concern for political affairs + apologist one who writes in defense of a cause or institution; N. apologia + apoplexy stroke; loss of consciousness caused by too much blood in the brain +* apostate one who abandons his religious faith or political beliefs; N. apostasy + apothecary druggist; pharmacist + apothegm(apophthegm) pithy, compact saying +* apotheosis elevation to godhood; an ideal example of something +* appall dismay; shock deeply ++ apparition ghost; phantom ++ appease pacify or soothe; Ex. appease a crying baby; N. appeasement + appellation name; title +- append attach +- application diligent attention; diligence; V. apply oneself +* apposite appropriate; fitting +* appraise estimate value of; N. appraisal +- appreciate be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of; ADJ. appreciable: enough to be felt; Ex. appreciable difference + apprehend arrest (a criminal); dread; perceive; N. apprehension + apprehensive fearful; discerning +* apprise inform +* approbation approval +* appropriate acquire; take possession of for one's own use without permission; set aside for a particular purpose; allocate; CF. misappropriate + appurtenances subordinate possessions; something added to a more important thing +* apropos with reference to; regarding; Ex. remarks apropos (of) the present situation; ADJ. ADV. +- aptitude fitness; talent +* aquiline curved; hooked; of or like an eagle; Ex. aquiline nose +* arable fit for growing crops; Ex. arable land +* arbiter person with power to decide a matter in dispute; judge who is in a position ot make influential judgments; Ex. supreme arbiter of fashion in beachware + arbitrary unreasonable or capricious; random; tyrannical; Ex. arbitrary ruler + arbitrate act as judge (at the request of both sides) + arboretum place where different trees and shrubs are studied and exhibited +* arboreal of or living in trees + arcade a covered passageway usually lined with shops ++ arcane esoteric; secret; mysterious; known only to the initiated; Ex. arcane ritual; Ex. arcane process closed to the uninitiated listener +* archaeology study of artifacts and relics of early mankind +* archaic antiquated; no longer used; belonging to the past; N. ++ archetype prototype; primitive pattern + arch- chief; first; Ex. archbishop + archipelago group of closely located islands +- archives public records; place where public records are kept +* ardor heat; passion; zeal; ADJ. ardent +* arduous hard; strenuous; Ex. arduous work + argot slang; speech spoken by only a small group of people + aria operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio + arid (of land) dry; barren; unproductive +- aristocracy hereditary nobility; privileged class; government by nobility; N. aristocrat + armada fleet of warships +- aromatic fragrant; having a sweet smell; N. aroma: strong pleasant smell + arraign charge in court; indict +* array marshal; draw up in order; arrange in order; clothe splendidly; adorn; N: fine clothes; ordered group; Ex. in battle array + arrears being in debt; money that should have been paid; work that should have been done + arrhythmic lacking rhythm or regularity; N. arrhythmia +- arrogance pride; haughtiness; ADJ. arrogant: unpleasantly self-important (with a strong confidence in one's own importance and a lack of respect for other people) + arroyo gully; narrow channel formed by rainwater + artery blood-vessel; CF. vein ++ articulate effective; distinct; expressing ideas clearly; having clear sounds; having joints; Ex. articulate speech; V: express thoughts and feeling clearly; pronounce clearly; unite by joints +* arsenal storage place for military equipment +* artifacts object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced +* artifice deception; trickery +* artisan a manually skilled worker +* artless without guile; open and honest + ascendancy controlling influence; position of controlling influence; CF. in the ascendant ++ ascertain find out for certain; make certain +- ascetic practicing self-denial; avoiding physical pleasures and comforts; austere; Ex. ascetic life of Buddhist monks; N. asceticism +* ascribe refer; attribute; assign + aseptic preventing infection; having a cleansing effect + ashen ash-colored; deadly pale ++ asinine stupid; Ex. asinine remarks + askance with a sideways or indirect look (with disapproval or distruct); Ex. look askance at + askew crookedly; slanted; at an angle +* asperity sharpness; roughness; severity (of temper or weather); Ex. asperities of a Russian winter +* aspersion slanderous remark; Ex. cast aspersions on +- aspirant seeker after position or status +- aspire seek to attain (position or status); long for; Ex. aspire to become president; Ex. aspire to/after the leadership +* assail assault +* assay analyze (to discover what materials are present); evaluate (soil or ore) +* assent agree; accept; N. assessment +- assert state strongly or positively; demand recognition of (rights, claims, etc.); make a claim to (by forceful action); Ex. assert one's independence ++ assiduous diligent +* assimilate absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the wasy of behaving or thinking) +* assuage make less severe; ease or lessen (pain); satisfy (hunger); soothe (anger) + assumption something taken for granted; the taking over or taking possession of; Ex. her assumption of power; V. assume + regent a person who governs in place of a ruler who is ill, absent, or still a child; ADJ. Ex. the Prince regent + assurance firm statement that something is certainly true; promise or pledge; certainty; confidence in one's own ability; self-confidence; Ex. In spite of all his assurances, he did not come back; Ex. assurance of his loyalty; Ex. The teacher lacked assurance in fron of his class; V. assure; tell firmly with confidence; ensure; make (something) certain to heappen; make (someone) feel sure; give confidence to; ADJ. assured: self-assured; confident in one's own ability; showing certainty ++ asteroid small planet + astigmatism eye defect which prevents proper focus; OP. stigmatism + +- astral relating to the stars + astringent binding; causing contraction (stopping bleeding); harsh or severe; stringent; Ex. astringent criticism +- astronomical enormously large or extensive + astute wise; shrewd; keen; seeing quickly something that is to one's advantage + asunder into parts; apart; V. sunder + asylum place of refuge or shelter; protection (religious or political) + asymmetric not identical on both sides of a dividing central line + atavism resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to parents; reversion to an earlier type; throwback; ADJ. atavistic + atheistic denying the existence of God; N. atheism + atone make amends for; pay for; Ex. atone for + atrocity brutal deed; ADJ. atrocious + atrophy wasting away; V: weaken and lose flesh and muscle (through lack of blood or lack of use) +- attentive alert and watchful; listening carefully; paying attention; considerate; thoughtful; politely helpful; Ex. attentive audience; Ex. He was attentive to the old lady; N. attentions: act of courtesy and consideration +- attenuate make thin; weaken +- attest testify; bear witness +- attribute essential quality; V: ascribe; explain +* attrition rubbing away by friction; gradual decrease in numbers or strength; reduction in the work force without firing employees; wearing away of opposition by means of harassment; Ex. a war of attrition +- atypical not normal; not typical +- audacious daring; bold; N. audacity ++ audit examination of accounts of a business; official examination; V. +* augment increase; add to +* augury omen; prophecy; sign of coming events; V. augur: predict; foretell; be a sign of (something in future) +* august impressive; majestic +- aureole sun's corona; halo; bright circle of light + auroral pertaining to the aurora borealis; CF. aurora australis +- auspicious favoring success; giving signs of future success; Cf. auspices +- austere forbiddingly stern; ascetic; without comfort or enjoyment; severely simple and unornamented; Ex. a monk's austere life; Ex. austere grandeur of the cathedral; N. austerity + authenticate prove genuine + authoritarian subordinating the individual to the state; completely dominating another's will; Ex. authoritarian regime/father + authoritative having the weight of authority; regarded as providing knowledge that can be trusted; reliable; peremptory and dictatorial; Ex. authoritative dictionary/manner; CF. definitive + autocratic having absolute unchecked power; dictatorial; N. autocrat, autocracy +- automaton mechanism that imitates actions of humans; machine that works by itself +- autonomous self-governing; N. autonomy ++ autopsy examination of a dead body; postmortem; V. + auxiliary offering or providing help; additional or subsidiary; N: helper; assistant ++ avalanche great mass of falling snow and ice ++ avarice greediness for wealth + avenge take vengence for something or on behalf of someone; Ex. They avenged his death by burning the village; Ex. He swore to avenge his brother; Ex. They avenged themselves on their enemy. +* aver state confidently; declare as true + averse reluctant; disinclined; not liking or opposed; Ex. averse to cats/doing the house work + aversion firm dislike + avert prevent; avoid; turn away (eyes or thought); Ex. An accident was averted by his quick thinking; Ex. She averted her eyes from the terrible sight. +* aviary enclosure for birds; large cage +* avid greedy; extremely eager for; Ex. avid learner; N. avidity +* avocation secondary or minor occupation ++ avow declare openly; N. avowal + avuncular of or like an uncle +- awe solemn wonder; feeling of respect mixed with wonder and fear; V: fill with awe; ADJ. awesome +- awful terrible; very bad + awl pointed tool used for piercing + awry distorted; crooked; bent; Ex. Our plans have gone awry. + axiom self-evident truth requiring no proof + azure sky blue +* babble chatter idly or foolishly; make continuous sounds like water running gently over rounded stone; N. + bacchanalian drunken + bacchanal noisy party with a lot of drinking + Bacchanalia the ancient Roman festival in honor of Bacchus + badger pester; annoy continually with demands; persuade by asking again and again; Ex. The children badgered me into taking them into the cinema; N: a kind of mountain animal +* badinage teasing conversation; banter; joking talk + baffle frustrate; perplex + bait harass; tease; torment; Ex. badger baiting; N: food or other lure used to catch fish or trap animals + baleful evil; malignant in intent or effect; deadly; having a malign influence; portending evil; ominous; threatening; Ex. baleful look + balk stop short, as if faced with an obstacle, and refuse to continue; foil; stop or get in the way of; frustrate + ballast heavy substance used to add stability or weight; V. supply with ballast + balm something that relieves pain; oily liquid with a pleasant smell from trees + pang sudden sharp feeling of pain + balmy soft and mild (of air); fragrant +* banal hackneyed; commonplace; trite; lacking originality; clich\'ed + bandy discuss lightly or glibly; discuss in a frivolous manner; exchange (words) heatedly; quarrel; Ex. bandy words with + bane posion; cause of ruin; ADJ. baneful: harmful; poisonous ++ bantering joking talk; good-naturedly ridiculing; N.V. banter + barb sharp projection from fishhook, arrow, or other object; openly cutting remark +* bard poet + barefaced shameless and noticeable; blatant; bold; unconcealed; having no covering on the face; Ex. barefaced lie + unregenerate making no attempt to change one's bad practices +* baroque highly ornate + barrage barrier laid down by artillery fire; overwhelming profusion; large number of questions or statements; Ex. a barrage of criticism + barrister counselor-at-law or lawyer in the higher court of law; CF. bar + solicitor lawyer in the lower court of law + barterer trader; V. barter: trade; exchange good for other goods rather than money + bask luxuriate; take pleasure in warmth +* luxuriate take pleasure in great comfort + bastion stronghold; something seen as a source of protection; Ex. the last bastion of male chauvinism + bate let down; lessen the force of; moderate; restrain; Ex. with bated breath; CF. abate + bauble trinket; cheap jewel; trifle +* bawdy indecent; obscene; about sex in a rude funny way; CF. bawd +* beatific giving or showing bliss; blissful +- bliss complete happiness; ADJ. blissful + beatitude blessedness; state of great happiness +- mystic of hidden meaning and spiritual power; Ex. mystic ceremonies; N. CF. mysticism +* bedizen dress with vulgar finery +* finery beautiful clothes for a special occasion + bedraggle wet thoroughly; ADJ. bedraggled: draggled + beeline direct quick route + befuddle confuse thoroughly + fuddle make stupid or confused as with alcholic drink; N. in a fuddle: confused + beget father; become the father of; produce; give rise to +* begrudge envy; give or allow unwillingly; grudge; Ex. We shouldn't begrudge him his success. +* grudge deep feeling of dislike; Ex. grudge fight; V. +* beguile deceive; mislead or delude; cheat; pass time pleasantly; charm or attract; Ex. beguiling smile + behemoth huge creature; something of monstrous size or power + beholden obligated; indebted; owing thanks; obliged or indebted from gratitude +* behoove(behove) be suited to; be incumbent upon; be right and necessary; Ex. It behooves one to do. + belabor harp on; dwell on tediously; explain or go over excessively or to a ridiculous degree; assail verbally; beat severely; attack physically + belated delayed + beleaguer besiege or attack (with an army); harass; beset ++ belie contradict; give a false impression; disguise; Ex. The poor sales belied our high hopes; Ex. Her smile belies her true feeling of displeasure. ++ belittle disparage; depreciate +* bellicose warlike ++ belligerent quarrelsome +* bemoan lament; moan for; express sorrow or disapproval of +* bemused confused; lost in thought; preoccupied ++ benediction blessing ++ benefactor gift giver; patron; person who does good or who gives money for a good purpose +- beneficent kindly; doing good +- beneficial helpful; useful; advantageous +* beneficiary person entitled to benefits or proceeds of an insurance policy or will +- benefit advantage; anything that brings helpl, advantage, or profit; money provided by the government to the people; fund-raising public entertainment; Ex. unemployment benefit; V: receive benefits; be beneficial to; give benefits +- benevolent generous; charitable; having a wish to do good +- benign kindly; favorable; not malignant (disease); Ex. benign tumor + benison blessing + bent determined; Ex. bent on advancing in the business; N: natural talent or inclination + bequeath leave to someone by means of a will; hand down in his will; N. bequest + berate scold strongly + bereavement state of being deprived of something valuable or beloved; state of being bereaved or bereft +* bereaved deprived of (someone beloved through death) +* bereft deprived of (something valuable); lacking +* berserk mad with violent anger; frenzied; madly excited +* beseech beg; plead with + beset harass or trouble from all directions; hem in + hem surround tightly so that movement is impossible; Ex. hem in; N. +* besiege surround with armed forces; harass (with requests); annoy continually + besmirch soil; defile; make dirty +* bestial beastlike; brutal; inhuman; very cruel +* bestow confer +* betoken signify; indicate; be a sign of +- token outward sign; Ex. a token of our gratitude +- betray be unfaithful; reveal (unconsciously or unwillingly); Ex. Her trembling hands betray her anxiety. +* betroth become engaged to marry + bevy large group; Ex. a bevy of starlets ++ bicameral two-chambered as a legislative body +* bicker quarrel +* biennial every two years +- bifurcated divided into two branches; forked ++ bigotry stubborn intolerance ++ bigot one who is intolerant (in matters of religion or politics) +- intolerant not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own; CF. tolerant; CF. tolerate ++ bilious suffering from indigestion; sick from having too much bile; irritable; easily irritated + bilk swindle; cheat + billowing swelling out in waves; surging + billow large wave of water; a great swell or surge (of smoke); V: surge, swell, roll in billows + swell long wave of water that moves continuously without breaking; V. + surge powerful movement of or like a wave; V. +* bivouac temporary encampment; camp without tents; V. +- bizarre fantastic; violently contrasting; noticeably odd; strikingly unconventional + blanch bleach; whiten; make white or pale + bland soothing or mild (food); agreeable; causing no trouble or offence +* blandishment flattery + blare loud or harsh roar or screech; dazzling blaze of light + screech unpleasant high sharp sound; shriek; V. + dazzle make blind with a sudden intense light; amaze; fill with wonder + blas\'e bored with pleasure or dissipation; uninterested or bored +* blasphemy irreverence; sacrilege; cursing; bad language about God or holy things; V. blasphem; ADJ. blasphemous; CF. sacrilege +* blatant extremely (offensively) obvious; loudly offensive; Ex. blatant lie; N. blatancy +* bleak cold or cheerless; frigid; unlikely to be favorable; depressing + blighted suffering from a disease; destroyed + blight plant disease; V: infect with blight; ruin; destroy + blithe(blithesome) gay; joyous +* bloated (unpleasantly) swollen or puffed as with water or air +* blowhard talkative boaster; braggart + bludgeon club; heavy-headed weapon; V. + bluff pretense (of strength); deception; high cliff; ADJ: rough but good-natured +- blunder error; stupid mistake +* blurt utter impulsively from nervousness or excitement +* bluster blow in heavy gusts; threaten emptily; bully; speak in a noisy or bullying manner; CF. breeze, gust, gale +* bully one who is habitually cruel to weaker people; V. + bode foreshadow; portend +* bogus counterfeit; not authentic; intentionally false; Ex. bogus interview +* bohemian unconventional (in an artistic way) ++ boisterous violent; rough; noisy +* bolster support; reinforce + bolt door bar; fastening pin or screw; length of fabric; large roll of cloth; V: dash or dart off; fasten (a door); gobble down + dart move or throw suddenly and quickly +* gobble eat very quickly ++ bombardment attack (as with missiles or bombs); V. bombard ++ bombastic pompous; using inflated language ++ bombast grandiloquent, pompous speech +- boon blessing; benefit; something very helpful +* boorish rude; insensitive +* boor rude, insensitive person + bouillon clear beef (or meat) soup + bountiful generous; graciously generous; showing bounty +* gracious kind in a generous way (to someone less important) +* bourgeois middle class; selfishly materialistic; too interested in material possessions +* bovine cowlike; placid and dull; slow-thinking; calm + bowdlerize expurgate; CF. Thomas Bowdler + brackish somewhat saline +* braggadocio boasting +- brag boast +* braggart boaster; bragger +* brandish wave around (a weapon); flourish +* bravado swagger; assumed air of defiance; false show of bravery +* swagger walk or behave with an over-confident manner ++ brawn human muscle; muscular strength; sturdiness ++ brawny muscular; having well-developed muscles +- sturdy strong and firm (in the body) + brazen insolent; without shame; bold; Ex. brazen lie; V: face with bold self-assurance or with unshamed confidence + brawl noisy quarrel- breach breaking of contract or duty; fissure or gap; opening; V. +- breadth width; extent ++ brevity conciseness; shortness of duration + brindled tawny or grayish with streaks or spots (of animals) + tawny brownish yellow + bristling rising like bristles; showing irritation + bristle short stiff hair; V: (hair or fur) stand up stiffly + brittle hard but easily broken; difficult; unstable; Ex. brittle situation + broach introduce as a subject; moot; open up + brocade rich, figured(patterned) fabric + brochure pamphlet + brooch ornamental clasp; pin + clasp hold firmly within arms + brook tolerate; endure; Ex. brook no interference; N: small stream + browbeat bully; intimidate + browse graze; feed on growing grass; skim or glance at casually + graze (of an animal) feed on growing grass; cause (an animal) to feed on grass; scrape (esp. the skin) or touch lightly in passing; brush; Ex. We can't graze the cattle till summer; N: surface wound + skim read or glance through quickly; touch lightly in passing; brush; remove from the surface of a liquid + brunt main impact or shock (of an attack or blow); Ex. brunt of the argument + brusque blunt; abrupt; curt; not wanting to waste time being nice + buccaneer pirate +* bucolic rustic; pastoral + buffet strike forcefully; slap; batter; knock out; N: table with food set out for people to server themselves; meal at which people help themselves to food that's been set + slap hit quickly with the flat part of the hand; N. CF. smack + buffoonery clowning + buffoon stupid person; clown +- clown act stupidly; play the fool; N. + bugaboo bugbear; object of baseless terror + bullion gold and silver in the form of bars + bulwark strong wall built for defense; earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends + bungle mismanage; blunder; botch; blow; spoil by clumsy behavior + botch mismanage; blow + buoyant able to float; cheerful and optimistic; N. buoyancy; Ex. buoyancy of wood/water/American market +- bureaucracy overregulated administrative system marked by red tape; ADJ. bureaucratic +- burgeon grow rapidly; grow forth; send out buds; Ex. burgeoning computer industry; CF. bludgeon +* burlesque give an imitation that ridicules; imitate mockingly +* burnish make shiny by rubbing; polish +* buttress support; prop up; N. stationary structure to support wall; Ex. flying buttress +* prop support placed under or against something; V. + buxom full-bosomed; plump; jolly + plump pleasantly fat; nicely rounded + cabal small group of persons secretly united to promote their own interests + cache hiding place; V. + cacophonous discordant; inharmonious; N. cacophony: unpleasant mixture of loud sounds ++ cadaver corpse; dead human body ++ cadaverous like a corpse; pale + cadence rhythmic rise and fall (of words or sounds); beat; regular beat of sound; rhythm +* cajole persuade by praise or false promise; coax; wheedle +* coax persuade by flattery +* calamity disaster; misery +- calculated deliberately planned; likely + caldron(cauldron) large kettle +* caliber ability; quality; diameter of the inside of a round cylinder; Ex. work of very high caliber +- calligraphy beautiful writing; excellent penmanship +* callous hardened; unfeeling; without sympathy for the sufferings of others; unkind +* callus area of thick hard skin +* callow youthful; immature; inexperienced +* calorific heat-producing; N. calorie + calumny malicious misrepresentation; slander + camaraderie good-fellowship; CF. comrade + cameo shell or jewel carved in relief; star's special appearance in a minor role in a film + canard unfounded false rumor; exaggerated false report +* candor frankness; open honesty; ADJ. candid + canine related to dogs; doglike + canker any ulcerous sore; ulcer; any evil; CF. cancer +- ulcer sore place appearing on the skin inside or outside the body; Ex. stomach ulcer; ADJ. ulcerous; V. ulcerate +* canny shrewd in money matters; thrifty +* cant insincere speech or expression of piety; jargon of thieves; special words used by a particular group of people +* cantankerous ill-humored; irritable + cantata story set to music to be sung by a chorus (shorter than an oratorio) + canter slow gallop; V. CF. trot + + canto division of a long poem + canvass determine or seek opinions, votes, etc.; go through (a region) to solicit votes or orders; conduct a survey; N. + capacious spacious +- capacity mental or physical ability; role; position or duty; ability to accommodate; Ex. in my capacity as president + capillary having a very fine bore; resembling a hair; fine and slender; Ex. capillary attraction; N: very fine hairlike tube; CF. capillarity + capitulate surrender; give up all resistance ++ caprice whim; sudden change of mind without any real cause ++ capricious unpredictable; fickle +- caption title; chapter heading; text under illustration +* captious faultfinding; too critical +* carafe glass water bottle; decanter +* carapace shell covering the back (of a turtle, tortoise, crab, etc.) +* carat(karat) unit of weight for precious stones; measure of the purity of gold +* carcinogenic causing cancer; N. carcinogen +- cardinal chief; most important; N: priest; cardinal number: number that shows quantity rather thatn order +- cardiologist doctor specializing in ailments of the heart +* careen lurch; sway from side to side; move with irregular swinging movement; stagger +* career rush wildly; go at full speed +* sway swing from side to side; influence (someone) to change one's opinion; N. + caricature distortion; burlesque + carillon a set of bells (often in a tower) capable of being played +* carnage destruction of life; slaughter; killing of large numbers of people or animals + carnal fleshly; sensual; concerning the desires of the body + carnivorous meat-eating; N. carnivore; CF. herbivore +* carousal drunken revel; V. carouse +* carping petty criticism; fault-finding; fretful complaining; quibble +* carrion rotting flesh of a dead body; CF. vulture +* cartographer map-maker +* cascade small waterfall +- caste one of the hereditary classes in Hindu society; social stratification; prestige +* castigation punishment; severe criticism or disapproval + casualty serious or fatal accident; person killed or wounded in an accident or battle +- casual happening by chance; irregular; occasional; informal; showing or feeling little interest; Ex. casual reader/labor/remark + cataclysm deluge; upheaval; earthquake; violent and sudden event or change +- catalyst agent which brings about a chemical change while it remains unaffected and unchanged; CF. catalysis ++ catapult slingshot; hurling machine; V: fire from catapult +* hurl throw forcefully; shout out violently + cataract great waterfall; eye abnormality (causing a gradual loss of eyesight) +- catastrophe calamity ; disaster + catcall shout of disapproval or displeasure (made at the theater or a sports match); boo; V. + catechism book for religious instruction in question-and-answer form; religious instruction by question and answer; V. catechize + categorical without exceptions; made without any doubt in mind; unqualified; absolute +- qualify reach a necessary standard; limit the meaning of something stated +* catharsis purging or cleansing of any passage of the body; purging and weakening of strong emotions as a result of experiencing a dramatic work of art +* cathartic purgative; medicine that causes the bowels to empty; ADJ. +* catholic (of likings and interests) universal; general; broad; including many different parts; wide-ranging liberal; Ex. catholic opinions/tastes +* caucus private meeting of a group of people in a political party to select officers or determine policy; CF. the Caucus club of Boston +* caulk(calk) make watertight (by blocking up cracks as in a ship) +- causal implying a cause-and-effect relationship; N. causality +* caustic burning; corrosive; able to burn by chemical action; sarcastically biting; (of remarks) intended to hurt; bitter; harmful; OP. harmless + cauterize burn (a wound or snakebite, etc.) with hot iron or caustic substance to stop bleeding and prevent infection + cavalcade procession of riders or horse-drawn carriages; parade; CF. cavalry +* cavalier casual and offhand; arrogant; N: knight +* cavil quibble; make frivolous objections; find fault unnecessarily + cede yield (title or territory) to (esp. after losing a war); surrender formally; N. cession + celerity speed; rapidity ++ celestial heavenly ++ hereafter life after death +- afterlife life after death; later part of one's life +- celibate abstaining from sexual intercourse; unmarried; N. celibacy + censor (in ancient Rome) overseer of morals (also taking the census); person who eliminates inappropriate matter; V. + censorious severely critical + censure blame; criticize; express strong disapproval; N: severe criticism; strong disapproval +- centaur mythical figure, half man and half horse +- centigrade denoting a widely used temperature scale (basically same as Celsius) +- centrifugal radiating; departing from the center +* centrifuge machine that separates substances by whirling them +- centripetal tending toward the center + centurion Roman army officer (commanding a company of about 100 soldiers) +- cerebral pertaining to the brain or intellect; intellectual rather than emotional; CF. cerebrum +* cerebration thought; working of the brain ++ ceremonious marked by formality; extremely formal and polite; CF. ceremony: conventional social courtesy ++ unceremonious not done politely without due formalities + certitude certainty +- cessation stoppage + cession yielding to another; ceding + chafe warm by rubbing; make sore by rubbing; N. + chaff worthless products of an endeavor; husk(outer seed cover) separated from grain; Ex. separate the wheat from the chaff +* chaffing bantering; joking + chagrin annoyance and disappointment; vexation (caused by humiliation or injured pride) + chalice goblet; consecrated cup +* chameleon lizard that changes color in different situations + champion support militantly; fight for; N: person who fights for or supports strongly (a principle, movement, person, etc.) +- championship position of champion; defense or support; competition held to determine a champion +- chaotic in utter disorder +* charisma divine gift; great popular charm or appeal; magnetism + charlatan quack; pretender to knowledge (esp. in medicine) + chary cautious; unwilling to take risks; sparing or restrained about giving; OP. bold + chase ornament a metal surface by indenting; follow rapidly to catch +* chasm abyss; very deep crack + chassis framework and working parts of an automobile; framework to which components are attached +* chaste morally pure; virginal; abstaining from illicit sexual acts; modest; simple (of a style of writing); not highly decorated; austere +* chasten discipline; punish in order to correct; CF. castigate +* chastise punish as by beating; criticize severely +* chauvinist blindly devoted patriot; zealous adherent of a group, cause, or sex; ADJ. chauvinistic; CF. chauvinism; Nicolas Chauvin +- check stop motion; curb or restrain + checkered(chequered) marked by great changes in fortune; with many changes of fortuene; CF. checked: having a pattern of squares +* cherubic angelic; innocent-looking; N. cherub; CF. seraph: winged angel of the highest order +* chicanery trickery; deception + chide scold; rebuke (someone who has done wrong) +* chimerical fantastically improbable; highly unrealistic; N. chimera: unreal fancy; fire-breathing female creature +- chisel swindle or cheat; N: wedgelike tool for cutting + chip lose a small piece from the surface or edge; N: small piece broken off something; CF. French fry; Potato chip/crisp +* chivalrous courteous; faithful; brave; N. chivalry +* choleric hot-tempered; bad-tempered; irritable; easily angered; CF. cholera + choreography art of representing dances in written symbols; arrangement of dances + chore daily domestic task (such as cleaning, cooking, and shopping); unpleasant task + chortle chuckle with delight; N. +- chuckle laugh quietly +- chronic long established as a disease ++ chronicle report; record (in chronological order) +* churlish boorish; rude; N. churl: boor; yahoo + ciliated having minute hairs; CF. cilium; CF. cilia: eyelash + cipher nonentity; worthless person or thing; zero; secret code; V. + circlet small ring; band of gold, silver, jewel, etc. (worn on the head, arms, or neck as decoration) +* circuitous roundabout +- circuit closed circular line around an area; circumference; regularly repeated journey from place to place +* circumlocution indirect or roundabout expression (by using an uncecessarily large number of words esp. when trying to avoid answering a difficult question directly) + circumscribe limit; confine; draw a line around +* circumspect prudent; cautious; acting after careful thought + circumvent outwit; defeat by behaving more cleverly; outsmart; baffle; avoid; get around + cistern reservoir or water tank +- citadel fortress + cite quote; commend; Ex. cited for bravery in an official record + civil having to do with citizens; not military or religious; courteous and polite; Ex. married in a civil ceremony; Ex. civil strife/disorder/law; N. civility; CF. civic + clairvoyant having foresight; fortuneteller; N. clairvoyance + hindsight understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened + clamber climb by crawling with difficulties; scramble + clamor loud continous noise; continuous demand or complaint made by a large number of people; V: make a clamor; express (a demand) continually and loudly; ADJ. clamorous + clandestine secret + chaperon older person who accompanies and supervises a young unmarried woman + clangor loud resounding noise; sound of repeated clanging + clapper striker (tongue) of a bell + clap strike the palms of the hands together with a sudden explosive sound; come together suddenly with a sharp sound; put or send promptly; Ex. clap the thief in jail; N: clapping; loud or explosive sound; CF. applause + clarion shrill, trumpetlike sound; kind of trumpet used in former times +* claustrophobia fear of being locked in + clavicle collarbone + scrimmage disorderly fight between two or more people +* cleave split or sever; cling to; remain faithful to; N. cleavage; ADJ. cloven +- cleft N: split + clemency disposition to be lenient in deciding punishments; mildness as of the weather; ADJ. clement + clich\'e phrase dulled in meaning by repetition; platitude; ADJ. clich\'ed + bromide platitude; chemical compound used to calm excitement +* clientele body of customers +* climactic relating to the highest point; N. climax; CF. climatic +* clime climate +* clique small exclusive group of people + cloister monastery or convent + clout great influence (especially political or social); hard blow with fist + cloying distasteful (because excessive); excessively sweet or sentimental; V. cloy: become unpleasant through too much sweetness or excess + coagulate congeal; thicken; clot; N. coagulant + clot half-solid lump formed from a liquid (or blood); V. +- pudding hot sweet dish + coalesce combine; fuse; N. coalescence + coalition partnership; league; union of separate political parties + coda concluding section of a musical or literary composition +* coddle treat gently; indulge excessively; pamper; mollycoddle; baby; cook in water just below boiling point; Ex. coddled eggs + codicil supplement to the body of a will; later addition to a will +* codify arrange (laws or rules) as a code; classify; N. code: system of words used instead of ordinary writing; collection of laws, rules, established social customs + coercion use of force to get someone to object; compelling; V. coerce + coeval living at the same time as; existing during the same period of time; contemporary; of the same age + cog tooth projecting from a wheel +* cogent convincing + cogitate think over; ponder + cognate having a common origin; related linguistically; allied by blood; similar or akin in nature; Ex. cognate languages; N. +- cognitive having to do with knowing or perceiving related to the mental processes; N. cognition: the mental process of knowing ++ cognizance knowledge; ADJ. cognizant; having knowledge; aware ++ cohabit live together +* cohere stick together ++ cohesion tendency to keep together + cohorts group of people who share some common quality; armed band; a group of between 300 and 600 soldiers under one commander (in the ancient Rome) + coiffure hairstyle +- coin make coins; invent or fabricate (a word or phrase); N. coinage: word or phrase recently invented +- coincidence the chance occurrence, at the same time, of two or more seemingly connected events; V. coincide: happen at the same time; be in agreement; CF. coincident; CF. coincidental + colander utensil with perforated bottom used for straining + +- collaborate work together; cooperate treasonably with the enemy +- collage work of art put together from fragments +- scrap small bit or fragment; discarded waste material; fight; Ex. a scrap of paper/cloth; V: break into parts for disposal; discard as worthless; fight; quarrel +* scraps leftover food +* scrappy quarrelsome + collate examine and compare in order to verify authenticity; arrange in order (the sheets of a book before they are bound) + collateral security given for loan; ADJ: secondary; descended from the same person but through different sons or daughters +* collation a light meal; collating +* colloquial pertaining to conversational or common speech; informal; N. colloquialism: colloquial expression +* colloquy informal discussion; conversation +* collusion conspiring in a fraudulent scheme to cheat or deceive others; V. collude ++ colossal huge ++ colossus gigantic statue; person or thing of great size or importance +* comatose in a coma; extremely sleepy +- coma deep prolonged unconsciousness caused by disease, poison, or a severe blow +- combustible easily burned; N. CF. combustion ++ comely attractive; agreeable; having a pleasing appearance ++ homely not good-looking; unattractive + comestible something fit to be eaten + comeuppance deserts; well-deserved punishment or misfortune; rebuke + deserts what someone deserves + comity courtesy; civility; Ex. comity of nations + commandeer take (private property) for military use without needing permission or giving payment; draft for military purposes +- draft first rough form; conscription; draught; V: make a draft of; conscript + draught current of air (through a room or to a fire); act of pulling roads; act of swallowing liquid or amount of liquid swallowed at a time + commemorative remembering; honoring the memory of; Ex. commemorative stamp +* commemorate honor the memory of; serve as a memorial to; Ex. commemorate the 100th anniversary/those who died in the war +* commensurate equal in extent; of the same size + commiserate feel or express pity or sympathy for +* commodious spacious and comfortable + communal held in common; public; of a group of people; of a commune + commune small (often rural) community whose members share work and income; V: exchange thoughts or feelings; Ex. commune with nature + compact agreement; contract; ADJ: tightly packed; firm; brief; concise; Ex. compact statement + compatible harmonious; in harmony with; able to exist together + compelling overpowering; irresistible in effect; holding one's attention; that compels one to do something; Ex. a compelling adventure story; V. compel +- compulsion compelling; strong desire that is difficult to control; irresistible impulse +- compulsory obligatory; that must be done +- compulsive resulting from compulsion + compendium brief, comprehensive summary; ADJ. compendious +- compensatory making up for; repaying + compilation listing of information in tabular or book form; compiling +- compile assemble; gather; accumulate; make (a report or a book) from facts and information found in various places; Ex. compile a dictionary + complacency self-satisfaction; smugness; ADJ. complacent +* smug self-satisfied; complacent + complaisant trying to please; obliging; willing to please others + complement complete; consummate; make perfect; N. + complementary serving to complete something + compliance conformity in fulfilling requirements; readiness to yield; disposition to yield to others; V. comply + compliant readily acting in accordance with a rule, order, or the wishes or others; yielding; comforming to requirements + complicity participation; involvement (in a questionable act or a crime) + component element; ingredient + comport bear one's self; behave; Ex. comport oneself; N. comportment + deport send out of the country; behave; N. deportation, deportment + bearing deportment; connection + composure mental calmness + compound combine; produce by combining; increase; make worse by adding to or increasing; exacerbate; Ex. compound an error; ADJ: consisting of two or more parts; N: combination of two or more parts; area enclosed by a wall containing a group of buildings; Ex. factory compound; CF. complex + comprehensive broad; including a lot or everything; thorough; inclusive + comprehend include; understand + compress force into less space; squeeze; contract; put into fewer words; N: thick mass of cloth pressed to part of the body to stop bleeding or swelling, reduce fever, etc. + comprise include; consist of + compromise adjust or settle by making mutual concessions; endanger the interests or reputation of; put into danger, disrepute, or a dishonorable position; Ex. compromise one's principle; N. + compunction remorse; strong uneasiness caused by guilt + compute reckon; calculate + reckon count; calculate; regard as; think; suppose + concatenate link as in a chain + concave hollow; curved inwards; OP. convex + concede admit; acknowledge as being true (often reluctantly); yield; grant; Ex. concede a goal +* conceit vanity or self-love; too high opinion of one's own value; extravagant metaphor (in poetry) + vain full of self-admiration; conceited; without result; unsuccessful; N. vanity +* concentric having a common center +* conception beginning; forming of an idea; fertilization; V. conceive: form an idea in the mind; devise; become pregnant; CF. inception + concerted mutually agreed on; done together by agreement; Ex. concerted effort; CF. in concert: working together + concession an act of yielding; conceding; something conceded; point, right, etc. given unwillingly; privilege of maintaining a business in a certain place; Ex. oil concessions in the North sea; CF. concessionaire + conciliatory reconciling; soothing; V. conciliate: reconcile; soothe; win the friendly feelings (by removing anger) +- concise brief and compact + conclave private secret meeting +- conclusive decisive; ending all debate + concoct prepare by mixing or combining; make up in concert; devise (something false) so as to deceive; Ex. concoct an elaborate excuse for being late; N. concoction + concomitant that which accompanies; Ex. Deafnes is a frequent concommitant of old age; ADJ: existing or happening together with something else +- concord harmony; accord +- concordat formal agreement +- concur agree; coincide; happen at the same time +- concurrent happening at the same time; in agreement + condescend (derog.) bestow courtesies with a superior air; descend to the level of one considered inferior + condign adequate; (of punishment) severe and well deserved + condiments seasonings; spices +* condole express condolences; N. condolence: sympathy for someone who has experienced great sorrow + condone overlook; forgive; give tacit approval; excuse +- conducive helpful; contributive; V. conduce; Ex. conduce to/towards + conduit aqueduct; passageway for fluids +- confidant(confidante) trusted friend (to whom one tells one's secret) ++ confide tell in confidence (to a person one trusts); be confident about +- confidence self-assurance; calm unworried feeling based on a strong belief in one's abilities; strong belief in the ability of a person or plan; trust or faith in a person or thing; something confided; secret; Ex. confidence in your ability; Ex. I'm telling you this in confidence; Ex. exchange confidences about their boyfriends; ADJ. confident +- confidential spoken or written in secret; trusted with private matters; Ex. confidential secretary +- confine shut in an enclosed space; restrict; keep within limits; N. confinement + confiscate seize; take possession of (private property) by official order (usu. as a punishment); commandeer +* conflagration great fire +* confluence flowing together; the place where two rivers flow together; crowd; gathering together +- conformity harmony; agreement with established rules or customs; similarity; Ex. behave in conformity with; V. conform: be similar; act in agreement; comply; Ex. conform to the rule; CF. conformance +- conformist person who uncritically conforms to the customs of a group; OP. nonconformist: one who does not conform to accepted beliefs of norms +* confound confuse; puzzle + congeal freeze; coagulate +* congenial pleasant; friendly; in agreement with one's tastes and nature; Ex. congenial weather +* congenital existing at birth +- conglomeration mass of material sticking together +- conglomerate corporation made up of several different companies in diversified fields; mass of various material gathered together; rock consisting of small stones held together by clay; V. + congruence correspondence of parts; harmonious relationship; CF. congruity + congruent in agreement; harmonious; corresponding; coinciding exactly; CF. congruous + conifer pine tree (usu. evergreen); cone-bearing tree; ADJ. coniferous; CF. deciduous; CF. evergreen + conjecture surmise; guess; V. + conjugal pertaining to marriage +- conjure cause to appear by magic; summon (a devil or a spirit) by magical power; practice magic (esp. by very quick movement of the hands); evoke; conjure up: bring into the mind; Ex. The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat. + connivance pretense of ignorance of something wrong; assistance; permission to offend; V. connive: feign ignorance (of a wrong); cooperate secretly in an illegal action; conspire + connoisseur person competent to act as a judge of art, etc. (whose judgments are respected); a lover of an art +- connotation suggested or implied meaning of an expression; V. connote ++ connubial pertaining to marriage or the matrimonial state +- matrimony state of being married +- patrimony property inherited from a father + consanguinity kinship; relationship by birth + consanguineous(consanguine) having a common ancestor + conscientious scrupulous; through and careful; Ex. conscientious worker + conscript draftee; person forced into military service; V. + consecrate dedicate; sanctify; declare as sacred; Ex. consecrate one's life to helping the poor +- consensus general agreement; opinion reached by a group + consequential self-important; significant; consequent; following as a result; Ex. consequential air; CF. subsequent + conservatory(conservatoire) school of the fine arts (especially music or drama); glass-enclosed area; CF. conservancy + consign send to a person or place for sale; deliver officially; entrust; put into the care of another; set apart (for a special purpose); N. consignment; CF. consignor, consignee + consistency absence of contradictions; uniformity; degree of thickness or firmness; Ex. consistency of thick cream; CF. viscous + console lessen sadness or disappointment; give comfort; allay the sorrow of; N. consolation + consolidation unification; process of becoming firmer or stronger; V. consolidate: merge; strengthen + consonance harmony; agreement + consonant harmonious; in agreement; N. + consort associate with; keep company; N: husband or wife (or a ruler) +- conspiracy treacherous plot; secret plan against the law (by two or more people) +* conspire take part in a conspiracy; (of events) work together; combine; Ex. Events conspired to produce great difficulties. +* consternation great shock; dismay +* constituent supporter; voter; member of a constituency; component +* constituency voters represented by an elected official; district so represented; group of supporters (or constituents) +- constitution constituting; system of laws; composition of something; physical makeup or structure of a person; Ex. men with strong constitutions +- constraint restraint; compulsion; repression of feelings; reticence; V. constrain: hold back; restrain; compel; oblige; confine forcibly; imprison ++ construe explain; interpret; Ex. construe her silence as meaning that she agreed; CF. misconstrue ++ consummate complete; V. +* contagion infection (by contact); ADJ. contagious; CF. infectious: that can be passed by infection in the air +- drastic strong; violent and severe; Ex. drastic changes/measures +- contaminate pollute +* contempt scorn; disdain; ADJ. contemptuous; CF. contemptible ++ contend struggle; compete; assert earnestly; state strongly ++ contention assertion; claim; thesis; struggling; competition ++ thesis opinion put forward and supported by reasoned arguments +- boost lift by pushing up from below; increase; raise; N: push upward; increase +* contentious quarrelsome; controversial; likely to cause arguments +- contest dispute; argue about the rightness of; compete for; try to win; Ex. contest the election results; Ex. contest a seat in Parliament; N. +- context writings preceding and following the passage quoted; circumstance in which an event occurs +- contiguous adjacent to; touching upon +* continence self-restraint; sexual chastity; sexual abstinence; voluntary control over bladder and bowel functions; ADJ. continent + contingent dependent on something uncertain or in the future; conditional; happening by chance; accidental; N: a group of soldiers, ships to a larger force; CF. contingency: future event that may or may not occur; possibility; Ex. prepare for every contingency + contortions twistings; distortions; V. contort: twist violently out of shape; CF. contortionist + contraband illegal trade; smuggling; smuggled goods; ADJ. + contravene contradict; oppose; violate (a rule, law, or custom); N. contravention + contrite penitent; repentant; N. contrition +* contrived unnatural and forced; artificial; not spontaneous; Ex. The ending was rather contrived. + contrive invent or fabricate in a clever way (by improvisation); manage; Ex. contrive to attract his attention + contrivance something contrived; machine or apparatus; clever deceitful plan; scheme +* controvert oppose with arguments; attempt to refute; contradict; ADJ. controversial; N. controversy + contumacious stubborn and disobedient; resisting authority (esp. disobedient to an order made by a court) + contusion bruise + bruise injure without breaking the skin; N. +* conundrum riddle; difficult problem + convene come together; assemble; call to meet; Ex. convene the council + convention social or moral custom; established practice; formal meeting; international agreement + conventional ordinary; typical; not nuclear; Ex. conventional weapons +- converge approach; tend to meet; come together ++ conversant familiar with; having knowledge of +- converse opposite; ADJ. +- convert one who has adopted a different religion or opinion; V: change into another form; (persuade to) adopt a particular religion or belief + convex curving outward + conveyance vehicle; transfer; act of conveying; Ex. public conveyance +- conviction judgment that someone is guilty of a crime; strongly held belief +* convivial pleasantly merry; festive; joyous; gay; characterized by joviality; jovial +* convoke call together; Ex. convoke Parliament; N. convocation + convoluted coiled around; twisted; involved; complicated; intricate; complex; N. convolution: twist; one of the convex folds of the surface of the brain + convulsion violent uncontrollable shaking movement (caused by illness); V. convulse; ADJ. convulsive +* copious plentiful +* coquette flirt; flirtatious woman; woman who tries to attract the admiration of men without sincere feelings; V. +- flirt behave in a way that attracts (sexual) attention; deal triflingly with; N: one (or woman) given to flirting; ADJ. flirtatious +* cordial warmly friendly; gracious; heartfelt; Ex. cordial welcome + cordon extended line of men or fortifications to prevent access or egress; (¾î±ú¿¡¼­ °Üµå¶û ¹ØÀ¸·Î °ÉÄ¡´Â) Àå½Ä ¸®º»; V. + cornice projecting molding on building (usually above columns or pillars); ó¸¶ Àå½Ä + cornucopia horn (or horn-shaped container) overflowing with fruit and grain; symbol of abundance; horn of plenty + corollary natural consequence (which naturally follows from something else) +* corporeal bodily (rather than spiritual); of a bodily form; material; tangible + corpulent very fat; N. corpulence +* corpus collection (of writings or information); Ex. the corpus of Shakespear's works; Cf. corpse + corpuscle red or white cell in the blood +- correlation mutual relationship +- correlate either of the correlated things; V. +* corroborate confirm; support; strengthen +- corrode destroy or wear away gradually by chemical action (over a long period) +- corrosive eating away by chemicals or disease; (of language) fierce +* corrugated wrinkled; ridged +* wrinkle small ridge on a smooth surface (face or cloth); V. +* crinkle wrinkle +- cosmic pertaining to the universe; vast + coterie group that meets socially; select circle; close group of people with shared interests +* countenance approve; support; tolerate; Ex. countenance his rude behavior; N: face; appearance + countermand cancel; revoke (an order) + counterpart thing that completes another; things very much alike; thing that has the same purpose in a different system +* coup highly successful action or sudden attack; coup(s) d'\'etat; CF. coup de gr\^ace: deathblow or shot which kills +- couple join; unite; OP. uncouple +* courier messenger +* covenant binding agreement between two groups or people; compact; V: enter into a covenant; promise + bargain agreement between two groups or people; something for sale at a price advantageous to the buyer; V: negotiate; trade; Ex. bargaining power ++ covert secret; hidden; implied; OP. overt +* covetous avaricious; desirous of (someone else's possessions); V. covet: desire eagerly (someone else's possessions) + cow terrorize; intimidate + cower shrink quivering as from fear; cringe + coy shy (flirtatiously); showing a (pretended) lack of self-confidence; modest; coquettish; CF. job offer¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ +* cozen cheat; hoodwink; swindle + crabbed sour; bad-tempered; peevish; difficult to read as handwriting +* peevish bad-tempered; irritable; V. peeve: make angry + crass very unrefined; grossly insensible; crude and undiscriminating; Ex. crass behavior +* craven cowardly ++ credence belief +* credo creed ++ credulity belief on slight evidence; gullibility; naivet\'e; ADJ. credulous ++ creed system of religious or ethical belief + crescendo increase in the volume or intensity as in a musical passage; climax; CF. crescent +* far-fetched too improbable to be believed; implausible; Ex. far-fetched story +* overture musical introduction to a long musical piece; first offer or proposal (to begin talks in the hope of reaching an agreement); Ex. overtures for peace +* crestfallen dejected; dispirited +* crest top (as of a hill or wave); showy feathers on the head of a bird + crevice crack; fissure + cringe shrink back as if in fear; cower +- criteria standards used in judging; CF. criterion + crone hag; ugly old woman + crotchety (of someone old) eccentric; odd; whimsical; bad-tempered; N. crotchet: odd or whimsical notion + crux essential or main point; Ex. the crux of the problem; ADJ. crucial: of deciding importance + crypt secret recess or vault usually used for burial; underground room (under a church) +- cryptic mysterious; hidden; secret +* cubicle small chamber used for sleeping or work +- compartment one of the parts into which an enclosed space is divided +* cuisine style of cooking; Ex. French cuisine +* culinary relating to cooking or kitchen + cull pick out from others (to kill the weakest members); reject; select; collect (information); N. +* culmination highest point; climax; V. culminate in: reach the highest point in; end in; Ex. a series of minor clashes culminating in war + culpable deserving blame; blameworthy +- culprit one guilty of a crime + culvert artificial channel for water; drain crossing under a road +- cumbersome heavy and awkward to carry or wear; burdensome; Ex. cumbersome parcel/uniform +- cumulative growing by addition; accumulative +* cupidity greed (for wealth); CF. cupid; CF. Cupid + curator superintendent; manager (in charge of a museum or a library) + curmudgeon churlish, miserly individual; bad-tempered old person +* cursive (of writing) flowing; running; having the successive letters joined + cursory casual; hastily done with little attention to detail + curtail shorten; reduce +* cynical skeptical or distrustful of human motives; N. cynicism; CF. cynic: person who believes all people are motivated by selfishness +* cynosure object of general attention; person or thing that is a center of attention; CF. Ursa Minor +* dabble work at in a nonserious fashion; splash around; move noisily in a liquid ++ dais raised platform for speakers or other important people +* dally trifle with; toy with; treat without the necessary seriousness; procrastinate; waste time +* dank damp; unpleasantly wet +* dapper neat and trim (in appearance); (of small men) neat in appearance and quick in movements; neat; spry + dappled spotted + daub smear (as with paint); cover with something sticky; Ex. daub one's clothes with mud/paint; N: small bit of sticky substance; Ex. a daub of paint + smear spread or cover with a sticky substance; N: mark made by smearing + smudge dirty mark with unclear edges made by rubbing; V. ++ daunt intimidate; frighten; discourage; dishearten ++ dauntless bold; fearless +- dawdle loiter; hang around; waste time doing nothing + deadlock standstill resulting from the opposition of two unrelenting forces; stalemate + standstill condition of no movement or activity; stop + deadpan wooden; impassive; with no show of feeling; with an expressionless face +* dearth scarcity + d\'eb\^acle sudden disastrous downfall or defeat; complete disaster +* debase degrade; reduce in quality or value; degenerate; lower in esteem; disgrace; N. debasement +- kneel go down on one's knee(s) +* debauch corrupt morally; seduce from virtue; N. debauchery: wild behavior (with sex and alcohol) +- seduce lead away from proper conduct; entice; ADJ. seductive + debilitate weaken (esp. through heat, hunger, illness); enfeeble + bout match; short period of great activity; Ex. wrestling bout; bout of drinking/flu +* debonair (of men) friendly, charming, and fashionably dressed; aiming to please; CF. of good disposition ++ d\'ebris rubble; wreckage; scattered remains of something broken or destroyed +* debunk expose as false, exaggerated, worthless, etc.; ridicule + debutante young woman making formal entrance into society +* debut d\'ebut; first public appearance; formal presentation of a young woman to society + decadence decay; fall to a lower level (of morality, civilization, or art); ADJ. decadent + decant pour off gently (wine or liquid) ++ decapitate behead +- decelerate slow down +* deciduous falling off at a specific season or stage of growth as of leaves; Ex. deciduous tree/teeth + decimate kill (usually one out of ten or every tenth man); destroy or kill a large part of +- decipher decode; CF. indecipherable +* declivity downward slope + d\'ecollet\'e (of a dress) having a low-cut neckline; CF. d\'ecolletage: low neckline (on a dress) + decree authoritative order; edict; judgment of a court of law; V: order or judge by decree + decomposition decay; V. decompose: decay; break and separate into simple parts + decorum propriety; orderliness and good taste in manners; appropriateness of behavior or conduct + decorous proper (in behavior, conduct, or appearance) +* decoy lure or bait; V. + decrepitude state of collapse or weakness caused by illness or old age + decrepit weak and in bad condition from old age or hard use; Ex. decrepit old chair/man + decry express strong disapproval of; condemn openly (something dangerous to the public); disparage; Ex. decry the violence of modern films +- deducible derived by reasoning; V. deduce: infer; derive by reasoning +* deface mar; disfigure +* mar spoil the appearance of +- defame harm someone's reputation; malign; speak evil of; slander; N. defamation; ADJ. defamatory + default failure to act; failure to perform a task or be present; V. +* defeatist resigned to defeat or failure; accepting defeat or failure as a natural outcome; N. CF. defeatism + defection desertion + defect shortcoming; V: desert (in order to join the opposite one) + defer give in respectfully; submit; delay till later; exempt temporarily; N. deferment; CF. show respect, comply with, courteous + deference courteous regard for another's wish; courteous yielding to another's wish or opinion (showing respect); ADJ. deferential; OP. effrontery +* defiance refusal to yield; resistance; V. defy; ADJ. defiant ++ defile pollute; make filthy or dirty; corrupt morally; profane; desecrate; N: narrow passage or gorge through mountains +- definitive most reliable; authorative and complete; that cannot be improved; conclusive; decisive; definite; Ex. definitive decision by the supreme court +- deflect turn aside; turn away from a straight course + defoliate destroy leaves; deprive of leaves (by the use of chemicals); N. defoliant + defray provide for the payment of; undertake the payment of; pay +* defrock strip a priest or minister of church authority; unfrock +* frock long loose garment (worn by monks) +* deft neat; skillful +- defunct dead; no longer in use or existence +- degenerate become worse in quality; deteriorate; ADJ: having become worse; Ex. a degenerate species; N: depraved or corrupt person +- degradation humiliation; debasement; degeneration; V. degrade: debase; disgrace; degenerate; reduce (something) in worth; demote (someone); reduce in rank +- dishonor disgrace; N. ADJ. dishonorable +- dehydrate remove water from; dry out +- deify turn into a god; make a god of; idolize; Ex. Kings were deified; CF. deity + deign condescend; stoop + stoop bend forward and down; lower or debase oneself; fall to a lower standard of behavior by doing something; condescend; Ex. stoop to lying +- delete erase; strike out + deleterious harmful +- deliberate consider; ponder; ADJ: done on purpose; slow + delineate portray; depict; sketch; describe; N. delineation + delirium mental disorder marked by confusion; uncontrolled excitement; ADJ. delirious + delta flat plain of mud or sand between branches of a river +- delude deceive + deluge flood; rush; V. +- delusion false belief; hallucination; deluding; Ex. delusions of grandeur; Ex. under the delusion that +- delusive deceptive; likely to delude; misleading; raising vain hopes; Ex. delusive promises +- delve dig; search deeply; investigate + demagogue person who appeals to people's prejudice; false leader of people; CF. demagoguery + demean disgrace; humiliate; debase in dignity; behave + demeanor behavior; bearing + demented insane +- demise death + demographic related to population balance; N. demography: statistical study of human population + demolition destruction; V. demolish + demoniac(demoniacal) fiendish; cruel; N. demon: evil supernatural being; devil + fiend evil spirit; devil + demotic of or pertaining to the people + demur object (because of doubts, scruples); raise an objection (showing qualms); hesitate; Ex. demur at the idea of working on Sunday +* demure (of a woman or child) grave; quiet and serious; coy; pretending to be demure +* denigrate blacken; defame +* denizen (animal, person, or plant) inhabitant or resident of a particular place; regular visitor + denotation meaning; distinguishing by name; V. denote: indicate; refer to directly; mean; CF. connotation + d\'enouement final outcome; final development of the plot of a play or other literary work; the end of a story when everything is explained +* denounce condemn; criticize; N. denunciation +- depict portray + expos\'e public revelation of something discreditable +* deplete reduce; exhaust +* deplore regret; express sorrow and severe disapproval for something bad; Ex. deplore their violent behavior; ADJ. deplorable: very bad; deserving severe disapproval; Ex. deplorable living condition + deploy spread out (troops) in an extended though shallow battle line; distribute (persons or forces) systematically or strategically +* battalion army unit made up of four or more companies + depose dethrone; remove from office; give a deposition; testify + deposition testimony under oath; deposing; dethroning + depravity extreme corruption; wickedness; V. deprave +* deprecate express disapproval of; deplore; protest against; belittle; ADJ. deprecatory + depreciate lessen in value; belittle; represent as of little value + depredation plundering; destruction +* deranged insane +- institute organization for a special purpose; V: establish +- institution instituting; (building for the) organization; established custom, practice, or relationship in a society; mental hospital; Ex. institution of marriage +- institutionalize make into an institution; put or confine in an institution +* derelict negligent; (of someone) neglectful of duty; (of something) deserted by an owner; abandoned; N: abandoned property; homeless or vagrant person +* dereliction neglect of duty; abandonment +* deride ridicule; treat with contempt; make fun of; OP. respect +* derision ridicule; ADJ. derisive; CF. derisory +- derivative unoriginal; obtained from another source; Ex. derivative prose style; N. +- derivation deriving; origin or source of something; Ex. the derivation of the word +- dermatologist one who studies the skin and its diseases +* acne skin disease (on the face) + +- derogatory expressing a low opinion; disparaging; V. derogate: detract; disparage + descry catch sight of (something distant) +* desecrate profane; violate the sanctity of +- violate break (a law); defile; desecrate; assault sexually; Ex. violate graves + desiccate dry up + desolate (of a place) deserted; unpopulated; (of a person) lonely; forlorn; joyless + desolate make desolate; forsake; abandon and desert + desperado reckless, desperate outlaw +- desperate having lost all hope; despairing; reckless and violent because of loss of hope or despair; undertaken as a last resort ++ despise look on with scorn; regard as worthless or distasteful; ADJ. despicable: contemptible + despoil plunder; sack; Ex. despoil the village + despondent without hope and courage; depressed; gloomy; N. despondency: loss of hope with gloom; dejection +* despot tyrant; harsh, authoritarian ruler; CF. despotism +* destitute extremely poor; lacking means of subsistence; utterly lacking; devoid; Ex. destitute of any experience ++ impoverish make poor; deprive of natural strength or something important; Ex. impoverished soil + desultory aimless; haphazard; digressing at random +- detached emotionally removed; free from emotional involvement; calm and objective; physically separate; N. detachment; CF. attachment + detain keep waiting; prevent from leaving or going; N. detention + determinate having a fixed order of procedure; precisely defined; invariable; fixed; conclusive; final +- determination resolve; firmness of purpose; measurement or calculation; decision +* deterrent something that discourages or deters ++ detonation explosion +* detraction slandering; aspersion; detracting; CF. detractor +- detrimental harmful; damaging; N. detriment +- deviate turn away from (a principle, norm); move away from an accepted standard; swerve; depart; diverge; N. deviation; Ex. deviation of the path of light by a prism +* devious roundabout; erratic; deviating from the straight course; not straightforward; not completely honest; Ex. devious route +- devise think up; invent; plan; bequeath; N: bequest +- devoid empty; lacking + devolve deputize; pass or be passed to others (power, work, or property); Ex. devolve on/upon/to + deputize work or appoint as a deputy; N. deputy: person who has the power to take charge when the leading person is away +- devotee enthusiastic follower; enthusiast; Ex. devotee of Bach +- devout pious; deeply religious; sincere; earnest; Ex. my devout hope +- religious of religion; (of a person) pious; having reverence for a deity + dexterous skillful; skill in using hands or mind; N. dexterity + diabolical diabolic; devilish; fiendish + diadem crown + dialectical relating to the art of debate; mutual or reciprocal; Ex. dialectical situation; N. dialectic: art of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments + diaphanous sheer; transparent + diatribe bitter scolding or denunciation; invective; abuse +- dichotomy division into two opposite parts; split; branching into two parts (especially contradictory ones) + dictum authoritative and weighty statement (made by a judge in court); saying; maxim; CF. obiter dictum: incidental, nonbinding remark (something said in passing) + didactic (of speech or writing) intended to teach a moral lesson; teaching; instructional; N. didacticism + die metal block used for shaping metal or plastic; device for stamping or impressing; mold; CF. dice +* diffidence shyness; lack of self-confidence; timidity; ADJ. diffident +* diffuse wordy; verbose; rambling; spread out (like a gas); V: spread out in all directions; disperse; N. diffusion; CF. suffuse +- digression wandering away from the subject; V. digress + dilapidated falling to pieces; in a bad condition; ruined because of neglect; Ex. dilapidated old car/castle; N. dilapidation +- dilate expand; dilate on/upon: speak or write at length on (a subject) + dilatory delaying; tending to delay +- dilemma situation that requires a choice between equally unfavorable options; problem; choice of two unsatisfactory alternatives + dilettante aimless follower of an art or a field of knowledge (not taking it seriously); amateur; dabbler; CF. delight +- diligence steadiness of effort; persistent hard work +- dilute make (a liquid) less concentrated; reduce in strength; Ex. dilute the influence of the president +- diminution lessening; reduction in size; V. diminish + din continued loud noise; V: make a din; instill by wearying repetition + weary tired after long work; V. + dinghy small boat (often ship's boat) + maroon leave helpless on a deserted island or coast; ADJ. red brown + dingy (of things and place) dirty and dull; Ex. dingy street/curtain +- dull (of colors or surfaces) not bright; cloudy; overcast; boring; (of edge or sound) not sharp; not rapid; sluggish; slow in thinking and understanding; stupid; V. + dint means; effort; Ex. by dint of hard work +* diorama life-size, three-dimensional scene from nature or history; three-dimensional scene with modeled figures against a painted background +* dire warning of disaster; disastrous; (of needs and dangers) very great; urgent; Ex. dire prediction/need of food +* dirge funeral song; slow mournful piece of music (sung over a dead person) +* disabuse correct a false impression; undeceive; free from a wrong belief + disaffected disloyal; lacking loyality; V. disaffect: cause to lose affection or loyalty + disapprobation disapproval; condemnation + disarray state of disorder; a disorderly or untidy state; Ex. with her clothes in disarray +* disavowal denial; disclaiming; repudiating; disowning; V. disavow; CF. disclaim ++ disband dissolve; disperse; (of a group) break up and separate; Ex. The club has disbanded. + disburse pay out (as from a fund); N. disbursement; CF. purse +- discernible distinguishable; perceivable; Ex. discernible improvement +- discerning mentally quick and observant; having insight; perceptive; able to make good judgments; V. discern: perceive +- disclaim disown; renounce claim to; deny; CF. disclaimer +- disclose reveal; N. disclosure + discombobulated discomposed; confused +- discompose disturb the composure of; confuse + discomfit frustrate; put to rout; defeat; disconcert; embarrass; perturb + disconcert confuse; upset; embarrass; perturb + disconsolate hopelessly sad (at the loss of something) +- discord conflict; lack of harmony; dissonance (when musical notes are played) ++ discordant not harmonious; conflicting + discount disregard; regard (a story or news) as unimportant; deduct from a cost +- discourse serious speech, writing, or conversation; formal discussion (either written or spoken); conversation; V. +- discredit defame; disgrace; destroy confidence in; disbelieve; N. CF. discreditable: causing discredit; shameful + discrepancy lack of consistency or agreement as between facts; difference; Ex. discrepancy between two descriptions +- discrete separate; unconnected +- discretion prudence; ability to adjust actions to circumstances; freedom of action or judgment; ADJ. discreet; CF. discretionary +- discriminating able to see differences; discerning; prejudiced; N. discrimination +- discriminate distinguish; make distinctions on the basis of preference +- brisk quick and active; marked by liveliness and vigor + discursive (of a person or writing) digressing; rambling (without any clear plan) ++ disdain treat with scorn or contempt +* disembark debark; go ashore (from a ship); unload cargo from a ship; CF. embark + disenfranchise disfranchise; deprive of a civil right; OP. enfranchise +- disengage uncouple; separate; disconnect; stop fighting; OP. engage ++ disfigure mar the appearance of; spoil +* disgorge surrender something (stolen); eject; vomit; OP. gorge + disgruntle make discontented +- dishearten discourage + disheveled untidy (of hair or clothing); V. dishevel +- disinclination unwillingness +* disingenuous not naive; not candid; sophisticated; worldly wise; OP. ingenuous + disinter dig up; unearth; OP. inter +- disinterested unprejudiced; free from bias and self-interest; objective + disjointed disconnected; lacking coherence; V. disjoint: disconnect; disjoin +- disjunction act or state of separation; disunity; CF. disjunctive: expressing a choice between two ideas; CF. conjunction; CF. conjunctive +- dislodge remove (forcibly); force out of a position; Ex. dislodge the food caught in his throat; CF. lodge ++ dismantle take apart; disassemble ++ mantle loose sleeveless outer garment; cloak; something that covers or envelops; the layer of the earth between the crust and the core +- crust hard outer covering (as of earth or snow) + dismember cut into small parts; cut (a body) apart limb from limb +- dismiss eliminate from consideration; no longer consider; put out of court without further hearing; reject; discharge from employment; direct to leave; ADJ. dismissive; N. dismissal +- disparage belittle + maneuver(manoeuver) strategic military or naval movement (done for training purposes); carefully planned process; stratagem; V: carry out a military maneuver; use maneuvers in gaining an end + disparate basically different; impossible to compare; unrelated + disparity difference; condition of inequality; OP. parity +- dispassionate calm; impartial; not influenced by personal feelings +* dispatch speediness; prompt execution; message sent with all due speed; V: send to a specified destination; finish promptly; kill +- dispel scatter; drive away; cause to vanish +* dispense distribute; prepare and give out (medicines); N. dispensation: dispensing; religious system; official exemption from an obligation or a rule +- disperse scatter; Ex. disperse the cloud/crowd +- dispirited lacking in spirit + disport amuse; Ex. disport oneself; CF. divert ++ disputatious argumentative; fond of argument ++ disquietude uneasiness; anxiety; V. disquiet: make anxious + disquisition formal systematic inquiry; explanation of the results of a formal inquiry; long formal speech or written report +- dissection analysis; cutting apart in order to examine + dissemble disguise; hide the real nature of; pretend + disseminate distribute; spread; scatter (like seeds) +* dissent disagree +- dissertation formal essay; treatise + dissident dissenting (with an opinion, a group, or a government); rebellious; N. + dissimulate pretend; conceal by feigning; dissemble +* dissipate squander; waste foolishly; scatter + dissolution disintegration; reduction to a liquid form; looseness in morals; sensual indulgence; debauchery; ADJ. dissolute: lacking in moral restraint; leading an immoral life +- reduce diminish; bring to a weaker or more difficult condition; demote; lower in rank; separate into components by analysis; Ex. reduced to the ranks; Ex. reduce the house to rubble; N. reduction +* dissuade persuade not to do; discourage; N. dissuasion +* dissonance discord + distant reserved or aloof; cold in manner; Ex. distant greeting; ADV. distantly + distend expand; swell out +* distill refine (a liquid by evaporating and subsequent condensation); concentrate; separate the most important parts from; Ex. distill fresh water from sea water; CF. brew +- distinction honor; excellence; difference; contrast; discrimination; Ex. graduated with distinction; Ex. a writer of real distinction +- distinct clearly different; clearly noticed +- distinctive clearly different from others of the same kind +- distort twist out of shape; give a false account of; misrepresent; N. distortion + distrait absentminded; distracted +* distraught upset; distracted by anxiety; very anxious and troubled almost to the point of madness; Ex. distraught with grief/worry +- distract take (one's attention) off something; upset emotionally; make anxious; ADJ. distracted + diurnal daily; occurring during the daytime +* diva operatic singer; prima donna +- diverge vary; go in different directions from the same point; ADJ. divergent: differing; deviating +- diverse differing in some characteristics (from each other); various; N. diversity: variety; dissimilitude; lack of resemblance +- diversion act of turning aside; pastime; V. divert: turn aside from a course; distract; amuse + divest strip (as of clothes); deprive (as of rights); dispossess; N. divestiture(divestment) +- divine perceive intuitively (by or as if by magic); foresee the future; foretell; dowse; ADJ. N. divination + dowse use a divining rod to search for underground water or minerals + divulge reveal + docile obedient; easily managed; submissive +- ferocious fierce; violent; N. ferocity +* docket program as for trial; book where such entries are made; list of things to be done; agenda; label fixed to a package listing contents or directions; V: describe in a docket +- doctrinaire unable to compromise about points of doctrine; dogmatic; unyielding; marked by inflexible attachment to a doctrine without regard to its practical difficulties +- doctrine teachings in general; particular principle (religious, legal, etc.) taught; dogma; tenet; ADJ. doctrinal +- indoctrinate cause to accept a doctrine without questioning it; Ex. indoctrinated with mindless anti-communism +- document provide written evidence (for a claim); record with documents; N. + doddering shaky; infirm from old age; V. dodder +- merit deserve; ADJ. meritorious: deserving reward or praise + doff take off; OP. don + dogged determined; stubborn; stubbornly persevering; tenacious; Ex. Inspector Javert's dogged pursuit of Jean Valjean +- persevere continue steadily in spite of difficulties +- doggerel poor verse +- dogmatic opinionated; holding stubbornly to one's opinion; arbitrary; doctrinal +* doldrums blues; listlessness(lack of spirit or energy); slack(inactive) period; period of stagnation; ocean area near the equator where ships cannot move because there is no wind; Ex. in the doldrums +* blues state of depression or melancholy; style of slow, mournful music (evolved from southern Black American songs) +* dolorous sorrowful; N. dolor + dolt slow-thinking stupid person; CF. dull + domicile home; V. ADJ. domiciled: having one's domicile; Ex. He is domiciled in Britain. +* domineer rule over tyrannically +- dominate control; rule; enjoy a commanding position in; overlook from a height; ³»·Á´Ùº¸´Ù +- dominant exercising the most influence; high and easily seen; stronger than the other part of a system; not recessive + don put on; OP. doff +- outfit clothing or equipment for a special purpose; Ex. cowboy outfit +- dormant sleeping; temporarily inactive; lethargic; latent + dormer window projecting upright from roof; CF. sleeping room +* dorsal relating to the back of an animal; Ex. dorsal fin + dossier file of documents on a subject or person; file; CF. bundle of papers labeled on the back + dotage senility; feeblemindedness of old age; Ex. In one's dotage + dote be excessively fond of; show signs of mental decline + dour sullen; gloomy; stubborn +* sullen silently showing ill humor or resentment; dark; gloomy +* brood sit on in order to hatch; think deeply or worry anxiously; N: the young of certain animals; group of young birds hatched at one time + douse plunge into water or liquid; dip; immerse; drench; wet throughly; extinguish; throw water over; dowse +* dowdy untidy (of a woman or clothes); slovenly; dressed in an unattractive way; shabby; CF. unattractive woman + downcast disheartened; dejected; sad; directed downward + drab dull; lacking color; cheerless ; Ex. drab coat/life + draconian extremely severe; Ex. draconian punishment; CF. Draco: Athenian politician + dregs sediment in a liquid; lees; worthless residue +* drivel nonsense; foolishness; V: talk nonsense +- nonsense speech or writing with no meaning; foolish behavior or language; Ex. make (a) nonsense of: spoil; cause to fail + dribble flow or fall in drops; let saliva flow out slowly from the mouth; move a ball; N. + drip fall or let fall in drops; shed drops; N: action or sound of falling in drops; liquid that falls in drops + trickle flow in drops or in a thin stream; N. + droll queer and amusing +* queer strange; eccentric; deviating from the normal + drone idle person who lives on other people's work; male bee + drone talk dully; buzz or murmur like a bee; N. + murmur low, indistinct, continuous sound; V. CF. mumble + dross waste matter; worthless impurities +* drudgery hard unpleasant work; menial work +* drudge do drudgery; N: person who drudges +* dubious questionable; (of something) causing doubt; (of someone) filled with doubt; N. dubiety +* ductile malleable; pliable; (of metals) easily pulled into shape; flexible; (of someone) easily influenced or controlled +* dulcet sweet sounding; pleasing to the ear; melodious +* dumbfound(dumfound) astonish (making dumb); ADJ. dumbfounded, dumfounded, dumbstruck +* dupe someone easily fooled or deceived; V: deceive + duplicity double-dealing; hypocrisy; being dishonest and deceitful; ADJ. duplicitous +- duration length of time something lasts + duress forcible restraint, especially unlawfully; coercion by threat; illegal coercion; Ex. a promise made under duress + dutiful(duteous) (of people or their behavior) respectful; obedient (filled with a sense of duty) +* dwindle shrink; reduce gradually +- dynamic energetic; vigorously active +* dynamo generator for producing electricity; energetic person ++ dyspeptic suffering from indigestion; N. dyspepsia: indigestion; difficulty in digesting food ++ dys- abnormal; impaired +* dyslexia word blindness; learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to read +- dysentery inflammatory disorder of the lower intestinal tract + earthy unrefined; coarse; of earth; Ex. earthy remarks; OP. ethereal +- earthly of this earth; terrestrial; worldly; not divine; possible; Ex. no earthly reason + ebb (of the tide) recede; lessen; diminish; N. OP. flow: rise of tide + ebullient showing excitement; overflowing with enthusiasm; boiling; N. ebullience; N. ebullition: state of boiling +- eccentric irregular; odd; unconventional; whimsical; bizarre; not concentric +- eccentricity oddity; idiosyncrasy + ecclesiastic ecclesiastical; pertaining to the church; N: minister; priest; cleric; clergyman + chapel small church (in a prison, college, or hospital) + chaplain clergyman attached to a chapel + padre chaplain (in the armed forces) + eclectic selective; composed of elements drawn from disparate sources; selecting individual elements from a variety of sources; N. eclecticism +- selective careful in choosing; having an effect only on certain things; not general; Ex. eclectic weed killer + eclipse darken; extinguish; outshine; surpass; cause an eclipse + ecliptic path of the sun and the planets +- ecologist person concerned with the interrelationship between living organisms and their environment; person concerned with the detrimental effects of human civilization on the environment; CF. ecology +- ecosystem ecological community together with its environment +- economy efficiency or conciseness in using something; thrifty management of resources +- ecstasy rapture; very strong feeling of joy and happiness; any overpowering emotion; ADJ. ecstatic: causing or experiencing ecstasy +- rapture great joy and delight; ecstasy; ADJ. rapturous + eddy swirling current of water, air, etc.; V. + edict decree (especially one issued by a sovereign); official command +* sovereign ruler in a monarchy; ADJ: (of a country) independent and self-governing; having supreme power; supreme; excellent +* sovereignty complete independence and self-government (of a country); supremacy of authority; power to govern + edify instruct; correct morally + edifice building (of imposing size) + eerie weird; causing fear because strange +* efface rub out; remove the surface of +- effectual able to produce a desired effect; valid +- effective effectual; producing a strong response; striking; in operation; in effect; Ex. effective speech/photograph +- effectuate effect; produce; achieve; Ex. effectuate a reconciliation + effeminate having womanly traits + emasculate weaken; castrate +* castrate remove the sex organs (of a male animal or person) + effervescence inner excitement or exuberance; showing high spirits; emitting bubbles forming inside; bubbling from fermentation or carbonation; ADJ. effervescent; V. effervesce + effete having lost one's original power; barren; worn out; exhausted +- efficacy power to produce desired effect; ADJ. efficacious: effectual + effigy dummy; likeness of a person made of wood, paper, or stone; Ex. burn an effigy of the President +- dummy imitation of a real object used as a substitute; effigy + effluvium noxious(harmful) smell + effrontery rudeness without any sense of shame; shameless boldness; presumptousness; nerve; cheek +* effulgent shining brightly; brilliant + effusion pouring forth; unrestrained outpouring of feeling; V. effuse: pour out; ADJ. effusive: pouring forth; gushing + gush (of liquid) pour out in large quantities from a hole; make an excessive display of feeling (without true feeling); Ex. Blood gushed from the wound. +- egoism excessive interest in one's self; belief that one should be interested in one's self rather than in others; selfishness; ADJ. egoistic, egoistical +- ego one's opinion of oneself; self-esteem +- egotistical egotistic; excessively self-centered(egocentric); self-important; conceited +- egotism tendency to speak or write of oneself excessively; conceit; self-importance +* egregious notorious; conspicuously bad or shocking + egress exit; opening for going out; act of going out; OP. ingress +- ejaculation exclamation; abrupt ejection (to discharge sperm); V. ejaculate +- elaboration addition of details; intricacy +- elaborate work out carefully; add more detail or information; ADJ. +- elated filled with excited joy and pride; overjoyed; in high spirits; joyful and proud; Ex. elated crowd; V. elate; N. elation +- elegy poem or song expressing lamentation (for the dead); ADJ. elegiacal, elegiac + elicit draw out fact or information (by discussion or from someone) +- elixir cure-all; panacea; something invigorating +- ellipsis omission of words from a text; mark used to indicate an omission (when the meaning can be understood without them); PL. ellipses +- elliptical elliptic; oval; of an ellipse; containing an ellipsis; ambiguous either purposely or because key words have been left out + eloquence expressiveness; persuasive speech; ADJ. eloquent: movingly expressive; expressing ideas well so that the hearers can be influeneced +- elucidate explain; make clear; clarify; enlighten; CF. lucid +- elusive evasive; not frank; baffling; hard to grasp, catch, or understand; V. elude: escape from; escape the understanding or grasp of; Ex. elude the hunter; Ex. His name eludes me. + elysian relating to paradise; blissful + Elysium place or condition of bliss + emaciated thin and wasted (from hunger or illness) +* emanate issue forth; come out +- emancipate set free; liberate + embargo ban on commerce or other activity +* embark commence; go on board a boat; begin a journey +- embed(imbed) enclose; place in something; fix firmly in a surrounding mass +* embellish adorn; ornament; enhance as a story (by adding fictitious details) +* embezzlement taking for one's own use in violation of trust; stealing (of money placed in one's care) + emblazon ornament richly (a shield or flag); N. emblazonment +* embody give a bodily form to; incorporate; include ++ emboss produce a design in raised relief; decorate with a raised design +- embrace hug; clasp with the arms; adopt or espouse; accept readily; encircle; include; Ex. embrace the cause/socialism; Ex. all-embracing; CF. brace; CF. bracelet +- encircle surround +* embroider decorate with needlework; ornament (a story) with fancy or fictitious details; embellish + embroil throw into confusion; involve in strife, dispute, or quarrel; entangle; CF. imbroglio ++ embryonic undeveloped; rudimentary; N. embryo: organism in the early stage of development +* emend correct (usually a text); N. emendation: correction of errors; improvement ++ emetic substance causing vomiting; ADJ. ++ eminent rising above others; high; lofty; distinguished; Ex. eminent position + emissary agent (sent on a mission to represent another); messenger + emollient soothing or softening remedy (for the skin); ADJ. + emolument salary; payment for an office; compensation +- empathy ability to identify with another's feelings, ideas, etc.; identification with and understanding of another's feelings; V. empathize; CF. sympathy +- compassion sympathy for the suffering of others; ADJ. compassionate + empirical based on experience + emulate imitate; rival; try to equal or excel (through imitation) + enamored in love; Ex. enamored of his own beauty; V. enamor: inspire with love + encipher encode; convert a message into code; put into cipher + enclave territory enclosed within an alien land + encomiastic praising; eulogistic; N. encomium: very high praise; eulogy + encompass surround; include; Ex. His activities encompass publishing and computers. + encroachment gradual intrusion; Ex. I resent all these encroachments on my valuable time; V. encroach: take another's possessions or right gradually or stealthily; intrude; Ex. encroach on/upon + encumber burden; N. encumbrance + endearment fond word or act; expression of affection + endear make beloved; Ex. endear her to everyone; ADJ. dear: loved; cherished; high-priced +* endemic prevailing among a specific group of people or in a specific area or country; peculiar to a particular region or people; CF. pandemic +* endorse approve; support; write one's signature on the back of; N. endorsement; CF. dorsal + endue provide with some quality; endow +- enduring lasting; surviving; V. endure: bear (pain or suffering) for a long time; remain alive (in spite of difficulties); last; survive +- energize invigorate; give energy to; make forceful and active ++ enervate weaken; take away energy from + enfranchise admit to the rights of citizenship (especially the right to vote); CF. franchise +* engage attract; employ; hire; pledge oneself; confront; fight; enter into confliction; interlock; lock together; participate; N. engagement: agreement to marry; arrangement to meet someone or to do something; battle +* engaging charming; attractive + engaged employed; busy; betrothed; involved in conflict + engender cause; produce; give rise to ++ engross occupy fully; absorb + enhance increase; make greater (as in value, reputation, or usefulness); improve ++ enigma puzzle; mystery; ADJ. enigmatic: obscure; puzzling + puzzle baffle or confuse by a difficult problem; ponder over a problem in an effort to solve; clarify or solve by reasoning; Ex. puzzle out the answer; N. + enjoin command; order; forbid ++ enmity ill will; hatred; hostility + ennui boredom; listlessness and dissatisfaction resulting from lack of interest; CF. annoy +* enormity hugeness (in a bad sense); excessive wickedness; Ex. enormity of the crime; ADJ. enormous +- enrapture please intensely; fill with rapture and delight + ensconce settle comfortably; place comfortably (in a secure place) +- ensue follow (as a result) +* entail make necessary; require; necessitate; involve; limit the inheritance of (property) to a specified succession of heirs; Ex. entail A on/upon B + enterprising full of initiative; showing enterprise + enterprise willingness to take new ventures; initiative; business organization; plan (that is difficult or daring); Ex. their latest enterprise to sail round the world in a small boat + enthrall capture; enslave; captivate; hold the complete attention of (as if magic); hold spellbound + entice lure; persuade to do (something wrong); attract; tempt + mischief behavior (of children) causing trouble with no serious harm; damage; harm; Ex. mischief to the crops; ADJ. mischievous: causing mischief; playfully troublesome + entity real being + entomology study of insects + entrance put under a spell(condition caused by magical power); carry away(fill with strong feeling) with emotion; put into a trance; fill with delight +- trance hypnotic state; ecstatic state; detachment from one's physical surrounding (as in contemplation or daydreaming); CF. transition +- hypnosis induced sleeping state; ADJ. hypnotic; V. hypnotize + entreat plead; ask earnestly + entree(entr\'ee) entrance; a way in; right to enter; main dish of a meal; Ex. entree into the exclusive circle + entrepreneur businessperson (who assumes the risk of a business venture); contractor; ADJ. entrepreneurial + enumerate list; mention one by one + enunciate announce; proclaim; utter or speak, especially distinctly; pronounce clearly; articulate; Ex. This theory was first enunciated by him. + environ enclose; surround; N. environs: surrounding area (as of a city) + eon(aeon) long period of time; an age; longest division of geologic time containing two or more eras + epaulet(epaulette) ornament worn on the shoulder (of a uniform, etc.) + fringe decorative edge of hanging threads; edge + ephemeral short-lived; fleeting + fleet fast; rapid; N. ADJ. fleeting: passing quickly; ephemeral + epic long heroic poem, novel, or similar work of art (celebrating the feats of a hero); ADJ: (of stories or events) resembling an epic; grand + epicure connoisseur of food and drink; gourmet; ADJ. epicurean; CF. Epicurus + Epicurean believing that pleasure is good and suffering is bad and should be avoided; N. +* epigram witty thought or saying, usually short + epilogue short speech at conclusion of dramatic work + episodic (of a story or play) loosely connected; made up of separate and loosely connected parts; N. episode: incident in the course of an experience +- epistemologist philosopher who studies the nature of knowledge; N. epistemology + epitaph inscription in memory of a dead person (as on a tombstone) +- epithet word or phrase characteristically used to describe a person or thing; descriptive phrase to characterize a person (often contemptous) +- epitome perfect example or embodiment; brief summary; Ex. epitome of good manners; V. epitomize: make an epitome of; be an epitome of; embody +- epoch period of time +* equable tranquil; of even calm temper; (of temperature) steady; uniform +- equanimity calmness of temperament; composure +* equestrian rider on horseback; ADJ. +- equilibrium balance of opposing forces; balance of the mind; equanimity +* equine resembling a horse; Ex. equine face ++ equinox period of equal days and nights; the beginning of spring and autumn; Ex. vernal/autumnal equinox; ADJ. equinoctial +- equipoise balance; balancing force; equilibrium +- equitable fair; impartial; OP. inequitable +- equity fairness; justice; OP. inequity +- equivocal (of words or statements) ambiguous; intentionally misleading; (of behavior) questionable; OP. unequivocal +- equivocate use equivocal language to deceive people; lie; mislead; attempt to conceal the truth; N. equivocation +- erode eat away; wear away gradually by abrasion; Ex. The sea erodes the rocks. +- erotic pertaining to passionate love or sexual love +- errant wandering (esp. in search of adventure); straying from proper moral standards; Ex. knight-errant +- erratic odd; irregular in movement or behavior; unpredictable +- erroneous mistaken; wrong; incorrect +* erudite (of a person or book) learned; full of learning; scholarly; N. erudition +- scholarly full of learning; erudite; like a scholar; Ex. scholarly journal + escapade prank; flighty conduct; reckless adventure that disobeys rules +- prank mischievous trick + flighty (esp. of a woman's behavior) capricious; often changing, esp. from one lover to another; impulsive +* eschew avoid habitually; Ex. eschew alcoholic drinks +- esoteric hard to understand; known only to the chosen few, esp. initiates; N. esoterica +* espionage spying ++ espouse adopt; support (an idea or aim); marry; N. espousal +- esteem respect; value; judge; N. +- estimable (of a person) worthy of esteem; admirable; deserving esteem; possible to estimate +- inestimable impossible to estimate; (apprec) invaluable; of immeasurable worth +* estranged separated; alienated; V. estrange: alienate (people in a family); N. estrangement +* ethereal like a spirit or fairy; unearthly light; heavenly; unusually refined; Ex. She has an ethereal beauty; CF. ether: upper air +- airy of air; high in the air; lofty; immaterial; unreal +- ethnic relating to races +- ethnology study of humankind; study of the different races of human beings; CF. anthropology +- ethos underlying character of a culture, group, etc.; character or ideas peculiar to a specific person, group, or culture; Ex. the company ethos +- etymology study of word parts; study of the origins of words +* eugenic pertaining to the improvement of race; N. eugenics: study of hereditary improvement of the human race +- eulogistic praising; full of eulogy +- eulogy expression of praise, often on the occasion of someone's death; V. eulogize +- euphemism mild expression in place of an unpleasant one; ADJ. euphemistic +* euphony sweet sound; ADJ. euphonious +* euphoria feeling of exaggerated or unfounded(ungrounded; baseless) well-being; feeling of great happiness or well-being (when unreasonable); ADJ. euphoriaric +* euthanasia mercy killing +* evanescent fleeting; vanishing; soon disappearing; V. evanesce ++ evasive not frank; trying to hide the truth; eluding; evading; V. evade: avoid (a duty or responsibility) or escape from by deceit ++ evince show clearly +* evenhanded impartial; fair +* evocative tending to call up (emotions, memories) +- evoke call forth (memory or feeling); Ex. That old film evoked memories of my childhood; N. evocation +* ewe female sheep + ram male sheep; V. strike or drive against with a heavy impact +* exacerbate worsen; aggravate; embitter ++ embitter make bitter; fill with painful or bitter feelings; make sad and angry; Ex. He was embittered by many disappointments. + exacting extremely demanding; Ex. exacting standard of safety +* exact demand and obtain by force; Ex. exact a promise from him; N. exaction +* exalt raise in rank or dignity; praise highly; inspire; Ex. exalt the imagination; ADJ. exalted; N. exaltation +* exasperate vex; annoy or make angry (by testing the patience) +* exceptionable objectionable; likely to cause dislike; offensive; CF. unexceptionable: entirely acceptable +- except exclude; N. exception: objection; exclusion; ADJ. exceptional: unusual; of unusually high quality +- excerpt selected passage (written or musical) taken from a longer work; V. +* exchequer treasury; Ex. Chancellor of the exchequer +- chancellor legal official of high rank; CF. chancellery(chancellory): position of a chancellor +- treasure keep as precious; cherish +* excise cut away; cut out; N: government tax on good produced and used inside a country; N. excision +- exclaim cry out suddenly; N. exclamation; ADJ. exclamatory + excoriate scold with biting harshness; censure strongly; strip the skin off +* exculpate clear from blame or guilt + execrable very bad; detestable + execrate curse; express abhorrence for; detest +- execute put into effect; carry out; kill as a lawful punishment; N. execution +- executor person designated to execute the terms of a will; ¿¹¼ú ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ Á¦ÀÛÀÚ +- executioner person administering capital punishment +- executive person having administrative authority; one branch of government executing laws; ADJ: relating to executing +- legislature legislating branch of government; CF. legislate: make laws +- judiciary judicial branch of government + exegesis explanation, especially of biblical(of the bible) passages +- exemplary serving as a model; outstanding; Ex. exemplary punishment/behavior; N. exemplar: typical example; model +- exemplify show by example; furnish an example; serve as an example of; Ex. His pictures exemplify that sort of painting. +- exempt not subject to a duty or obligation; free from a duty; V. +- exertion effort; expenditure of much physical work; V. exert oneself: make a great effort +- exhale breathe out; OP. inhale +- exhilarating invigorating and refreshing; cheering; V. exhilarate: make cheerful and excited; Ex. exhilarated by the ride in the sports car +* exhort urge (by strong argument or advice); Ex. The general exhorted his men to fight bravely; N. exhortation +- urge drive or force forward (by causing impulses); drive to take action; impel; entreat earnestly; Ex. urge horses; N: impulse that prompts action +- urgent compelling immediate action; pressing; persistent; importunate; Ex. urgent in his demands +* exhume dig out of the ground; remove from a grave +* coroner public official who investigates any death thought to be of other than natural causes +* exigency urgent situation; ADJ. exigent +* exiguous small in amount; minute +- existential pertaining to existence; pertaining to the philosophy of existentialism +* exodus departure (of a large number of people) +* exonerate acquit; exculpate; free from blame or guilt ++ exorbitant (of costs or demands) excessive; exceeding reasonable bounds + exorcise drive out evil spirits +- exotic not native; from another part of the world; strange; intriguingly unusual; Ex. exotic flower/dress +- intrigue make secret plans; plot; arouse the curiosity of; N: secret scheme; plot; secret love affair + expansive (of a person) outgoing and sociable; broad and extensive; able to increase in size +- outgoing sociable; eager to mix socially with others +* expatiate talk at length; speak or write in detail +* expatriate exile; someone who has withdrawn from his native land; V: exile; banish; leave one's country +* expedient suitable (for a particular purpose although not necessarily morally correct); practical; politic(prudent); N: something expedient +* expedite hasten; make go faster +* expeditious done with speed; quick; N. expedition +- expenditure payment or expense; expending; something expended; output; Ex. receipt for the expenditure; Ex. expenditure of all the energy +- expertise specialized knowledge (in a particular field); expert skill + expiate make amends for (a sin) +* expletive meaningless word; interjection; profane oath; swear-word +- interjection exclamation; Ex. ``Ouch'' +- swear vow; promise; use profane oaths; use offensive words + swear-word word considered offensive; Ex. ``bloody'' ++ oath solemn promise; blasphemous use of sacred words to express strong feelings; swear-word; Ex. ``For Christ's sake'' ++ explicate explain in detail; interpret; clarify; CF. explicable +- explicit totally clear; definite; outspoken +- exploit brave and successful act; deed or action, particularly a brave deed; CF. crossing the Atlantic ocean +- exploit make use of, sometimes unjustly; N. exploitation + expository explanatory; serving to explain; N. exposition: explaining; exhibition + expostulation protest; remonstrance; reasoning with someone to correct or dissuade; V. expostulate +- exposure risk, particularly of being exposed to disease or to the elements; unmasking; act of laying something open; Ex. exposure of governmental corruption +- expound explain + expropriate take possession of (often for public use and without payment) + expunge cancel; remove a word or name (from a book or list); erase + expurgate clean; remove offensive parts of a book + extant (of something written or painted) still in existence ++ extemporaneous not planned; impromptu; extempore +* extenuate weaken; mitigate; lessen the seriousness of (bad behavior) + extirpate root up; uproot; destroy completely +* extol praise very highly; glorify + extort wring from; get money by threats, etc.; obtain by force or threats; CF. extortionate: exorbitant + wring twist (to extract liquid); extract by twisting; wrench painfully (necks or hands) + extradition surrender of prisoner by one state to another; Ex. extradition treaty; V. extradite + extraneous not essential; irrelevant; superfluous; external; coming from the outside; Ex. extraneous details/noise/to the subject + extrapolation projection; conjecture; V. extrapolate: infer (unknown information) from known information +* extricate free from an entanglement or difficulty; disentangle +* inextricable from which it is impossible to get free; that cannot be untied; Ex. inextricable troubles; Ex. inextricable two histories +- extrinsic external; not essential or inherent; extraneous; OP. intrinsic +- extrovert person interested mostly in external objects and actions +- mingle mix together in close association + extrude force or push out; thrust out; shape (plastic or metal) by forcing through a die +* exuberance overflowing abundance; joyful enthusiasm; flamboyance; lavishness; ADJ. exuberant: high-spirited and lively; growing abundantly and strongly +- glow shine brightly without a flame (as of eyes or metals); show redness and heat (in the face) after hard work or because of strong feelings; N: light produced by a heated body; brilliance of a color + exude flow out slowly; discharge (gradually); give forth; N. exudation + ooze (of a thick liquid) pass or flow slowly; N: mud or thick liquid as at the bottom of a river + exult rejoice +- fabricate build; lie; make up (a story) in order to deceive; Ex. fabricate the whole story; CF. fabric: underlying structure; Ex. fabric of society +* facade(fa\c{c}ade) front or face (of building); superficial or false appearance + facet small plane surface (of a gem(precious stone)); a side +* facetious joking (often inappropriately); unserious; humorous +* facile easily accomplished; ready or fluent; superficial; not deep; Ex. facile solution to a complex problem; Ex. facile speaker; N. facility: ability to do something easily and well; ease in doing resulting from skill or aptitude; something that facilitates an action; amenity; Ex. with great facility +- facilitate help bring about; make less difficult +- facsimile copy +- faction party; clique (within a large group); dissension +- dissension disagreement of opinions causing strife within a group +- factious inclined to form factions; causing dissension +* factitious artificial; produced artificially; sham; false; Ex. factitious tears +* factotum handyman; person who does all kinds of work; CF. do everything +- faculty mental or bodily powers; teaching staff +- fallacious false; based on a fallacy; misleading; N. fallacy: false idea or notion; false reasoning; Ex. popular fallacy; Ex. fallacy of the argument +- fallible liable to err +- falsify make (something written) false by changing + fallow (of land) plowed but not sowed (to improve the quality); uncultivated +- sow plant or scatter seed +* falter hesitate; weaken in purpose or action; walk or move unsteadily through weakness; N. +- stumble trip and almost fall; proceed unsteadily; act falteringly; N. +- fanaticism excessive zeal; extreme devotion to a belief or cause; N. fanatic; ADJ. fanatic + fancied imagined; unreal + fancier breeder or dealer of animals; one who has a special interest, as for raising specific plant or animal +- fanciful whimsical; visionary; imaginary; produced by imagination; Ex. fanciful scheme +- fancy imagination (of a whimsical or fantastic nature); capricious liking; V: imagine; be fond of; ADJ. decorative; elaborate + fanfare call by bugles or trumpets; showy display; spectacular public display + farce broad comedy; mockery; humorous play full of silly things happening; ADJ. farcical + fastidious difficult to please; squeamish; fussy; finicky + squeamish easily shocked or sickened by unpleasant things; fastidious; Ex. A nurse should not be squeamish. ++ fatalism belief that events are determined by forces or fates beyond one's control; ADJ. fatalistic; CF. fatal: causing death +- fathom comprehend; investigate; determine the depth of; N. unit of measurement for the depth of water +- fathomless too deep to be measured or understood; unfathomable + fatuous smugly and unconsciously foolish; inane; silly; N. fatuity, fatuousness +- fauna animals of a period or region; CF. flora + fawning courting favor by cringing and flattering; V. fawn: exhibit affection as a dog; seek favor or attention by obsequiousness + court attempt to gain; seek; woo; risk; behave so as to invite; attempt to gain the favor of by attention; Ex. court disaster + faze disconcert; dismay; embarrass +- feasible practical; able to be carried out; practicable + febrile feverish + fecundity fertility; fruitfulness; ADJ. fecund: very productive of crops or young +- fertile producing many young, fruits, or seeds; (of land) producing good crops; V. fertilize +- fruitful producing results; profitable; prolific; producing in abundance ++ feign pretend + feint trick; shift; sham blow; feigned attack to draw away defensive action; V. +- shift change position or place; exchange (one thing) for another; change in direction or position; Ex. shift the stolen goods; N. group of workers which takes turns with other groups; working period of such a group +* felicitous (of a word or remark) apt; suitably expressed; well chosen +* felicity happiness; appropriateness (of a remark, choice, etc.); quality of being felicitous +* feline of a member of the cat family; N. + fell cruel; (of a disease) deadly + fell cut or knock down (a tree or a person); bring down (with a missile) + felon person convicted of a grave crime; CF. felony: serious crime + feral (of an animal) not domestic; wild +* ferment agitation; commotion(noisy and excited activity); unrest (of a political kind); V. produce by fermentation; undergo fermentation; cause (a state of trouble) +* fermentation chemical reaction that splits complex organic compounds; unrest; agitation + ferret drive or hunt out of hiding; hunt with ferrets; drive out (as from a hiding place); expel; uncover or discover by searching; Ex. ferret out the secret; N. small fierce animal which catches rats and rabbits by going into their holes +* fervent ardent; zealous; hot + fervid ardent; zealous; hot +- impassioned (of speech) filled with passion; fervent + fervor glowing ardor; intensity of feeling; quality of being fervent or fervid; zeal; intense heat + fester rankle; produce irritation or resentment; (of a cut or wound) generate pus or rot; Ex. His insult festered in my mind for days. +- festive joyous; celebratory; relating to a feast or festival + fete(f\^ete) honor at a festival; celebrate or honor with a feast; N. (outdoor) festival or feast; CF. feast + fetid(foetid) malodorous; foul +- foul very bad or disagreeable; very dirty; Ex. foul smell/flavor/temper/language/air/deed/weather/means; N. act against the rules; V. make or become foul; commit a foul + fetish(fetich) object believed to have spiritual powers; object of excessive attention or reverence; CF. fetishism +- fetter shackle; restrict the freedom of; N. chain or shackle for the foot of a prisoner; CF. foot + fiasco total failure; CF. bottle + fiat command; arbitrary order; Ex. presidential fiat; CF. let it be done + fickle changeable (in affections or friendship); faithless +- fictitious imaginary; non-existent; purposely invented to deceive; untrue; Ex. fictitious name/boyfriend; CF. fictional +* fidelity loyalty; accuracy +- figment invention; something invented; imaginary thing; Ex. figment of your imagination ++ figurative not literal but metaphorical; using a figure(impression) of speech +- figure written symbols; number; amount represented in numbers; outline or silhouette of a thing or human body; person (well-known); impression; diagram; pattern; group in a dance; Ex. figure of speech; V. calculate with numbers; adorn with figures; appear; consider; Ex. My name did not figure in the list. + figurine small ornamental statuette(very small statue) +* filch steal (things of small value) +* pilfer steal things of small value; filch; snitch +* filial pertaining to or befitting a son or daughter; Ex. filial respect + filibuster block legislation or prevent action in a lawmaking body by making very slow long speeches; N; freebooter +* freebooter pirate or plunderer who makes war in order to grow rich + bust piece of sculpture showing a person's head, shoulders, and upper chest; V: break up; arrest; Ex. crimebuster + filigree delicate ornamental lacelike metalwork + lace cord used to draw and tie together two opposite edges (as of a shoe); delicate fabric made of fine threads; V: draw together by tying a lace + filing particle removed by a file + finale conclusion; concluding part + finesse delicate skill; V: handle with finesse ++ finicky too particular; fussy; difficult to please; too concerned with unimportant details or quality; Ex. finicky about her food + fussy fastidious; finicky; easily upset +* fuss: trouble or worry over trifles; make nervous; pay too much attention to; N: needless concern or worry (about a trivial thing); anxious nervous condition; display of attention; Ex. make a fuss over the baby +- finite limited + firebrand piece of burning wood; hothead; troublemaker; person who stirs up trouble + hothead person who does things too quickly without thinking; ADJ. hotheaded +* fissure crevice; crack + fitful spasmodic; intermittent; irregular +* fit sudden outburst of an illness or feeling; convulsion caused by epilepsy + flaccid flabby; lacking firmness; weak; Ex. flaccid muscles + limp walk lamely; ADJ: lacking firmness; weak +* flag droop; grow feeble; decline in vigor or strength; ADJ. flagging; CF. unflagging + droop bend or hang downward; become weakened; Ex. His shoulders drooped with tiredness; N. +* flagrant conspicuously wicked, bad, or offensive; blatant; outrageous +* outrage act of extreme violence or viciousness; resentful anger; V: commit an outrage on; produce anger in; ADJ. outrageous: offensive + flail beat with or as if with a flail; move wildly; thresh grain by hand; strike or slap; toss about; N: threshing tool consisting of a stick swinging from the end of a long handle + thresh beat (cereal plants) with a machine or flail to separate the grains from the straw + toss throw lightly; move or lift (the head) with a sudden motion; flip (a coin) to decide something + flair talent + flamboyant ornate; highly elaborate; richly colored; ostentatious; showy; CF. flame + flaunt display ostentatiously; Ex. ``Honey, if you've got it, flaunt it !'' + flay strip off skin; plunder; remove the skin from; criticize harshly + fleck spot; mark with flecks; N: small mark or spot + fledgling(fledgeling) inexperienced; N: young bird that has acquired wing feathers and is learning to fly; inexperienced person + fleece wool coat of a sheep; V: shear the fleece from; rob by a trick; swindle; plunder + shear remove (fleece or hair) by cutting; remove the hair or fleece from; cut with or as if with shears; N: shears; pair of scissors + trickster person who cheats people + flick light stroke as with a whip; V: move with a light quick blow; strike with a light quick blow (as from a whip); Ex. flick the switch + flicker burn unsteadily or fitfully; move waveringly; N: flickering movement or light; brief sensation; Ex. flicker of excitement + flutter (of a bird with large wings) wave (the wings) lightly, rapidly, and irregularly; vibrate rapidly or erratically; fly by waving quickly; flitter; N. + flinch hesitate; shrink back (in fear of something unpleasant); Ex. She did not flinch in the face of danger. +* flippant lacking proper seriousness; Ex. flippant remarks about death; N. flippancy +- flip send (something) spinning, often into the air, by striking with a light quick blow; turn over; Ex. flip over + flit fly; fly or move lightly or quickly; dart lightly; pass swiftly by; Ex. a bee flitting from flower to flower + floe flat mass of floating ice +* flora plants of a region or era + florescence condition or period of flowering + florid ruddy; (of a complexion) reddish; flowery; very ornate; CF. rose + flush redden; blush; flow suddenly and abundantly; wash out by a rapid brief flow of water; N: reddish tinge; blush; brief rush; rush of strong feeling; Ex. flush of pride; ADJ: having surfaces in the same plane; even; blushing + blush become red in the face (from embarrassment or shame); become red or rosy; N. + tinge give a slight degree of a color or quality to; N: slight degree of a color or quality; Ex. tinged with grey/jealousy + tint slight degree of color; V: give a tint to + flowery full of flowers; full of ornate expressions + flotsam drifting wreckage + jetsam things thrown from a ship (to lighten the ship) + flounder struggle and thrash about; proceed clumsily or falter (as in water, mud, snow, etc.); proceed in confusion + thrash beat with a whip or flail; defeat utterly; talk about thoroughly in order to find the answer; move wildly or violently; Ex. The fishes thrashed about in the net. + flourish grow well; prosper; make sweeping gestures; wave; brandish; Ex. The trees flourished in the sun. N: showy movement or gesture; embellishment or ornamentation (esp. in handwriting) + flout reject; mock; show contempt for; scorn; Ex. flout the rules + curb chain or strap used with a bit to restrain a horse; something that checks; V: check; restrain +- fluctuate waver; shift; rise and fall as if in waves; change or vary irregularly + fluency smoothness of speech; ADJ. fluent + fluke unlikely occurrence; stroke of fortune; accidental stroke of good luck; ADJ. fluky + fluster confuse; make nervous and confused; N. + fluted having vertical parallel grooves (as in a pillar); V. flute: make long parallel inward curves in; N. flute: long rounded groove incised on the shaft of a column + groove long narrow channel made in a surface to guide the movement of something; Ex. groove of the record ++ stammer speak with involuntarily pauses or repetitions ++ flux flowing; series of changes; fluctuation; Ex. in a state of flux +* fodder coarse food for cattle, horses, etc.; feed for livestock; CF. food + foible small weakness of character; slight fault; CF. feeble + foil contrast; one that by contrast enhances the distinctive characteristics of another + foil defeat; frustrate; prevent from being successful; thwart; CF. fail + foist insert improperly; impose upon another by coercion; palm off; pass off as genuine or worthy; CF. fist + palm conceal in the palm of the hand; palm off: pass off; Ex. palm off some bad oranges onto the lady/the painting as a real Renoir + pass_off present falsely; represent falsely to be +* foliage masses of leaves; CF. defoliate + foment stir up; incite; instigate; promote the growth of (something evil or unpleasant) +* foolhardy rash; reckless; foolishly daring + foppish vain about dress and appearance; N. fop: man who takes too much interest in his clothes and appearance +* foray raid; sudden raid or military advance; V. + forbearance patience; forgiveness; V. forbear: refrain from (in a generous and forgiving way); be patient; Ex. forbear to send him to prison + ford place where a river can be crossed on foot; V. + forebears(forbears) ancestors +* foreboding premonition of evil; feeling of coming evil; V. forebode: be a warning of (something unpleasant) +* forensic suitable to debate or courts of law; of or used in legal proceedings and the tracking of criminals; Ex. forensic science/medicine + forum public square of an ancient Roman city; public place for open discussion; court of law +- foreshadow give an indication beforehand; be a sign of (what is coming); portend; prefigure +- prefigure be a sign of; foreshadow +- forerunner predecessor; one that comes before and indicates the approach of another +- foresight ability to foresee future happenings; prudence in providing for the future +* forestall prevent by taking action in advance ++ nuptial of marriage or the wedding ceremony; N; nuptials; wedding ceremony +* forfeit something surrendered as punishment for a crime or breach of contract; V: lose as a forfeit; N. forfeiture +* forge counterfeit; reproduce fraudulently; form by heating in a forge and hammering into shape; move with a sudden increase of speed or power; Ex. forged ahead in the last two years; N: furnace where metals are heated +* forgo(forego) give up; do without + forlorn sad and lonely; wretched; desolate +- formality ceremonious quality; ceremonious adherence to rules; something done just for form's sake; Ex. mere formality + formidable menacing; arousing fear; threatening; difficult to defeat; Ex. formidable foe/question ++ menace threat; V: threaten +* forsake desert; abandon; renounce +* forswear renounce under oath; abandon; make a solemn promise to give up; CF. abjure + forte strong point or special talent in a person's character + forthright straightforward; direct; frank + forthcoming happening in the near future; ready; willing to help; Ex. No answer was forthcoming. + fortitude bravery; courage; strength of mind + fortuitous accidental; by chance; N. fortuity + foster rear; bring up (for a certain period only); encourage; promote the development of (feelings or ideas); Ex. help foster friendly relations; ADJ: giving parental care although not related by blood; Ex. foster parents + founder fail completely; sink; CF. flounder + founder person who establishes (an organization or business) + fracas brawl(noisy quarrel or fight) in which a number of people take part; melee + fractious unruly; peevish; cranky; bad-tempered; Ex. fractious horse +- frail weak; N. frailty +- franchise right or privilege granted by authority; right to vote; license to sell a product in a particular territory +* frantic wild; distraught as from fear or worry; Ex. frantic with fear +- fraudulent cheating; deceitful; Ex. fraudulent means; N. fraud: deception; swindle +* fraught filled (with something unpleasant); full; Ex. fraught with danger and difficulties; CF. freight + fray brawl; fight; V: wear away or unravel by rubbing; have loose threads developing; cause to become worn out (a person's temper or nerves); CF. rub + frenetic(phrenetic) frenzied; frantic + frenzied madly excited; N. frenzy: violent wild excitement + fresco painting on wet plaster (usually fresh) + paste smooth viscous mixture as of flour(powder made by crushing grain) and water (used as an adhesive); V: cause to adhere by applying paste + pastry paste of flour and water (eaten when baked) + plaster paste that hardens to a smooth solid and is used for coating walls; V. +* fret be annoyed or vexed; Ex. fret over your poor grades; N: irritation of mind; ADJ. fretful +- friction clash or conflict in opinion; rubbing against + frieze ornamental horizontal band on a wall +- frigid intensely cold; cold in manner; Ex. frigid zone +* fritter waste (time or money on unimportant things) ++ frivolous lacking in seriousness; flippant; self-indulgently carefree; unworthy of serious attention; relatively unimportant; trivial +- self-indulgence excessive indulgence of one's own desire +- carefree free from worries; having no problems +* frolicsome prankish; gay; playful; merry; frisky +* frolic play and jump about happily; frisk; Ex. frolicking young lambs + frond fern leaf; palm or banana leaf +- litter waste material thrown away (as bits of paper scattered untidily); V: cover untidily with scattered litter ++ fructify bear fruit; produce fruit + frugality thrift; economy; ADJ. frugal: practicing economy; costing little; inexpensive +- fruition bearing of fruit; fulfillment; realization; Ex. come to/be brought to fruition +- frustrate thwart; defeat; prevent from accomplishing a purpose + fugitive fleeting or transitory; lasting only a short time; roving(wandering); running away or fleeing as from the law; N: one who flees; Ex. fugitives at large +- fulcrum support on which a lever rests or pivots + fulminate thunder; explode; issue a severe denunciation + fulsome disgustingly excessive; offensively flattering; Ex. fulsome praise/expressions of admire + fumble move the fingers and hands awkwardly (in search of something); mishandle or drop a ball that is in play; bungle; botch; spoil by mishandling; N. + functionary official (who performs a particular function) ++ functional made for practical use only (without decoration); functioning; Ex. functional modern furniture; CF. functionalism +- fundamental basic; primary; essential + funereal sad; solemn; suitable for a funeral + furor frenzy; great anger and excitement; CF. fury + furtive stealthy; quiet and secret (trying to escape notice); sneaky; Ex. furtive glance + sneak move, give, or take in a quiet, stealthy way; N: one who sneaks; ADJ. sneaky + underhand(underhanded) done slyly and secretly (being dishonest) + sly clever in deceiving; secretive; not telling one's intentions + fusillade simultaneous firing or outburst (of missiles, questions, etc.) +- fusion union; coalition; V. fuse +- futile useless; hopeless; ineffectual +- gadfly animal-biting fly; irritating person + gaffe social blunder + + gainsay deny + gait manner of walking or running; speed +- galaxy large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way; collection of brilliant personalities + gale windstorm; gust of wind; emotional outburst (laughters, tears); Ex. gale of laughter + gall bitterness of feeling; nerve; effrontery; ´ãÁó(bile); CF. gall bladder + gall annoy; exasperate; chafe; N: skin sore caused by rubbing (as on the skin of a horse); exasperation +- galleon large three-masted sailing ship +- galley low ship with sails (rowed along by slaves) +* clipper sailing vessel built for great speed +* pinnace small boat +- clip cut off with shears; fasten; N: something clipped off (as a short extract from film); clasp or fastener + galvanize stimulate or shock by an electric current; stimulate by shock; shock into action; stir up; coat with rust-resistant zinc by using electricity + galvanic of the production of electricity by the action of an acid on a metal; having the effect of an electric shock; Ex. galvanic cell; galvanic effect; CF. Luigi Galvani +* gambit opening in chess in which a piece is sacrificed; action made to produce a future advantage +* ploy strategem to gain an advantage; tactic; Ex. management ploy +* gambol romp; skip about; leap about playfully; frolic; N. + romp play or frolic boisterously; gambol; N. +* zest outer skin of an orange used for giving a special taste to food; spice; interest; flavor; spirited enjoyment; Ex. add a certain zest to the affair; Ex. zest for life +* gamely in a spirited manner; with courage; Ex. fight gamely against a superior boxer; ADJ. game + gamut entire range +* gape open widely; open the mouth wide; stare wonderingly with the mouth open; CF. agape +* garbled mixed up; jumbled; distorted; V. garble: mix up or distort (a message) to such an extent as to make misleading or unintelligible +- jumble mix in a confused way +* gargantuan huge; enormous; gigantic; CF. the hero of Gargantua and Pantagruel + gargoyle waterspout carved in grotesque figures on a building +- garish overbright in color; unpleasantly bright; gaudy + trim make neat or tidy by clipping; reduce by removing what is unnecessary; ornament; decorate (round the edges); Ex. trim the cost; Ex. jacket trimmed with fur; N. ADJ: tidy; in good order + garner gather; store up; amass +- garnish decorate; add a garnish to; decorate (food or drink) with small items such as lemon slices; N. +* garrulous loquacious; wordy; talkative; N. garrulity +* gastronomy art and science of preparing and serving good food; CF. gastronome + gauche clumsy (in social behavior); coarse and uncouth ++ gaudy flashy; showy ++ flashy showy; gaudy; giving a momentary brilliance + gild cover with a thin layer of gold + gaunt lean and angular; thin and bony; emaciated; barren + gavel hammerlike tool; mallet(wooden hammer) used by a presiding officer or an auctioneer; V. +- bid command; utter (a greeting); offer as a price; N: offer of a price; amount offered; earnest effort to gain something; Ex. bid for freedom +* gawk stare foolishly; look in open-mouthed awe +* gazette official periodical publication; newspaper +- genealogy record of descent; lineage; ancestry; study of ancestry +- generality vague statement; general statement which is not detailed; quality of being general; greater part; most; Ex. generality of people +- generate cause; produce; create +- generic characteristic of an entire class or species; of a genus +- genus division of animals or plants, below a family and above a species +* genesis beginning; origin + geniality cheerfulness; kindliness; sympathy; ADJ. genial: cheerful and good-tempered +- genre particular variety of art or literature + genteel well-bred; elegant; striving to convey an appearance of refinement; Ex. genteel poverty + gentility those of gentle birth; high social class; refinement; quality of being genteel + breed produce young; rear; bring up; produce (an undesirable condition); N: kind or sort of animal or plant + crossbreed hybridize; N: hybrid; CF. interbreed; CF. inbreed + well-bred of good upbringing; well-mannered and refined +* gentry people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility +- gentle kindly; soft; mild; of good family + genuflect bend the knee as in worship +* germane pertinent; bearing upon(having connection with) the case at hand; appropriate +* germinal pertaining to a germ; creative; Ex. germinal idea +- germ earliest form of an organism; seed or bud; something that may develop into something larger or more important; microbe +- germinate cause to sprout; sprout +- sprout begin to grow; give off shoots or buds; N: new growth on a plant; shoot ++ shoot new growth from a plant +* gerontocracy government ruled by old people +* gerontology study of the sociological phenomena associated with old age + geriatrics medical treatment and care of old age + gerrymander change voting district lines in order to favor a political party; N. CF. Elbridge Gerry + (sala)mander ++ gestate evolve as in prenatal growth; N. gestation: period of development from conception until birth ++ natal connected with birth; CF. prenatal; CF. postnatal + gesticulation motion; gesture; V. gesticulate: make gestures (while speaking) +* ghastly horrible; terrifying; resembling ghosts; CF. aghast +* gibberish nonsense; nonsensical or unintelligible talk or writing; babbling + gibe mock; make jeering remarks; N: jeering remarks +* giddy light-hearted; not serious; frivolous; dizzy; causing dizziness; Ex. giddy youth; Ex. giddy climb/height +* gingerly very carefully; ADJ. +* girth distance around something; circumference +- gist essence; main point; substance + glacial like a glacier; of an ice age; extremely cold; Ex. glacial epoch; CF. iceberg + glaring (of something bad) highly conspicuous; harshly bright; shining intensely and blindingly + glare shine intensely and blindingly; stare fixedly and angrily; N. + glaze cover with a thin and shiny surface; apply a glaze to; N: thin, smooth, shiny coating (as for pottery); Ex. unglazed pottery + glean gather leavings; gather grain left behind by reapers; gather bit by bit (facts or information) often with difficulty + glib fluent (with insincerity or superficiality); facile; slick + slick make smooth or glossy; N: smooth surface; Ex. oil slick; ADJ: smooth; glossy; deftly executed; adroit; glib + sleek smooth and shining (as from good health); V. +* glimmer shine erratically; twinkle; N: dim or unsteady light; faint indication; Ex. glimmer of hope ++ glitter shine brightly with flashing points of light; Ex. glittering diamond ring; N: sparkling light; attractiveness; glamor; Ex. glitter of the sun on the waves +- glamor compelling charm; ADJ. glamorous +* gloat express evil satisfaction; look at or think about with evil satisfaction; view malevolently; Ex. The thief gloated over the stolen jewels. + gloss_over explain away with the intention of deceiving or hiding faults + gloss brief explanation note or translation of a difficult expression; V. + glossary brief explanation of words used in the text + glossy smooth and shining; N. gloss: shiny brightness on a surface; superficially attractive appearance; Ex. gloss of good manners + mat not shiny; matte; having a dull finish; N: flat piece of material used as a floor covering; V. +- finish surface texture; completeness of execution +- finished properly made and complete; Ex. finished product/performance + glower scowl; glare; look or stare angrily + scowl frown angrily; N: angry frown + glut overstock; fill beyond capacity (with food); fill to excess; N: oversupply + glutinous sticky; viscous; gluey + glutton someone who eats too much; ADJ. gluttonous: given to gluttony; greedy; CF. gluttony: habit of eating too much + gnarled twisted + gnarl protruding knot on a tree; V. + gnome dwarf; underground spirit who guards treasure hoards + goad urge on; drive with a goad; cause (someone) to do something by continued annoyance; Ex. They goaded him into doing it by saying he was a coward; N: sharp-pointed stick for driving cattle; stimulus; CF. annoy continually + gorge narrow canyon; steep rocky cleft; ravine (made by a stream which runs through it) + gorge stuff oneself (with food); glut; CF. gorgeous: dazzlingly beautiful +* gory bloody; N. gore: blood (from a wound) + shudder shake uncontrollably; tremble; V. + gossamer sheer; very light; like cobwebs; N: soft and sheer fabric; cobweb + sheer pure; thin and transparent; very steep + + gouge tear out; cut out (as if with a gouge); Ex. gouge his eyes out; N: chisel for cutting out hollow areas in wood + gouge overcharge (with high price); extort from; Ex. gouge the public; CF. usury + gourmand epicure; person who takes excessive pleasure in food and drink + gourmet connoisseur of food and drink; epicure +- graduated arranged by degrees (of height, difficulty, etc.) + graduate arrange into categories or grades; divide into marked intervals (for use in measurement); Ex. graduated ruler + granary storehouse for grain + grandeur impressiveness; stateliness; majesty + stately formal; ceremonious; grand in style or size; majestic ++ grandiloquent (of a person or speech) using high sounding or important-sounding language; pompous; bombastic +* grandiose affectedly grand; pretentious; high-flown; ridiculously exaggerated; impressive; great in size or scope; grand; Ex. grandiose ideas + high-flown highly pretentious or inflated + matin\'ee(matinee) dramatic or musical performance given in the afternoon + granulate form into grains or granules; N. granule: grain or particle + graphic pertaining to the art of delineating; vividly described + vivid (of light or color) bright and distinct; evoking lifelike mental images; Ex. vivid red hair/description + graphite black form of carbon used in lead pencils + grapple wrestle; come to grips with; take hold of and struggle with; Ex. grapple with the burglar + grate make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; shred by rubbing against a rough surface; Ex. grated cheese N: framework of metal bars to hold fuel in a fireplace +- gratify please; satisfy; Ex. gratify a desire ++ gratis free; without charge; ADJ. +* gratuitous given freely; unwarranted; uncalled for; done without good reason; Ex. gratuitous comment + gratuity tip + gravity seriousness; ADJ. grave +* gregarious sociable; (of an animal) tending to form a group +* grievance cause of complaint; complaint +- grill question severely; cook on a grill; broil; N: cooking surface of parallel metal bars +* broil cook by direct heat; N. + grim causing great fear; unrelenting; determined in spite of fear; Ex. grim smile + grimace facial distortion to show feeling such as pain, disgust, etc; V. + grisly ghastly; horrifying; Ex. grisly remains of the bodies +* groom man employed to take care of horses; V: make neat and trim; clean and brush (an animal) + grotesque fantastic; comically hideous; strange and unnatural (causing fear or amusement) ++ hideous repulsive to the sight; ugly; repugnant; Ex. hideous face/scream + grotto small cavern + grouse complain; fuss; grumble; grouch; N: plump chickenlike game bird +* grumble complain; mutter discontentedly; grouch; N. +* mutter utter (complaining words) indistinctly in low tones + rumble make or move with a deep rolling sound (as thunder or stomach) + grovel crawl or creep on ground; remain prostrate; behave in a servile manner + grudging unwilling; reluctant; stingy(giving reluctantly) + gruel thin liquid porridge +- porridge soft food made by boiling oatmeal + oatmeal crushed oats used for making porridge + grueling exhausting; Ex. grueling marathon race ++ gruesome grisly; horrible + gruff rough-mannered; (of a voice) rough; hoarse +* grunt utter a deep guttural sound (as a pig does); N. + guffaw boisterous laughter; V. ++ guile deceit; duplicity; wiliness; cunning; Ex. persuade her by guile +- cunning clever in deceiving; sly; N: cleverness in deceiving; deceit +* guileless without deceit +* guise outward appearance; costume; Ex. in a new guise +* gull trick; deceive; hoodwink; N: person who is easily tricked; dupe +* gullible easily deceived + gustatory affecting or relating to the sense of taste + gusto eager enjoyment; zest; enthusiasm + gusty windy + gust strong abrupt rush of wind; V. CF. bluster + guy cable or chain attached to something that needs to be braced or steadied; CF. guide + topple become unsteady and fall down + overthrow topple; N. + overturn turn over; capsize; topple + capsize (of a boat) turn over +* gyroscope apparatus used to maintain balance, ascertain direction, etc. +- habituate accustom or familiarize; addict + hackles hairs on back and neck, especially of a dog; Ex. make someone's hackles rise + growl low, guttural, menacing sound (as of a dog) +* hackneyed commonplace; trite +* haggard wasted away; gaunt; Ex. haggard faces of the rescued miners +* haggle argue about prices (in an attempt to bargain) +* halcyon calm; peaceful; Ex. halcyon days +* hale healthy +* hail frozen rain drop; V: salute or greet; precipitate hail +* hallowed blessed; consecrated; Ex. hallowed ground; V. hallow: set apart as holy +- hallucination delusion; false idea; false perception of objects with a compelling sense of their reality; objects so perceived; V. hallucinate; ADJ. hallucinatory + halting hesitant; faltering; not fluent; Ex. halting steps/voice; V. halt: proceed or act with uncertainty; falter; hesitate; waver; stop + waver move or swing back and forth; be uncertain or unsteady in decision or movement; Ex. wavering between accepting and refusing +- hamper obstruct; prevent the free movement of; N: ½Ä·áÇ°À̳ª ÀǺ¹ µîÀ» ´ã´Â ¹Ù±¸´Ï +- hap chance; luck + haphazard random; by chance; happening in an unplanned manner; Ex. haphazard growth of the town +- hapless unfortunate; luckless + harangue long, passionate, and vehement speech; V. +* harass annoy by repeated attacks + harbinger forerunner (which foreshadows what is to come) + harbor give protection (by giving food and shelter); provide a refuge for; hide; keep in mind (thoughts or feelings); Ex. harbor a grudge/criminal; N: place of shelter; refuge + habitat natural home of a plant or animal; CF. habitation + hardy (of people or animals) sturdy; robust; (of plants) able to stand inclement(stormy) weather +* harping tiresome dwelling on a subject; V. harp: dwell on(think or speak a lot about) tediously + harrowing agonizing; distressing; traumatic; V. harrow: break up and level (soil) with a harrow; inflict great distress on; agonize; N: farming machine to break up the earth +* harry harass, annoy, torment (by repeated attacks); raid + hatch deck opening; lid covering a deck opening; V: emerge from an egg; produce (young) from an egg + latch fastening or lock consisting of a movable bar that fits into a notch; V: close with a latch + notch V-shaped cut in a surface; V. + haughtiness pride; arrogance; ADJ. haughty + haunt (of a spirit) visit (a place); come to mind continually; visit (a place) regularly; frequent; Ex. haunted house; Ex. haunted by his last words; N: place much frequented + haven place of safety; refuge; harbor; Ex. tax haven + havoc widespread damage; disorder; chaos +- hazardous dangerous +- hazard venture; put in danger; risk; Ex. hazard a guess; N: possible source of danger +- hazy slightly obscure; misty; unclear; N. haze: light mist or smoke; confused state of mind + headlong hasty; rash; headfirst; ADV. + headfirst moving with the head leading; headlong + headstrong willful; stubborn; unyielding; determined to have one's own way; CF. no 'excessive' + heckler person who verbally harasses others; V. heckle: verbally harass as with gibes (by interrupting a speaker or speech) +- hedonist one who believes that pleasure is the sole aim in life; CF. hedonism: practice of living one's life purely for pleasure +- heedless not noticing; disregarding +- heed pay attention to; N: close attention + hegemony dominance especially of one nation over others + heinous atrocious; wicked; hatefully bad; Ex. heinous crime + gross total; fragrant; clearly wrong; (of people's behavior) coarse; corpulent; Ex. gross insolence/behavior; V: earn as a total amount; N: 12 dozens + helm steering wheel of a ship; position of control ++ herbivorous grain-eating; CF. herbivore ++ heresy opinion contrary to popular belief; opinion contrary to accepted religion; ADJ. heretial;c CF. heretic + hermetic sealed by fusion so as to be airtight; airtight + hermetic concerning alchemy or magic; obscure and mysterious; occult + sterile incapable of producing young; free from microorganism; V. sterilize +* hermitage home of a hermit +* herpetologist one who studies reptiles; CF. herpetology: branch of zoology that deals with reptiles and amphibians ++ heterodox (of beliefs) against accepted opinion; unorthodox; unconventional +- heterogeneous dissimilar; mixed; not homogeneous; consisting of dissimilar elements or plants + hew cut to pieces with ax or sword; chop; N. ++ heyday time of greatest success or power; prime ++ prime period of ideal or peak condition; earliest or beginning stage; Ex. in the prime of life; Ex. prime of the year(spring); ADJ: first in importance or rank; first; V: make ready; prepare +- primary first in rank or importance; principal; earliest in time; Ex. primary stages; N. CF. first +- primal first in rank or importance; being first in time; original; Ex. man's primal innocence ++ primate group of mammals including humans +- hiatus gap; pause; gap or interruption in space or time; break + +* hibernal wintry; wintery; of or like winter +- hibernate sleep throughout the winter; N. hibernation +- hierarchy arrangement by rank or standing; authoritarian body divided into ranks; body of persons having authority +* totem animal, plant, or natural object serving as a symbol of a clan or family; representation of this; Ex. totem pole + hieroglyphic picture writing; ADJ. +- hilarity boisterous mirth(merriment; laughter); ADJ. hilarious: full of laughter +* hindmost furthest behind; farthest to the rear +* wage begin and continue (a war) +- hindrance block; obstacle; V. hinder +* hinterlands back country; inner part of a country; OP. foreland + hireling one who serves for hire (usually used contemptuously); one who works solely for compensation; Ex. hireling politician + hirsute hairy; having a lot of hair ++ histrionic theatrical; excessively dramatic or emotional; affected; of actors or acting; N. histrionics: histrionic behavior +- historic important in history; Ex. historic battle +- historical connected with history; based on events in history (whether regarded as important or not) +* hoard stockpile; accumulate for future use; N: supply stored for future use +* hoary white with age +- hoax trick which makes someone take action; practical joke; Ex. hoax mail; V. +* holocaust destruction by fire; CF. burnt whole; CF. Holocaust +* holster leather pistol case (that hangs on a belt around the waist) +* homage honor; tribute; great respect; Ex. pay/do homage to + homeostasis tendency of a system or organism to maintain relative stability or internal equilibrium; CF. homeo-: constant; Ex. homeotherm +* homespun domestic; made at home; spun or woven at home; simple and ordinary; Ex. homespun philosophy +- spin rotate swiftly; make (thread) by twisting (cotton, wool, etc.); N. +* homily sermon; tedious moralizing lecture; serious warning; ADJ. homiletic +- homogeneous of the same kind; uniform in composition throughout +* hone sharpen (a tool); N: whetstone for sharpening a tool +* hoodwink deceive; delude +* horde crowd; swarm +* swarm large group of insects moving in a mass; crowd of people or animals; V: move in a crowd or mass + hortatory encouraging; exhortive; marked by exhortation; CF. exhort + horticultural pertaining to cultivation of gardens; N. horticulture: science or art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants; CF. agriculture: science or art of farming or growing crops +- hostility unfriendliness; hatred; enmity; ADJ. hostile + hovel shack; small wretched house + hut crude dwelling; shack + shack crude cabin + shed small roofed structure for storage and shelter; V: pour forth; lose by natural process; repel without allowing penetration; radiate; cast; Ex. shed tears/light/water/skin/leaves + hover hang about; (of birds or aircraft) stay in the air in one place; (of people) wait nearby; stay around one place; waver; be in an uncertain state + hubbub confused uproar; loud noise; din + hubris arrogance; excessive self-conceit +- hue color; aspect; Ex. opinions of every hue + hue_and_cry outcry; loud cry or clamor; strong protest; Ex. hue and cry against the new rule + humane marked by kindness or consideration; kind and compassionate; humanitarian + humanitarian one devoted to the promotion of human welfare; CF. humanism + humdrum dull; monotonous + humid damp; N. humidity + humility humbleness of spirit + humble of low rank or position; modest; having a low opinion of oneself and a high opinion of others; unassuming; not proud; V. humiliate: make humble; cause to feel ashamed or to lose the respect of others + hummock small hill; hillock + humus substance or rich soil formed by decaying vegetable matter; CF. soil + hurtle crash; rush; move with great speed; Ex. hurtling runaway train + husband use sparingly; conserve; save; Ex. husband one's energy; CF. house holder + husbandry frugality; thrift; economy; agriculture; farming; Ex. animal husbandry; CF. husbandman +- hybrid mongrel; mixed breed; V. hybridize +* mongrel plant or animal (esp. a dog) of mixed breed; ADJ. + pedigree line of ancestors; ancestry; lineage; ADJ. (of an animal) descended from of a chosen family; Ex. pedigree dog; CF. crane's foot +- hydrophobia fear of water; rabies +- rabies disease passed on by the bite of an infected animal (causing madness and death) +- hygiene science and practice of the promotion and preservation of health; ADJ. hygienic: showing careful attention to cleanness (to prevent disease); Ex. hygienic condition +- hyperbole exaggeration; overstatement; ADJ. hyperbolic: of hyperbole; of a hyperbola +- hypercritical excessively exacting; too critical (without noticing good qualities) + hypochondriac person unduly worried about his health; worrier without cause about illness; ADJ. CF. hypochondria: neurosis that one is or is becoming ill; CF. abdomen + hypocritical pretending to be virtuous; deceiving; N. hypocrisy: profession of beliefs one does not possess; CF. hypocrite +- hypothetical based on assumptions or hypotheses; supposed; N. hypothesis + ichthyology study of fish; CF. ichthyo-: fish +- icon(ikon) religious image; idol; image or representation +- iconoclastic attacking cherished traditions; N. iconoclast: one who attacks traditional ideas; one who destroys sacred images +- ideology system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture +- idiom expression whose meaning as a whole differs from the meanings of its individual words; distinctive style (of expression); Ex. idiom of the modern popular music; ADJ. idiomatic +- idiosyncrasy individual trait usually odd in nature; behavioral peculiarity; eccentricity; attitude, behavior, or opinion peculiar to a person; anything highly individual or eccentric; ADJ. idiosyncratic + idolatry worship of idols; excessive admiration or devotion; ADJ. idolatrous + idyllic charmingly carefree; simple and happy; Ex. idyllic scene + idyll(idyl) short poem idealizing rural life; simple happy period of life (in the country); scene from such a time; Ex. idyll of two young lovers +* igneous produced by fire; of fire; volcanic; (of rocks) formed from lava; Ex. igneous meteorite +- ignite kindle; light; catch fire or set fire to +- ignoble unworthy; not noble; dishonorable; Ex. ignoble deed + ignominy deep disgrace; shame or dishonor; ADJ. ignominious; Ex. ignominous defeat +- illicit illegal +- illimitable infinite; limitless +- illuminate brighten; clear up or make understandable; enlighten; enable to understand; Ex. illuminating remarks +- illusion misleading vision or visual image; false idea or belief; CF. delusion +- illusive deceiving; based on illusion; causing illusion; deceptive +- illusory illusive; deceptive; not real +- imbalance lack of balance or symmetry; disproportion +- disproportion lack of proportion (between the parts); ADJ. disproportionate + imbecility weakness of mind; state of being an imbecile; N. imbecile: stupid person; fool + imbibe drink in + imbroglio complicated situation (as in a play); painful or complex misunderstanding (as in a play); entanglement; confused mass (as of papers); V. embroil +* imbue saturate(soak thoroughly); fill; Ex. imbue someone with feelings + immaculate spotless; flawless; absolutely clean +- tenant one that pays rent to use property owned by another +* tenancy possession of land or building by rent; period of a tenant's occupancy +* imminent impending; near at hand +- immobility state of being immovable +* immolate offer or kill as a sacrifice (by fire) +- immune resistant to; free or exempt from; N. immunity + immure imprison; shut up in confinement; CF. wall +- immutable unchangeable +* impair injure; hurt; damage + impale pierce (with a sharp point); Ex. impaled by the spear +* impalpable imperceptible(not easily understood); intangible; OP. palpable: tangible; easily perceptible +- impartial not biased; fair; N. impartiality +* impart grant a share of; make known; Ex. news to impart +- impassable not able to be traveled or crossed + impasse predicament(dangerous condition) from which there is no escape; situation allowing for no further progress + impassive without feeling; expressionless; imperturbable; stoical; Ex. impassive face +* impeach charge (a public official) with crime in office; raise doubts about; indict; Ex. impeach a witness's credibility +* impeccable faultless + credential evidence concerning one's authority; written proof of a person's position; Ex. The new ambassador presented his credentials to the court. +* impecunious without money + impede hide; retard or obstruct the progress of; block +* retard delay (in development); ADJ. retarded: (as of a child) slower in development +* impediment hindrance; stumbling-block; speech defect preventing clear articulation; Ex. speech impediment + impel drive or force onward; drive to take action; urge to action + impending nearing; approaching; about to happen +- impenetrable not able to be pierced or entered; beyond understanding; impossible to understand; Ex. impenetrable mystery + impenitent not repentant +* imperative absolutely necessary; that must be done; critically important; expressing command; Ex. It is imperative that; N: something that must be done +- imperceptible unnoticeable; impossible to perceive; undetectable +- imperial like an emperor; related to an empire; CF. imperialism + imperil put in danger + imperious domineering; too commanding; haughty; CF. imperial/emperor +- impermeable impervious; not permitting passage through its substance; impossible to permeate +- impertinent insolent; rude; not pertinent; N. impertinence +* imperturbable unshakably calm; placid + collected composed; calm; self-possessed +* impervious impenetrable; incapable of being damaged or distressed; incapable of being affected (in one's opinions); Ex. impervious to water/criticism +* impetuous violent; hasty; rash; impulsive; without careful thought; Ex. impetuous decision +* impetus moving force; momentum; force of a moving body; incentive; stimulus; impulse +* impiety irreverence; lack of respect for God or piety + impinge infringe; encroach; influence; touch; collide with; Ex. The effects are impinging on every aspect of our lives. + impious irreverent + implacable incapable of being pacified; impossible to appease; Ex. implacable enemy + implausible unlikely (to be true); unbelievable; Ex. implausible alibi + implement put into effect; enforce; carry out; supply with tools; Ex. implement the plan/suggestion; N: tool or instrument + implicate incriminate; involve incriminatingly; show to be involved (in a crime); Ex. implicate someone in the crime +- implication something hinted at or suggested; implying; implicating +- implicit understood but not stated; implied; unquestioning and complete; Ex. implicit trust +* implode burst inward; CF. vaccum tube + implore beg +- imply suggest a meaning not expressed; signify + impolitic not wise; not expedient; not politic + imponderable weightless; that cannot undergo precise evaluation; CF. pound + import significance; importance; meaning +- significant expressing a meaning; important; Ex. significant smile; N. significance: importance; meaning; V. signify: denote; mean; signal; make known; matter; be significant +* importunate urging; always demanding; troublesomely urgent or persistent +* importune beg persistently; make repeated requests (in an annoying way) +* imposture assuming a false identity; masquerade; CF. impostor +* masquerade wear a mask or disguise; pretend; N: costume party or ball at which masks are worn; pretense; disguise ++ impotent weak; ineffective; lacking in physical strength or power +- crave desire; want intensely + imprecation curse; swearword +* impregnable invulnerable; impossible to capture or enter by force; Ex. impregnable fort/argument; CF. take + impregnate make pregnant; fill thoroughly; saturate ++ impromptu without previous preparation; off the cuff(end of a sleeve); on the spur of the moment + impropriety improperness; unsuitableness ++ improvident thriftless; not providing for the future + improvise compose on the spur of the moment +* imprudent lacking caution; not prudent; injudicious + impudence impertinence; insolence + impugn dispute or contradict (often in an insulting way); attack as false or questionable; challenge; gainsay; CF. fight +* impuissance powerlessness; feebleness + impunity freedom from punishment or harm; CF. punish + impute attribute; ascribe; charge; N. imputation + inadvertently unintentionally; by oversight; carelessly + oversee watch over and direct; supervise; N. oversight: unintentional failure to notice or do something; supervision + inalienable not to be taken away; nontransferable; Ex. inalienable rights +* inane silly; senseless; Ex. inane remarks; N. inanity +- inanimate lifeless; not animate +- inarticulate speechless; producing indistinct speech; not articulate; not expressing oneself clearly +- speechless unable for the moment to speak (because of strong feeling); Ex. speechless with anger ++ inaugurate begin formally; install in office; induct into office by a formal ceremony; N. inauguration; ADJ. inaugural +* incandescent strikingly bright; shining with intense heat; emitting visible light when heated; Ex. incandescent light bulb; CF. candle + incantation singing or chanting of magic spells; magical formula; (the saying of) words used in magic; CF. enchant + chant tune(melody) in which a number of words are sung on the same note; V: sing (a chant); utter (a slogan) in the manner of a chant + charm quality of pleasing; amulet; action or formula thought to have magical power; spell; V: attract; cast a spell on; bewitch +* bewitch cast a spell over; captivate completely +- recite repeat aloud (something learned); describe; Ex. recite his complaints; N. recitation + recital act of reciting publicly; detailed account; performance of music or dance (by a solo performer) + incapacitate disable; N. incapacity: lack of capacity + incarcerate imprison +- incarnate endowed with flesh; invested with bodily form; personified; Ex. devil incarnate; V: give bodily form to; embody +- incarnation act of assuming a human body and human nature; one who personifies something; personification; Ex. previous incarnation/reincarnation +- personify represent (an inanimate object) as a person; be the embodiment or perfect example of; Ex. She is evil/patience personified; N. personification + incendiary arsonist; ADJ: causing fire; of arson; Ex. incendiary bomb + incense enrage; infuriate(make furious); make extremely angry; outrage; N: aromatic substance burned to produce a pleasant odor + incentive spur; motive; something which encourages one to greater activity ++ inception start; beginning ++ incessant uninterrupted; unceasing ++ inchoate (of desire, wish, plan) recently begun; not explicit; at the beginning of development; rudimentary; elementary; Ex. inchoate mass + incidence rate of occurrence; particular occurrence; Ex. high incidence of infant mortality + incidental not essential; minor; N: something incidental +- incident event; event that causes a crisis + incinerate burn to ashes +* incipient beginning; in an early stage + incisive (appreciatively) cutting; sharp; Ex. incisive remarks; V. incise: make a cut into +* incite arouse to action; goad; motivate; induce to exist; Ex. incite a riot/the crowd to rebellion + inclement stormy; unkind; unmerciful; CF. clement +- incline slope; slant; Ex. steep incline +- inclined tending or leaning toward; bent; V. incline: slant; dispose; be disposed; tend +- tend have a tendency; take care of; minister; serve at; apply one's attention; attend +- inclusive tending to include all; all-inclusive; Ex. inclusive charge + incognito with identity concealed; using an assumed name; ADJ. +- incoherent unintelligible; muddled; unable to express one's thoughts in an orderly manner; illogical; lacking cohesion; not coherent + incommodious not spacious; inconvenient + incompatible inharmonious; N. incompatibility + incongruity lack of harmony; absurdity; ADJ. incongruous: lacking in harmony; inappropriate + attire clothe; N: clothing; array; apparel + inconsequential insignificant; unimportant + inconsistency state of being self-contradictory; lack of uniformity or steadiness; ADJ. inconsistent: displaying a lack of consistency; erratic; contradictory; incompatible + incontinent lacking self-restraint; not continent; licentious + incontrovertible indisputable; impossible to dispute; not open to question; unquestionable + incorporate introduce something into a larger whole; include; embody; give material form to; ADJ. + incorporeal without a material body; insubstantial ++ incorrigible uncorrectable ++ incredulity tendency to disbelief ++ incredulous withholding belief; skeptical; showing disbelief +- increment increase + incriminate accuse of or implicate in a crime; serve as evidence against; cause to seem or make guilty of a crime; Ex. incriminating evidence + incrustation hard coating or crust; V. incrust: encrust; cover with a crust + incubate hatch; warm (eggs) with the body to promote hatching; maintain at optimal environment conditions for development; be holding in one's body an infection which is going to develop into a disease; N. incubation; CF. incubation:disease + inasmuch_as since; owing to the fact that + incubus burden; very worriying problem; mental care; nightmare; male devil; CF. succubus + inculcate teach (ideas or principles); instill + incumbent obligatory; imposed as an obligation; currently holding an office; N: person who holds an office + incur bring upon oneself + incursion temporary invasion; CF. excursion: short journey + inroad hostile invasion; advance that lessens the quantity or difficulty of something; Ex. The long illness made serious inroads on his savings; CF. raid ++ indefatigable tireless; untiring; showing no sign of getting tired + indelible not able to be erased +* indemnify make secure against damage or loss; compensate for damage or loss; CF. make uninjured + indentation notch; deep recess; V. indent; CF. tooth + indenture bind as servant or apprentice to master; bind by indenture; N: contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified time (as between an apprentice and his master) ++ indeterminate uncertain; not clearly fixed; indefinite +- indicative suggestive; implying; serving to indicate + indices signs; indications; Ex. indices of a student's potential; CF. index: something that reveals or indicates; sign; Ex. cost-of-living index +* indict charge; N. indictment +- indifferent unmoved or unconcerned by; having no interest in; mediocre; neither good nor bad +* indigence poverty +* indigenous native; Ex. plant indigenous to the New World +* indigent poor; destitute + indignation anger at an injustice; Ex. righteous indignation; ADJ. indignant +- righteous morally upright; just +- rightful legally correct; Ex. rightful owner + indignity treatment or situation that causes shame or loss of dignity, respect; offensive or insulting treatment; humiliating or degrading treatment; Ex. I suffered the indignity of having to say that in front of them. + indiscriminate choosing at random; confused; not based on careful distinctions +- indisputable too certain to be disputed; beyond doubt ++ indissoluble permanent; impossible to dissolve or disintegrate + indite write; compose +- indolent lazy +- indomitable unconquerable; unyielding + indubitable unable to be doubted; which cannot be doubted; unquestionable +- induce persuade; lead to do something; bring about; N. inducement + inductive pertaining to induction or proceeding from the specific to the general + induct place formally in office; install; admit as a member; initiate; N. induction: inducting; process of deriving general principles from particular facts + indulgent humoring; yielding; lenient; showing indulgence +- indulge yield to; gratify; allow oneself a special pleasure; Ex. indulge one's every whim/a child/in a big cigarette; N. indulgence + humor indulge; comply with the wishes of; N. quality that makes something amusing; state of mind; mood; Ex. in a bad humor; Ex. out of humor + industrious diligent; hard-working; N. industry + inebriated habitually intoxicated; drunk; N. inebriety + inebriate make drunk; intoxicate; N. intoxicated person + intoxicate make drunk; stimulate or excite; Ex. intoxicated by all the money he might win +- ineffable unutterable; not to be uttered; taboo; that cannot be expressed in speech; indescribable; unspeakable; inexpressible; Ex. ineffable name/joy +- ineffectual not effective; not having a desired effect; weak + ineluctable irresistible; not to be escaped; unavoidable +- inept unsuited; inappropriate; lacking skill; incompetent; CF. inapt: (of statements or ideas) inappropriate +* inequity unfairness; ADJ. inequitable + inerrancy infallibility +- inert inactive; lacking power to move; unable to move or act; Ex. chemically inert; N. inertia: state of being inert; force which keeps a thing in the position or state +- inevitable unavoidable + inexorable relentless; unyielding; implacable; not capable of being changed by entreaty or efforts; Ex. inexorable price rises + infallible unerring; never making mistakes + infamous notoriously bad; notorious; well known for being bad; Ex. infamous behavior; N: infamy: infamous act; evil fame or reputation +- infantile childish; infantlike +- infer deduce; conclude; N. inference +* infernal pertaining to hell; devilish; N. inferno: place of fiery heat or destruction + infidel unbeliever (with respect to a particular religion) + infiltrate pass into or through; penetrate or enter (an organization) sneakily; Ex. infiltrate the troops into enemy territory; CF. infiltrator +- penetrate enter into; pierce; permeate; see through; grasp the inner significance of; understand +- infinitesimal very small + infirmity weakness +* inflated exaggerated; pompous; enlarged (with air or gas) +* influx flowing into + infraction violation (of a rule or regulation); breach + +- infringe violate (a law); encroach (the right of another person) +- ingenious marked by inventive skill; clever; resourceful; N. ingenuity + resourceful clever and imaginative (in dealing with difficult situations); N. resource, resourcefulness + ingenuous naive and trusting; young; unsophisticated; candid + ingenue ing\'enue; young innocent girl + ingrained deeply established; firmly rooted; Ex. ingrained dirt/prejudice + ingrate ungrateful person (not expressing thanks) + ingratiate become popular with; bring (oneself) in favor of another; Ex. ingratiate himself with the boss +- inherent firmly established by nature or habit; intrinsic + inhibit restrain; prohibit; retard or prevent; N. inhibition + inhibited (of a person) unable to express what one really feels + uninhibited having no inhibitions; free in behavior and feelings + inimical (of someone) unfriendly; hostile; (of something) harmful; detrimental; CF. enemy + inimitable matchless; not able to be imitated + iniquitous wicked; immoral; unrighteous; N. iniquity; Ex. den of iniquity +- initiate begin; originate; receive into a group; introduce to a new field or activity; Ex. initiate someone into the mysteries of a secret religion; N: one who has been initiated +- injurious harmful; causing injury +- inkling hint; slight indication +- innate inborn + innocuous harmless +- innovation change; something newly introduced; introduction of something new; V. innovate: begin or introduce (something new); be creative; ADJ. innovative + innuendo indirect or subtle (derogatory) hint; insinuation; Ex. sexual innuendo + inopportune untimely; inappropriate or ill-timed; poorly chosen + inordinate beyond reasonable limits; unrestrained; excessive; Ex. inordinate demands +- inquisitor questioner (especially harsh); investigator; person making an inquisition +- inquisitive eager for knowledge; unduly curious + insalubrious unwholesome; not healthful; Ex. insalubrious place +- healthful conducive to good health; Ex. healthful mountain air +- healthy possessing good health; healthful +- wholesome conducive to mental or physical health; healthful +- insatiable not easily satisfied; unquenchable; Ex. insatiable appetite +* inscrutable difficult to understand; impenetrable; not readily understood; mysterious +- insensate without feeling; lacking sense; foolish +- insensible unconscious; unresponsive; insensitive; unaware; imperceptible; Ex. insensible of his danger/to pain; Ex. insensible change; CF. not the opposite of sensible +* insidious treacherous; stealthy; sly; working or spreading harmfully in a stealthy manner; Ex. insidious spreading of dry rot +- insightful discerning; perceptive +* insinuate hint; imply; suggest indirectly; creep in; introduce or insert (oneself) by artful means; Ex. insinuate himself into the boss's favor; CF. ingratiate +- creep move with body close to the ground; move stealthily or slowly; N. +* artful exhibiting art or skill; deceitful; cunning; CF. artifice +* insipid lacking in flavor; lacking interest; dull; Ex. insipid food/character + insolence impudent disrespect; haughtiness; ADJ. insolent; CF. haughty + rude +* insolvent bankrupt; lacking money to pay; N. insolvency +- insomnia wakefulness; inability to sleep +* insouciant without concern or care; unconcerned; indifferent ++ instigate start; urge; provoke; incite; Ex. instigate a search/quarrel ++ insubordination disobedience; rebelliousness; ADJ. insubordinate + insubstantial lacking substance; insignificant; frail; immaterial + insularity narrow-mindedness; isolation; ADJ. insular: of an island; isolated; narrow-minded; CF. peninsula + insuperable insurmountable; unbeatable; Ex. insuperable difficulties + odds chances; probability; disagreement; Ex. The odds are that it will rain. Ex. at odds with +* insurgent rebellious; N. +* insurmountable overwhelming; unbeatable; insuperable + insurrection rebellion; uprising +- intangible not able to be perceived by touch; vague +- integral complete; necessary for completeness; Ex. integral part +- integrate make whole; combine; make into one unit +- integrity honesty; uprightness; wholeness; state of being whole and undivided; completeness +* upright (sitting or standing) straight up; honest; moral +- intellect higher mental powers; person of great intellectual ability +* intelligentsia intellectuals; members of the educated elite (often used derogatorily) + inter bury; N. interment +- cemetery place for burying the dead +* interdict prohibit; forbid; N. +- interim meantime; Ex. in the interim; ADJ. taking place during an interim; Ex. interim paper +* interloper intruder; one who interferes +- interminable endless ++ intermittent periodic; on and off; stopping and starting at intervals + internecine mutually destructive +* interpolate insert between + interregnum period between two successive reigns or governments ++ interrogate question closely; cross-examine; cross-question + intervene come between; interfere; Ex. intervened to prevent a fight; N. intervention +- intimate hint; suggest; imply; ADJ: marked by close relationship; familiar; private; personal; Ex. intimate knowledge/thoughts in the diary; N: close friend or confidant; CF. intimacy +* intimidate frighten; N. intimidation + intractable unruly; difficult to manage; Ex. intractable problem/child + intransigence refusal of any compromise; stubbornness; ADJ. intransigent: uncompromising ++ intrepid fearless +- intrinsic essential; inherent; built-in +- introspective looking within oneself; N. introspection: self-examination +- introvert one who is introspective or inclined to think more about oneself; ADJ. introverted +- intrude put or force in without being asked; trespass; enter as an uninvited person; Ex. intrude one's own opinion into the report; CF. thrust in +- intuition immediate insight; power of knowing without reasoning; ADJ. intuitive; V. intuit: know by intuition + inundate flood; overflow; submerge; cover completely; Ex. inundated with work ++ overwhelm (of water) cover completely; defeat completely by much greater force; Ex. overwhelmed by grief +- submerge place under water; dip; go under water; cover completely (as with water); Ex. submerged in work ++ engulf surround and swallow up + inured accustomed; hardened; Ex. inured to the Alaskan cold; V. inure: make used to something undesirable; harden; CF. unfeeling + invalidate weaken; destroy; make invalid; nullify + invalid one incapacitated(disabled) by a chronic illness; ADJ: incapacitated by illness; not valid; null; V: allow to leave (a military force) because of ill-health + invective abuse + inveigh denounce; utter censure or invective; Ex. inveigh against the evils of drink + inveigle deceive; lead astray by deception; wheedle(cajole); Ex. inveigle her into joining the club; CF. interest dishonestly +- inverse opposite +- invert turn upside down or inside out; reverse the position or condition of + + inveterate deep-rooted; habitual; CF. grow old + invidious designed to create ill will or envy; tending to rouse ill will or envy; Ex. invidious comparison +* invincible unconquerable + inviolable secure from corruption, attack, or violation(or profanation); unassailable; Ex. inviolable oath/rights; N. inviolability + invocation prayer for help (used in invoking); calling upon as a reference or support; act of invoking + invoke call and bring into use (a right or law); call on/upon (a higher power or god) for help; ask for; beg for; conjure (a spirit); Ex. invoke the veto power; Ex. invoke one's advisor/God +- invulnerable incapable of injury; impossible to damage or injure +* iota very small quantity + irascible irritable; easily angered +* irate angry; CF. ire: anger; wrath + iridescent exhibiting rainbowlike colors; Ex. iridescent oil slick; N. iridescence ++ irksome annoying; tedious; V. irk: annoy +- ironic expressing irony; occurring in an unexpected and contrary manner +- irony hidden sarcasm or satire; use of words that seem to mean the opposite of what they actually mean; use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning + irreconcilable impossible to reconcile; incompatible; not able to be resolved + irrefutable indisputable; incontrovertible; undeniable +- irrelevant not applicable; unrelated +- irremediable incurable; uncorrectable; impossible to remedy +- irreparable not able to be corrected or repaired; impossible to repair +- irrepressible unable to be restrained or held back; impossible to hold back + irreproachable beyond reproach; blameless; impeccable; Ex. irreproachable conduct +- irresolute uncertain how to act; weak; lacking in resolution; indecisive; N. irresolution ++ indecisive marked by indecision; inconclusive; Ex. indecisive battle ++ indecision irresolution; inability to make up one's mind +- irretrievable impossible to recover or regain; CF. retrieve +- irreverence lack of proper respect or reverence; ADJ. irreverent + irrevocable unalterable; irreversible; impossible to revoke +* isotope varying from of an element +* isthmus narrow neck of land connecting two larger bodies of land +* itinerant wandering; traveling from place to place (to perform work); Ex. itinerant preacher ++ itinerary plan of a trip; record of a trip ++ jabber chatter rapidly or unintelligibly + jab poke abruptly with something sharp; punch with short blows + jaded tired or uninterested by surfeit; fatigued; surfeited; worn out; wearied; Ex. jaded appetite ++ jargon language used by special group; technical terminology; gibberish; nonsensical or incoherent talk ++ jaundiced yellowed; prejudiced (envious, hostile, or resentful) from long and disappointing experience of human affairs; Ex. with a jaundiced eye ++ jaundice medical condition in which the skin, the white part of the eyes, etc. turn yellow; V: affect with jaundice; affect with prejudice, envy, or hostility; bias + jaunt trip; short journey +* jaunty cheerful and pleased with life; lighthearted; animated; easy and carefree; dapper in appearance; Ex. jaunty person/hat +* jeopardize endanger; imperil; put at risk; N. jeopardy: danger +* jettison throw overboard (from a ship or plane) + jibe agree; be in harmony with; gibe + jingoist extremely aggressive and militant patriot; warlike chauvinist; N. jingoism: extreme nationalism +* jocose given to(having a tendency of) joking +- jocular said or done in jest or playfully; marked by joking +* jest playful remark or act; V. act or speak playfully ++ jocund merry ++ jollity gaiety; cheerfulness; ADJ. jolly: merry; gay + jostle shove; bump; push against (someone) rather roughly; Ex. jostled by the crowds + shove push forward; push roughly; Ex. pushing and shoving to get on the bus; N. +- bump hit or knock against with force; N. +- jovial good-natured; merry; cheerful +- jubilation rejoicing; great joy +- judicious sound on judgment; wise + juggernaut irresistible crushing force; overwhelming advancing force that crushes everything in its path + jug pitcher; container for holding liquids + juncture crisis; point in time; joining point; joint; act of joining + junket trip especially one taken for pleasure by an official at public expense ++ junta group of persons joined in political intrigue; cabal; group of military officers ruling a country after seizing power (by force) + jurisprudence science of law +* jurisdiction right and power to apply the law; authority + juridical of the law and its administration; CF. judicial: of courts of law; CF. judiciary ++ juxtapose place side by side; CF. next +- kaleidoscope tube in which patterns made by the reflection in mirrors of colored pieces of glass, etc. produce interesting symmetrical effects; series of changing events; Ex. kaleidoscope of European history; CF. beautiful +* ken range of knowledge; Ex. beyond one's ken +- kernel central or vital part; core; whole seed (as of corn) +- killjoy grouch; spoilsport; one who intentionally spoils the pleasure of others + grouch bad-tempered complaint; person who keeps complaining; V: complain; grumble ++ spoilsport one who spoils the pleasure of others ++ kindle start a fire; ignite; inspire; arouse + kindred related; belonging to the same group; similar in nature or character; Ex. kindred languages; N: relative; kin; kinship ++ kinetic producing motion; of motion + kismet fate; destiny; Ex. Kismet is the Arabic word for fate. + kleptomaniac person who has a compulsive desire to steal + knave untrustworthy person; rogue; scoundrel; jack; N. knavery ++ knead mix; work dough; mix and work into a uniform mass (with the hands); Ex. knead dough + knell tolling of a bell especially to indicate a funeral, disaster, etc.; sound of the funeral bell; V. +* toll sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals; N: sound of a bell; fixed tax or charge + curfew regulation requiring all people to leave the streets at stated times; signal (as a bell) announcing the hour of a curfew +* knit contract into wrinkles; grow together; join together closely; make (a fabric or garment) by interwining yarn or thread; Ex. knit the brow; Ex. The bones should knit together in a few weeks. + crochet make (a piece of needlework) by looping thread with a hooked needle; N. CF. crotchet + knoll little round hill; hillock +* knotty intricate; difficult; tangled; CF. knot +* kudos honor; glory; acclaim or praise for exceptional achievement +* entourage group of attendants; retinue; CF. surround + labile likely to change; unstable; Ex. emotionally labile; N. lability +- laborious demanding much work or care; tedious +* labyrinth maze + laceration torn ragged wound; V. lacerate: tear (the skin as with broken glass); wound + rip tear or be torn quickly and violently; Ex. The sail ripped under the force of the wind; N. + rag scrap of cloth; ADJ. ragged: old and torn; seeming unfinished and imperfect; Ex. ragged debut/performance + lachrymose producing tears; tearful +* lackadaisical lacking interest or effort; lacking purpose or zest; lazy; halfhearted; languid +- halfhearted exhibiting little interest or enthusiasm +* lackluster lacking luster(shine; gloss); dull +* laconic brief and to the point; using few words; terse +* laggard slow; sluggish; N: one who lags; straggler +- lag move or develop more slowly; straggle; Ex. lag behind the rest; N. +* straggle stray or fall behind (a main group); spread out in a scattered group; Ex. straggling marathon racer; Ex. straggling branch + +* lagoon shallow body of water or lake near a sea; lake separated from a sea by sandbars or coral reefs +- laity laypersons; laymen; persons not connected with the clergy +- layman man who is not a cleric; man who is nonprofessional +- lament grieve; express sorrow; N. lamentation +* lampoon ridicule; N: written attack ridiculing or satirizing a person, group, or institution + lancet small surgical tool for making incisions + lance pierce with a lance; cut into; N: spearlike weapon + languid lacking energy or vitality; weary; sluggish; listless + languish lose animation or strength + languor lack of physical or mental energy; lassitude; depression + lank long and thin; Ex. Lank, gaunt, Abraham Lincoln + lap take in food or drink with one's tongue; splash gently; Ex. waves lapping the shore; N: front area from the waist to the knees of a seated person + larceny theft; Ex. petit larceny +* larder pantry; place where food is kept +* largess generous gift (given to people who do not have enough) ++ lascivious lustful +- lust intense sexual desire; intense eagerness; V. + lassitude languor; weariness; listlessness +- latent present but not yet noticeable or active; dormant; hidden; N. latency; CF. potential +- lateral of or coming from the side +* latitude freedom from narrow limitations +* laud praise; N. ADJ. laudable: praiseworthy; ADJ. laudatory: expressing praise +* lavish liberal; wasteful; generous or wasteful in giving or using; abundant; profuse; great; Ex. decorated lavishly; V. give in abundance +* lax careless; negligent; not paying enough attention; Ex. lax service + leaven add leaven to; cause to rise or grow lighter; enliven; N: agent, such as yeast, that causes dough to rise (by fermentation); element that lightens or enlivens ++ enliven make lively or spirited; animate + lechery gross lewdness; lustfulness; ADJ. lecherous; N. lecher: lecherous man + lectern reading desk or stand for a public speaker + leery (of someone) suspicious; wary; cautious + leeway room to move; margin; latitude; Ex. leeway for the deadline +- margin border; room; allowance beyond what is needed; Ex. margin of safety +- marginal of a margin; barely within a limit; Ex. marginal effect/writing ability +* legacy gift made by a will; something handed down from an ancestor +- legend explanatory list of symbols on a map + legerdemain sleight(dexterity) of hand; CF. light of hand + leniency mildness; permissiveness; ADJ. lenient: not severe in judgment or punishment +- permissive allowing much freedom; lenient; Ex. permissive society + leonine like a lion + lethal deadly +- lethargic drowsy; dull; N. lethargy: state of sluggishness and inactivity + levee earthen or stone embankment to prevent flooding; CF. raise +- levitate rise and float in the air (especially by magical means); CF. light + levity lack of seriousness or steadiness; frivolity; lightness of manner +- levy impose (a fine); collect (a payment); impose or collect (a tax); Ex. levy a tax on tobacco +* lewd lustful +* lexicographer compiler of a dictionary; CF. lexicography: work of compiling a dictionary +- lexicon dictionary +- liability drawback; handicap; debts; obligation; responsibility; condition of being liable; ADJ. liable: likely; responsible (for paying) + liaison contact that keeps parties in communication; communication between groups; one that maintains communication; go-between; secret love affair; V. liaise: keep a connection +* libel defamatory written statement; act of writing something that smears a person's character; V. ADJ. libelous + libertine debauched person; dissolute or licentious person; rou\'e; CF. free + rou\'e lecherous man +* libidinous lustful +- libido psychic and emotional energy or urges behind human activity; sexual desire + libretto text of an opera or oratorio; CF. book +* licentious amoral; lewd and lascivious; unrestrained +- license official or legal permission; latitude of action or speech; excessive freedom that causes harm or damage; V. +* lien legal claim or right on a property + ligneous like wood + lilliputian extremely small; CF. Lilliput in Gulliver's Travels +* limber flexible; supple; pliable; V. + limbo region near heaven or hell where certain souls are kept; prison (slang); Ex. Purgatory and Limbo +- abode dwelling place; home +- abide dwell; abide by: comply with; put up with; tolerate; Ex. abide by the rules; Ex. I can't abide rude people. + limn draw; outline; describe; CF. line ? ++ limpid crystal clear +- lineage descent; ancestry + lineaments features especially of the face; distinctive shape or contour of the face; CF. line +- feature distinctive part of the faces (as the eyes or mouth); features: overall appearance of the face; prominent or distinctive quality; prominent article; film; V: make prominent ++ linger loiter or dawdle; be slow in leaving; delay going; continue or persist; be slow to disappear; Ex. The smell lingered for days. +- persist continue in existence ; last; continue in a course of action in spite of opposition; Ex. persist in/with something; ADJ. persistent +- linguistic pertaining to language + lionize treat (a person) as a celebrity + liquidate settle accounts; pay off (a debt); clear up; eliminate; kill or abolish +* list tilt (as of a ship); lean over (to one side) +* listless lacking in spirit or energy; languid + litany supplicatory prayer; prayer in which the priest calls out and the people replies in the same words + lithe flexible; supple; CF. limber + willowy flexible; pliant; slender; CF. willow +* litigation lawsuit; N. litigant: one party in a lawsuit; V. litigate +- litotes understatement for emphasis; Ex. ``not bad(=pretty good)'' +- understate state with less truth than seems warranted by the facts; Ex. He understated the seriousness of the crime; N. understatement; OP. overstate + livid lead-colored; black and blue (as from a bruise); ashen; enraged; extremely angry +* loath reluctant; unwilling; disinclined; Ex. Romeo and Juliet were both loath for him to go. +* loathe detest; ADJ. loathsome: arousing loathing; offensive; Ex. loathsome smell +* lode metal-bearing vein(long deposit of an ore) +- lofty very high + loft room or space under the roof; attic +- log record of a voyage or flight; record of day-to-day activities; section of a trunk; V. + loiter hang about/around; stand idly about; linger + loll lounge about + lounge stand, sit, or lie in a lazy, relaxed way + longevity long life; long duration + loom appear or take shape (usually in an enlarged, indistinct, or distorted form); Ex. The shadow of the gallows loomed threateningly. N: apparatus for making thread into cloth + gallows framework from which a noose is suspended (used for execution by hanging) + noose loop formed in a rope + lope gallop slowly +* loquacious talkative; N. loquacity +* lout clumsy person; ADJ. loutish; CF. from countrysides ? +* low moo; make the sound of a cow + lubricate apply a lubricant to; N. lubricant: substance that reduces friction + lucid easily understood; clear; intelligible; N. lucidity +* lucrative profitable; producing wealth +* lucre money; profit; Ex. filthy lucre +* filth dirty matter; ADJ. filthy +* ludicrous laughable; ridiculous; trifling +* lugubrious mournful; sorrowful + lull moment of calm; period of reduced activity; Ex. a lull in the rain; V: cause to become less active; cause to sleep or rest; Ex. lull the opponents into a false sense of security; CF. lullaby + lumber move heavily or clumsily; Ex. The bear lumbered through the woods; N: timber +* lumen unit of light energy (one candle's worth) +* luminary celebrity (in a specific field); dignitary; object that gives light (as a celestial body) +* dignitary person of high rank or position +- luminous shining (esp. in the dark); issuing light; Ex. luminous paint/road signs +- lunar pertaining to the moon +* lunatic insane; Ex. lunatic asylum + lurid wild; sensational; graphic; gruesome; horrible; Ex. lurid details of the murder ++ lurk stealthily lie in waiting; slink; exist unperceived + slink move furtively; ADJ. slinky: stealthy; furtive; sneaky (as in ambush) +* luscious pleasing to taste or smell; delicious +* luster shine; gloss (of a polished surface) +* lustrous shining; brilliant; Ex. lustrous hair +* luxuriant abundant; growing healthily and in large amounts; excessively ornate; rich and splendid; fertile; Ex. luxuriant forests/prose; CF. luxurious, luxuriate +* macabre gruesome; grisly; ghastly; CF. of death + morgue mortuary; place where bodies are kept before burial or cremation + cremate incinerate (a corpse); N. crematory, crematorium + mace ceremonial staff used as a symbol of authority; clublike medieval weapon +* macerate soften by soaking in liquid; waste away; Ex. macerate powdered wood to make paper + Machiavellian crafty; double-dealing; of the political doctrine of Machiavelli, which holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing political power + machinations evil schemes or plots; schemes or plots to achieve an evil end; V. machinate + maculated spotted; stained; CF. immaculate + madrigal pastoral song; song for several singers without instruments + maelstrom violent whirlpool; violent or tublent situation; CF. stream + magisterial authoritative; imperious; commanding; of a magistrate; Ex. magisterial study of Roman law; Ex. magisterial manner +- magistrate official with power to administer the law ++ magnanimity generosity; ADJ. magnanimous: generous ++ magnate person of prominence or influence; powerful or influential person (in business or industry); Ex. oil magnate ++ magniloquent boastful; pompous + magnitude greatness (in size or extent); extent + maim mutilate; injure lastingly; disable; cripple; Ex. maimed for life + mangle tear or cut to pieces; mutilate or disfigure; Ex. badly mangled bodies + maladroit clumsy; not skillful; awkward; bungling +* malady illness +* malaise uneasiness; vague feeling of ill health (without any particular pain or appearance of disease) + malapropism comic misuse of a word; CF. Mrs. Malaprop + malapropos inappropriate; ADV. + malcontent person dissatisfied with existing state of affairs; discontented person; ADJ: discontented ++ malediction curse ++ malefactor evildoer; criminal ++ maleficient doing evil; N. maleficience ++ malevolent wishing evil; exhibiting ill will; N. malevolence +* malfeasance wrongdoing; misconduct (by a public official) +- malicious hateful; spiteful; expressing malice; N. malice: desire to harm others; spite +* malign speak evil of; bad-mouth(criticize spitefully); defame; ADJ: harmful; Ex. malign influence +* malignant tending to cause death; highly injurious; aggressively malevolent; Ex. malignant tumor +* malingerer one who feigns illness to escape duty; V. malinger: feign illness to avoid work +- malleable (of a metal) capable of being shaped by pounding(beating); pliable; (of someone) impressionable(easily influenced); easily controlled; tractable +* malodorous foul-smelling + compost mixture of decaying organic matter used as fertilizer; V: put or make compost + mammal vertebrate animal whose female suckles its young + vertebrate having a backbone or spinal column; N: group of animals having a segmented spinal column + suckle give or take milk at the breast or udder + nurse suckle; take care of (as a nurse); bear in mind; Ex. nursing mother; Ex. nurse a hope/grudge against someone + mammoth gigantic; enormous + manacle restrain; handcuff; N. + mandate order; charge; authoritative command; power to govern another country; power to given to a government; region under administration; V: give a mandate to; place under a mandate; Ex. mandated territory + mandatory obligatory; compulsory; of a mandate + mangy shabby; wretched; suffering from mange; of bad appearance +* mange skin disease (esp. of domestic animals) marked by loss of hair + maniacal raging mad; insane; N. maniac: insane person; CF. mania: disorder of the mind; intense enthusiasm +- manifest evident; visible; obvious; V: show plainly +- manifestation outward demonstration; manifesting; indication of the presence of something; Ex. manifestation of his pronounced musical bent + pronounced distinct; very noticeable; Ex. pronounced limp +- manifesto public declaration of principles; statement of policy + manifold many in number or kind; numerous; varied + manipulate operate with one's hands; control or play upon (people, forces, etc.) artfully; maneuver; Ex. how to manipulate publicity and men; ADJ. manipulative + mannered affected; not natural; Ex. mannered way of speech +* mannerism distinctive behavioral trait; affected style in art (according to a set of styles) + manumit emancipate; free from slavery or bondage +- marital pertaining to marriage + maritime bordering on(adjacent to) the sea; nautical; of the ships or the sea; Ex. Maritime Provinces +- marked noticeable; targeted for vengeance or attack; Ex. marked improvement/man + marred damaged; disfigured; V. mar: spoil; disfigure + marshal put in order; guide ceremoniously to the correct place; Ex. marshal the children into the museum; N: military officer; official + enlist (cause to) join the armed forces; obtain (help, sympathy, or support) + marsupial one of a family of mammals that nurse their offspring in a pouch(pocket of skin or leather); CF. kangaroo, opossum, wombat + martial warlike; of war; Ex. martial art/law + cadet student at a military school + martinet strict disciplinarian; person who demands total obedience to rules and orders; CF. Jean Martinet + martyr one who voluntarily suffers death for his or her religion or cause; great sufferer; Ex. martyr to his rheumatism + masochist person who enjoys his own pain; CF. masochism + masticate chew +- materialism preoccupation with physical comforts and things; excessive regard for worldly concerns (rather than spiritual matters) +- maternal motherly; N. maternity: motherhood +- matriarch woman who rules a family or larger social group ++ matriculate enroll (in college or graduate school); CF. matrix +* matrix point of origin; array of numbers or algebraic symbols; mold or die; Ex. the matrix of Western civilization +* maudlin effusively sentimental +- sentimental swayed by sentiment; appealing to the sentiments + maul handle roughly; batter; injure by beating; Ex. mauled by his overexcited fans; N: heavy long-handled hammer +* mausoleum monumental tomb; large stately tomb; CF. Mausolos + mauve pale purple +* maverick rebel; nonconformist (in a group) +* mawkish mushy(sentimental) and gushy; icky-sticky sentimental; excessively and objectionably sentimental +* maxim proverb; truth pithily stated + mayhem injury to body; crime of willfully maiming or crippling a person; violent disorder; Ex. mayhem in the zoo; CF. maim +- meager scanty; inadequate + mealymouthed indirect in speech (when something unpleasant must be said); hypocritical; evasive + meander wind or turn in its course; follow a winding or turning course; move aimlessly and idly + meddlesome interfering; V. meddle: interfere +- mediate settle a dispute through the services of an outsider; act as an intermediary; produce by mediating; Ex. mediate a cease-fire + intermediary intermediate; acting as a mediator; N: mediator; go-between +- mediocre ordinary; commonplace; neither good nor bad +- meditation reflection; thought; V. meditate +- medium element that is a creature's natural environment; nutrient setting in which microorganisms are cultivated; appropriate occupation or means of expression; channel of communication; compromise; middle position between extremes; intervening substance through which something else is transmitted + medley mixture +* meek submissive; patient and long-suffering +* suitor man who is courting a woman + megalomania mania for doing grandiose things; mental disorder characterized by delusions of wealth, power, or importance +* melancholy gloomy; morose; blue; N. ADJ. melancholic; CF. melancholia + blue gloomy; depressed +- melee fight + mellifluous (of words or a voice) sweetly or smoothly flowing; melodious; having a pleasant tune +- memento token; reminder of the past; keepsake; Ex. memento of your visit +- memorialize commemorate +- memorial something, such as a monument or holiday, intended to honor the memory of a person or event; ADJ: commemorative + menagerie collection of wild animals on exhibition; zoo + mendacious lying; habitually dishonest; N. mendacity ++ mendicant beggar; ADJ: living as a beggar +- alms money or goods given to the poor +* menial suitable for servants; lowly; mean; N: someone who does menial work (esp. servant in a house) +- mentor counselor; teacher ++ mercantile concerning trade or merchants +* mercenary motivated solely by money or gain; N. +* mercurial capricious; quick and changing; fickle; containing the element mercury; Ex. mercurial temper; CF. mood +- quicksilver mercury +* meretricious flashy; tawdry; attractive on the surface but of no real value; Ex. metericious argument/jewel; CF. prostitute +* vulgar of the common people; deficient in refinement; not refined; coarse; Ex. vulgar display of wealth; N. vulgarism: vulgarity; crudely indecent word; CF. vulgarian: vulgar person; boor; lout +- merger combination (of two business corporations); act of merging +* mesmerize hypnotize; N. mesmerism; CF. Franz Mesmer +- metallurgical pertaining to the art of removing metals from ores; N. metallurgy: science that deals with extracting metals from ores +- metamorphosis change of form; Ex. metamorphosis of caterpillar to butterfly; V. metamorphose: change by metamorphosis +- metaphor implied comparison; CF. simile +* soar rise or fly high in the air; Ex. The rocket soared into the sky. +- metaphysical pertaining to speculative philosophy; of metaphysics; N. metaphysics: branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality + mete measure; distribute; administer; Ex. mete out justice/punishment +* meteoric like a meteor; swift; momentarily brilliant; Ex. meteoric rise to fame; N. meteor +- methodical systematic; N. method: systematic method of procedure +* meticulous excessively careful (with great attention to detail); painstaking; scrupulous +* metropolis large city ++ mettle courage (to continue bravely in spite of difficulties); spirit; ADJ. mettlesome + miasma swamp gas; heavy vaporous atmosphere often emanating from decaying matter; pervasive corrupting influence; noxious atmosphere or influence +* swamp wetland; marsh; V: flood; overwhelm; drench in with liquid +* microcosm small representative world; world in miniature; Ex. microcosm of English society ++ miniature small model; small painting; ADJ: small ++ migrant changing its habitat; wandering; Ex. migrant birds/workers; N: one that migrates +- migratory wandering; V. migrate: move from one region and settle in another; move periodically from one region to another +* milieu social environment; means of expression; Ex. feel out of one's milieu; Ex. His proper milieu is watercolor. +* militant combative; bellicose; N. +* militate work against; Ex. militate against the chances of promotion; CF. serve as a soldier +* militia army composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers +- millennium thousand-year period (as in the New Testament); hoped-for period of happiness and prosperity +- mimicry imitation + mime pantomime(act without dialogue); mimicry; mimer; V: mimic; pantomime + minatory menacing; threatening + mincing affectedly dainty(delicate); V. mince: cut (esp. meat) into very small pieces; walk with exaggerated primness; walk in an unnatural way, taking little short steps; Ex. The actor minced across the stage; CF. mincemeat; CF. mincer + dainty delicate; delicately beautiful; fastidious; not easy to please; Ex. dainty movement/dress + exquisite delicate; very finely made; extremely beautiful; Ex. exquisite piece of jewelry +* choice delicate; of very fine quality ++ minion servile dependent; obsequious follower +- minuscule(miniscule) extremely small +- minute extremely small; CF. minutes: official record of the proceedings at a meeting + minutiae petty or trivial details; CF. minutia +- mirage unreal reflection; optical illusion + mire entangle; stick in swampy ground; stick or sink in mire; N: bog; deep mud; Ex. sucked deeper into the mire +- mirth merriment; laughter + misadventure mischance; ill luck; Ex. death by misadventure +- misanthrope one who hates mankind; misanthropist + vile despicable; unpleasant; disgusting; Ex. vile slander +- misapprehension error; misunderstanding; V. misapprehend +- miscellany mixture of writings on various subjects; collection of various items +- miscellaneous made up of a variety of parts +* mischance ill luck +- misconstrue interpret incorrectly; misinterpret; misjudge +* miscreant wretch; wrongdoer; villain; Ex. kindness to the miscreant; CF. believe +* wretch miserable person; bad or despicable person; ADJ. wretched: miserable; bad; contemptible; vile + misdemeanor minor crime; misdeed; wrongdoing +- misconduct immoral behavior; bad management; V. + miserly stingy; mean +* misgivings doubts +- mishap unfortunate accident +- misnomer wrong or improper name; incorrect designation + +- misogamy hatred of marriage +- misogynist hater of woman; CF. misogyny +- missile object to be thrown or projected + missive letter; written statement; CF. sent +- mite very small object or insect-like creature; small coin +- mitigate appease; moderate; make or become less in force or intensity +- mnemonic pertaining to memory; assisting the memory; N: device, such as as formula or rhyme, used as a mnemonic aid +- mobile movable; not fixed; N. mobility +- mock ridicule; deride; imitate often in derision +- mode prevailing style; current fashion; manner; way of doing something; Ex. in the latest mode; Ex. simple mode of life +- modicum limited quantity; small amount; Ex. He does not have a modicum of sense; CF. moderate + modish fashionable; conforming to the current fashion +- modulate tone down in intensity; change the intensity or tone of; regulate; change from one musical key to another; Ex. modulate from E to G +* mogul powerful person; Ex. oil moguls; CF. Mogol, Moghul; CF. Mongolian +- molecule the smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance +* mollify soothe an angry person +* mollycoddle pamper; coddle; baby; indulge excessively + molt(moult) periodically shed or cast off hairs or feathers (for replacement by a new growth) +- molten melted; Ex. molten lava + momentous very important; N. moment; CF. momentary + momentum quantity of motion of a moving body; impetus; moving force +- monarchy government under a single ruler +- monastic related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns +- monetary pertaining to money + monochromatic having only one color + monochrome painting in only one color; ADJ. + monogram design composed of one or more initials of a name; V. + monograph scholarly article +- monolithic solidly uniform; unchangeable; unyielding; N. monolith: large block of stone +- monotheism belief in one God + monotony sameness leading to boredom; monotonousness; ADJ. monotonous; CF. monotone + monumental massive; impressively large; built as a monument + moodiness fits of depression or gloom; ADJ. moody: given to changeable moods; subject to periods of depression; gloomy CF. mood: state of mind or emotion + moratorium legal delay of payment or action; Ex. declare moratorium on the building of new houses ++ morbid given to unwholesome or unhealthy thought; moody; characteristic of disease; Ex. morbid curiosity; N. morbidity; CF. disease + mordant biting; sarcastic; stinging; (apprec.) incisive; cutting; Ex. mordant pen/wit + mores conventions; moral standards; moral customs + moribund dying; at the point of death; CF. death + morose ill-humored; sullen; sullenly melancholy +* mortician undertaker; CF. death ++ undertaker funeral director; one whose business is to arrange burials ++ mortify humiliate by embarassing excessively; shame; punish the flesh; discipline (one's body) by self-denial; Ex. mortified by her blunder; Ex. mortify the flesh; CF. cause to die +- mosaic picture made of small colorful inlaid tiles; ADJ. +* mote small speck (esp. of dust) +* speck small piece or mark; Ex. speck of dust in the eye +- motif theme; recurrent thematic element in a musical or literary work; single or repeated pattern; figure + motility ability to move spontaneously; ADJ. motile: moving spontaneously + motley multi-colored (as of a garment worn by a jester); mixed; heterogeneous; CF. jester: one who jests (as a paid fool at medieval courts) +- motto brief statement used to express a principle + mottled blotched in coloring; spotted; Ex. mottled face; V. mottle: mark with blotches of different colors +* blotch spot; blot; CF. blot+botch +- blemish mar; spoil the beauty or perfection of; N: flaw or defect (that spoils perfection); Ex. blemishes in the crystal; CF. unblemished +* mountebank charlatan; boastful pretender +* peddle travel about selling (wares); CF. foot ++ muddle confuse; mix up confusedly; N: state of confusion + muggy (of weather) warm and damp + mulct defraud a person of something; swindle; Ex. mulct the boy of his legacy +* multifarious varied; greatly diversified; Ex. multifarious activities +- multiform having many forms +* multilingual having many languages; fluent in several languages + multiplicity state of being numerous or multiple; large number; Ex. multiplicity of details; ADJ. multiple: of more than one element +- mundane worldly as opposed to spiritual; everyday; of the ordinary; Ex. mundane existence; CF. world +* munificent very generous in giving; Ex. munificent benefactor; N. munificience + mural wall painting + murky dark and gloomy; thick with fog; vague; Ex. murky night/fog; N. murk: partial or complete darkness; gloom + muse ponder at length; N: source of inspiration (esp. of a poet) + musky having the odor of musk; N. musk: odorous substance secreted by an Asian deer +* muster gather; assemble (troops); Ex. muster up one's strength for the ordeal; N. + musty stale (in odor or taste); spoiled by age; CF. moist + mutablility ability to change in form; fickleness; ADJ. mutable: able to change; fickle; CF. mutate; CF. mutant +- muted silent; muffled; toned down; Ex. muted traffic noise +- mute silent; without speech; not pronounced; unable to speak; N: one who is incapable of speech; V: soften the sound, color, shade of + mutilate maim; injure lastingly; deprive of a limb or an essential part + mutinous unruly; rebellious; Ex. mutinous teenagers; N. mutiny: open rebellion; CF. mutineer + myopic nearsighted; lacking foresight; N. myopia +- myriad very large number; ADJ. CF. ten thousand ++ nadir lowest point; point on the celestial sphere diametrically opposite the zenith + naivet\'e(naivety) quality of being unsophisticated; simplicity; artlessness; gullibility; ADJ. naive(na\"ive): ingenuous; lacking worldliness; simple; credulous +- narcissist conceited person; N. narcissism; CF. narcissus +- narrative related to telling a story; N: narrated account; story; V. narrate: tell (a story); CF. narration +- nascent incipient; coming into being or existence; Ex. nascent ability in music + + natation swimming + natty neatly or smartly dressed; dapper; smart; Ex. natty dresser + smart intelligent; quick and energetic; fashionable; Ex. smart pace/restaurant; V: cause or feel a sharp pain; N: smarting pain + nauseate cause to become sick; fill with disgust; fill nausea + nausea feeling of sickness and desire to vomit; disgust; CF. seasickness + nauseous causing nausea; feeling nausea + nautical pertaining to ships or navigation + navigable (of a body of water) wide and deep enough to allow ships to pass through; (of a ship or aircraft) able to be steered + nebulous vague; hazy; cloudy; of a nebula; Ex. nebulous proposal + nebula diffuse mass of interstellar dust or gas; galaxy + necromancy black magic; sorcery; dealings with the dead; art that professes to communicate with the spirits of the dead so as to predict the future; CF. necromancer; CF. necro+divination; CF. necro-: death; Ex. necropolis +* nefarious very wicked + negate cancel out; nullify; cause to have no effect; deny; N. negation + negligence neglect; failure to take reasonable care; ADJ. negligent: neglectful; lax; not taking enough care + negligible so small, trifling, or unimportant as to be easily disregarded + nemesis someone seeking revenge; source of downfall or ruin; CF. Nemesis +* neologism new or newly coined word or phrase +* neophyte recent convert; new member of a religious group; beginner; CF. plant + nepotism favoritism (to a relative); CF. nephew +* favoritism display of partiality toward a favored person +* nether lower; Ex. nether garments/regions +* nettle irritate; annoy; vex; ADJ. nettlesome +* nexus connection +- nib beak(bill); pen point +* nicety precision; accuracy; minute distinction or difference; Ex. to a nicety: exactly; precisely; Ex. distinguish between niceties +* niggardly meanly stingy; parsimonious; N. niggard: stingy person +* niggle spend too much time on minor points (esp. when finding fault); find fault; Ex. niggle over details; ADJ. niggling +- nihilist one who considers traditional beliefs to be groundless and existence meaningless; absolute skeptic; revolutionary terrorist; CF. nihilism: belief that nothing has meaning or value; belief that destruction of existing political or social institutions is necessary for future improvement + nip snip off; stop something's growth or development; bite; make numb with cold; Ex. nip the plan; Ex. A guard dog nipped the postman; Ex. fingers nipped by the extreme chill + snip short quick cut with scissors; V: cut with scissors +- pinch squeeze between the thumb and a finger, or other edges; Ex. I had to pinch myself to make sure I wasn't dreaming. N: amount that can be held between the thumb and a finger +- nirvana in Buddhist teachings, the ideal state in which the individual loses himself in the attainment of an impersonal beatitude +- impersonal not being a person; not showing personal feelings; Ex. impersonal force/manner/organization +- nocturnal done or active at night; Ex. nocturnal animals/raids; CF. nocturne +* noisome foul smelling; very unpleasant; unwholesome +* nomadic wandering; N. nomad: tribe who migrates from place to place +- nomenclature terminology(system of specialized words); system of names or naming things +* nominal in name only; of a name; trifling; (of a sum of money) very small; CF. nominate: propose as a candidate; appoint + nonchalance indifference; lack of concern; composure; ADJ. nonchalant: unconcerned; cool; indifferent; Ex. nonchalant attitude to his debts + noncommittal neutral; refusing commitment to a particular opinion; unpledged; undecided + nondescript undistinctive; ordinary; ordinary-looking; Ex. nondescript fellow in a crowd + nonentity person of no importance; nonexistence + nonplus put at a loss; bring to a halt by confusion; perplex; CF. no more +- nostalgia homesickness; longing for the past; Ex. nostalgia for the clothes of 1920s; ADJ. nostalgic +* nostrum questionable medicine; quack medicine; CF. our (remedy) +- notable conspicuous; worthy of note; remarkable; important; distinguished; noted + notoriety disrepute; ill fame + nova star that suddenly becomes much brighter and then returns to its original brightness +- novelty something new; newness; ADJ. novel: new; original +- novice beginner ++ noxious harmful; CF. obnoxious + nuance shade of slight difference in meaning or color; subtle distinction +- shade slight difference in degree; nuance; degree of color; Ex. shades of meaning/grey + gradation series of gradual stages; degree in such a progression +- nubile marriageable; of marriageable age; CF. connubial + nugatory worthless; futile +- nullify make invalid; make null; invalidate + numismatist person who collects coins; N. numismatics: study or collection of money, coins, and medals +* nuptial related to marriage or the wedding ceremony; N. nuptials: wedding ceremony +- nurture nourish; feed; educate; rear; care for while it is growing or developing; foster; cultivate; N: something that nourishes; rearing +- nutrient nourishing substance; ADJ: providing nourishment +- nutrition process of nourishing or being nourished; CF. malnutrition +- nutritious providing nourishment +- nourish provide with food necessary for life and growth +- nourishment something that nourishes; food +* oaf stupid awkward person; CF. elf +* obdurate stubborn; refusing to change one's belief +* obeisance bow (to show respect and obedience) +- obelisk tall column tapering(becoming gradually narrower toward the end) and ending in a pyramid +- obese excessively fat; N. obesity +- obfuscate confuse; muddle; cause confusion; make needlessly complex; make so confused as to be difficult to understand ++ obituary death notice (esp. in a newspaper); ADJ. +- objective not influenced by emotions; fair; N: goal; aim +- obligatory binding; required; compulsory; V. oblige: constrain; make grateful; do a favor; accommodate + oblique indirect; slanting (deviating from the perpendicular or from a straight line); Ex. oblique reference +* obliterate destroy completely; wipe out; Ex. obliterate the village +* oblivion obscurity; condition of being completely forgotten; forgetfulness +* oblivious inattentive or unmindful; unaware; wholly absorbed; forgetful(having the habit of forgetting) + obloquy slander; disgrace; infamy +* obnoxious offensive; disagreeable; Ex. obnoxious smell +- obscure dark; vague; unclear; not well known; Ex. obscure meaning/village; V: darken; cover; make unclear; Ex. obscure the moon/meaning +* obsequious slavishly attentive; servile; full of servile compliance; sycophantic ++ slavish of or like a slave; servile; showing no originality; copied very closely; Ex. slavish devotion/copy of the original +* obsequy funeral ceremony +- obsessive related to thinking about something constantly; of an obsession; preoccupying; N. obsession: compulsive preoccupation with a fixed idea; compulsive idea; V. obsess: preoccupy the mind of excessively + obsidian black volcanic rock + scion detached plant shoot used in grafting; descendant + +- obsolete outmoded; no longer used + obstetrician physician specializing in delivery(assisting in giving birth) of babies; N. obstetrics; CF. midwife +* obstinate stubborn; hard to control or treat; Ex. obstinate cough; N. obstinacy + obstreperous boisterous; noisy and uncontrollable + obtrude push (oneself or one's ideas) forward or intudre; impose (oneself or one's ideas) on others; butt in; stick out or extrude; thrust out; Ex. obtrude A on B; ADJ. obtrusive; N. obtrusion; CF. unobtrusive + obtuse blunt; not sharp; stupid; slow in understanding + obviate make unnecessary; get rid of; Ex. obviate the need + Occident the West + occlude shut; close; obstruct; Ex. A blood clot occluded an artery. ++ occult mysterious; secret; supernatural; beyond human comprehension; CF. mysterious to human ?; OP. bare + oculist physician who specializes in treatment of the eyes + odious arousing strong dislike; hateful(causing hatred); vile + odium detestation; quality of being odious; hatefulness; disrepute (resulting from hateful conduct) +* odoriferous giving off an odor +- odorous having an odor +* odyssey long, eventful, adventurous journey +- offensive attacking; insulting; distasteful; V. offend: violate; hurt the feelings of; N. offense: offending; violating of a moral or social code; crime; attack; Ex. first offense +* offhand casual; done without prior thought or preparation +* officious meddlesome; excessively pushy in offering one's services; overly eager in offering unwanted services or advices; Ex. officious bellboy +* pushy disagreeably aggressive +- ogle look at amorously; make eyes at; Ex. old men ogling young girls ++ olfactory concerning the sense of smell +* oligarchy government by a privileged few + ominous threatening; of an evil omen +- threat sign or warning (of coming danger); Ex. threat of rain; V: express a threat; give warning of (something bad); Ex. The cloud threatens rain. +- omnipotent all-powerful; having unlimited power +- omnipresent universally present; ubiquitous +- omniscient all-knowing +- omnivorous eating both plant and animal food; devouring everything ++ onerous burdensome + onomatopoeia words formed in imitation of natural sounds + rustle make slight sounds like silk moving or being rubbed together + onslaught vicious assault; fierce attack; Ex. unexpected onslaught of the enemy ++ slaughter killing of animals for food; massacre; V: butcher (animals) for food; kill in large numbers +* onus burden; responsibility + spare give; use; refrain from harming; save from experiencing; exempt; Ex. spare me 5 minutes; Ex. Take this money and spare my life; Ex. The emperor was spared the onus; ADJ: kept in reserve; free for other use; unoccupied; Ex. spare time + opalescent iridescent; lustrous; like an opal; N. opalescence +- opaque dark; not transparent; N. opacity +* opiate medicine to induce sleep or deaden pain; something that relieves emotions or causes inaction; sleep-producing drug containing opium + opportune timely; well-chosen + opportunist individual who sacrifices principles for expediency by taking advantage of circumstances; N. opportunism + opprobrium infamy; disgrace arising from shameful conduct; vilification(slander); scorn; contempt; Ex. opprobrium hurled against him; ADJ. opprobrious: expressing contempt; shameful or infamous + optician maker and seller of eyeglasses + optimist person who looks on the bright side; N. optimism +- optimum most favorable; optimal; N: most favorable condition + optional not compulsory; left to one's choice; N. option: act of choosing; choice; freedom or power to choose; something available as a choice; Ex. have no option; Ex. two options + optometrist one who fits glasses to remedy visual defects +* opulence extreme wealth; luxuriousness; abundance; ADJ. opulent: possessing great wealth; abundant + opus work (esp. musical composition); Ex. magnum opus: masterpiece; CF. opera + oracular of an oracle; prophetic; uttered as if with divine authority; mysterious or ambiguous; hard to understand; N. oracle: wiser person; prophecy made by an oracle +- orator public speaker + oratorio dramatic poem set to music; long musical work with singing but without acting; CF. cantata +- ordain decree or command; grant holy orders; predestine; install as a minister, priest, or rabbi; N. ordainment; CF. ordination +* ordeal severe trial or affliction; difficult experience; trial(test of patience or endurance); affliction + ordinance decree; authoritative order +- ordination ceremony conferring holy orders; ceremony of ordaining a priest +* orgy wild drunken revelry; unrestrained indulgence in an activity; Ex. orgy of shopping +* orient get one's bearings; adjust; make familiar with a situation; orientate +* orientation act of finding oneself in society; orienting +* orifice mouthlike opening; small opening (esp. to a cavern or passage of the body); CF. mouth +- ornate excessively or elaborately decorated + ornithologist scientific student of birds; N. ornithology: scientific study of birds ++ orthodox traditional; (of someone) conservative in belief; adhering to an established doctrine +* orthography correct spelling; CF. ortho-: straight; correct; Ex. orthodontics +- oscillate vibrate pendulumlike; waver ++ osseous made of bone; bony ++ ossify change or harden into bone; become hard and unchanging in one's ideas +- ostensible apparent; appearing as such; professed(pretended); pretended; Ex. ostensible purpose of the expedition +- apparent evident; easily seen or understood; appearing as such; Ex. apparent improvement ++ ostentatious showy; trying to attract attention; pretentious; N. ostentation: showy display +* ostracize banish from a group; exclude from public favor; ban; Ex. His friends ostracized him. N. ostracism + blackball vote against (an applicant); ostracize; N: negative vote + oust expel; drive out; force out; N. ouster: ousting +- outlandish bizzare; peculiar; unconventional + outmoded no longer in fashion or use; no longer stylish; old-fashioned +- outskirts fringes; outer borders (as of a city); Ex. outskirts of Boston ++ outspoken candid; blunt +- blunt having a dull edge; abrupt and frank in speech or manner; brusque; V: make or become blunt + outstrip outrun; surpass; outdo +- outwit outsmart; defeat by behaving more cleverly + ovation enthusiastic applause + overbearing bossy; domineering and arrogant; decisively important; Ex. overbearing manner/importance; V. overbear: dominate +- overt open to view; public; not secret; CF. covert +* overweening arrogant; presumptuous + overwrought nervous or excited; extremely agitated; hysterical; wrought-up; CF. wrought: made or done +- hysteria excessive or uncontrollable excitement; N. hysteric: person suffering from hysteria; CF. hysterics: attack of hysteria +- ovoid egg-shaped; CF. ovum; CF. ovulate + pachyderm thick-skinned animal +- pacifist one opposed to force; antimilitarist; ADJ. N. pacifism: opposition to war as a means of resolving disputes +- pacify soothe; make calm or quiet; subdue; bring peace to +* paean song of praise or joy; Ex. paeans celebrating the victory +- painstaking taking pains; showing hard work; taking great care; very careful and through +* palatable agreeable; pleasing to the taste +* palate roof of the mouth; sense of the taste +* palatial of or suitable for a palace; magnificent +- paleontology study of prehistoric life or fossils; CF. paleo-: ancient or prehistoric; Ex. paleography: study of ancient written documents +- palette board on which painter mixes pigments(coloring matters) + palimpsest parchment or piece of writing material used for second time after original writing has been erased ++ parchment writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat + pall become boring; grow tiresome + pallet small poor bed; Ex. straw pallet +* palliate ease pain (without curing); make less severe or offensive (a crime or illness) + pallid pale; wan; Ex. pallid complexion +* palpable tangible; (of something bad) easily perceptible; obvious; Ex. palpable blunder +* palpitate throb; beat rapidly; flutter; tremble; Ex. Her heart began to palpitate. +* throb (of a heart or machine) beat rapidly or violently; N. Ex. hearthrob: heartbeat; sweetheart +* paltry insignificant; petty; trifling; contemptible; Ex. paltry sum; CF. trash + pan criticize harshly +* panacea cure-all; remedy for all diseases + panache flair; manner of doing things without any difficulty (causing admiration); flamboyance; bunch of feathers (on a helmet); Ex. with great panache; CF. ÀÜ ¾Æ·¡·Î õÀ» »©³»´Â ¼Ø¾¾ +* pandemic widespread; affecting the majority of people; N: pandemic disease; CF. all people + pandemonium wild tumult(commotion); wild noisy disorder; CF. Paradise Lost + pander cater to (the low desires of others) +* cater provide food and drink (for); cater to: try to satisfy (desires of a bad kind) + panegyric formal praise; encomium; Ex. I don't deserve such panegyrics. +- panoramic denoting an unobstructed and comprehensive view; N. panorama: unbroken view of a wide area +* pantomime acting without dialogue; V. +* papyrus ancient paper made from stem of papyrus plant +- parable short simple story teaching a moral +- paradigm model; example that serves as a model; pattern; list of all the inflectional forms of a word +- paradox something apparently contradictory in nature (that may nonetheless be true); statement that looks false but is actually correct +* paragon model of perfection; Ex. paragon of virtue + parallelism state of being parallel; similarity; analogy +- parallel similar; analogous; corresponding; N: parallel line; person or thing that is parallel (to another); similarity; Ex. know of no parallel to the case; Ex. without parallel; V: be similar to; make parallel; Ex. Your experience parallels mine; CF. unparalleled +- parameter limit; independent variable; Ex. parameters of the problem; Ex. within the parameters of the budget +- paramount foremost in importance; supreme; CF. para-: beyond; above; Ex. paranormal +* paramour illicit lover + inamorata woman whom a man loves +- paranoia psychosis marked by delusions of grandeur or persecution; N: ADJ: paranoid, paranoiac + paraphernalia equipment; odds and ends used in a particular activity; personal belongings; Ex. photographic paraphernalia; CF. married woman's property exclusive of her dowry +- dowry money or property brought by a bride to her husband at marriage +- paraphrase restate a passage in one's own words while retaining thought of author; N: restatement of a text in other words +- parasite animal or plant living on another; toady; sycophant; CF. para-: beside + infest inhabit in numbers large enough to be harmful; Ex. Mice infested the house; Ex. shark-infested waters + parched extremely dry; very thirsty; V. parch: make or become extremely dry (by exposure to heat) +* pariah social outcast; Ex. Mariah the pariah +- outcast one that has been excluded from a society; ADJ. + parity equality; close resemblance; CF. disparate +* parlance language; manner of speaking; idiom; Ex. in legal/common parlance + parley conference (between opponents); CF. speak +* parochial narrow in scope or outlook; provincial; related to parishes +* parish area in the care of a single priest and served by one main church +- outlook point of view; view from a particular place; expectation for the future; prospect; Ex. outlook on life; Ex. pleasing outlook; Ex. weather outlook +- parody humorous imitation; spoof; takeoff; travesty; V. +* spoof parody +- takeoff burlesque; act of leaving the ground + paroxysm fit or attack of pain, laughter, rage; sudden outburst + parquet floor made of wood strips inlaid in a mosaic like matter; CF. strip: long narrow piece + parry ward off a blow; deflect; Ex. He parried the unwelcome question very skillfully; N. CF. ¸·´Â´Ù´Â °³³äÀÌ ¾Æ´Ô +* ward administrative division of a city; division in a hospital or prison; incompetent person placed under the protection of a guardian; V: guard; ward off: avert +* parsimony stinginess; excessive frugality; ADJ. parsimonious +- partial incomplete; favoring one side over another; having a liking for something +- partiality state of being partial; inclination; favorable bias; special fondness; preference +* partisan one-sided; prejudiced; committed to a party (with dislike of any others); N: strong supporter of a party; guerrilla + parvenu upstart; newly rich person +- partition divide into parts + pass\'e old-fashioned; past the prime +- passive not active; acted upon; receiving an action without acting in return; accepting without resistance + pastiche imitation of another's style in musical composition or in writing; work of art openly imitating the works of other artists + pastoral rural; of rural life; idyllic; of a pastor +* patent obvious; easily seen; open for the public to read; of or protected by a patent; Ex. patent to everyone; N. +- pathetic causing sadness, compassion, pity; touching +- touching causing a feeling of pity or sympathy; pathetic; V. touch: cause to feel pity or sympathy; ADJ. touched +- pathological pertaining to disease; N. pathology: study of disease + pathos tender sorrow; pity; quality in art or literature that produces these feelings; Ex. pathos that runs through the novel + patina green crust on old bronze works or copper; tone slowly taken by varnished painting +- varnish paint used to coat a surface with a glossy film; glossy coating produced by using this substance; Ex. nail varnish; V. + patois local or provincial dialect +- patriarch father and ruler of a family or tribe +- patrician noble; aristocratic; N: person of high rank; aristocrat; CF. member of the governing classes in ancient Rome; CF. plebian + patronize support; act superior toward; treat in a condescending manner; be a customer of; N. patron: one that supports; regular customer; N. patronage; CF. boycott +* paucity scarcity; dearth + pauper very poor person +* peccadillo slight offense or fault; CF. sin + swipe hit with a sweeping motion; N. +* pecuniary pertaining to money +* pedagogue teacher; CF. child leader +- pedagogy teaching; art of education ++ pedant scholar who overemphasizes book learning, trivial details of learning, or technicalities ++ pedantic bookish; showing off learning; marked by an excessive ostentatious concern for book learning; N. pedantry +- bookish fond of books and reading +* studious given to diligent study +* pedestrian ordinary; dull; unimaginative(lacking in imagination); going on foot; Ex. pedestrian prose; N. + precinct division of a city for election or police purposes; precincts: space that surrounds a building; Ex. precincts of the college + pedigree ancestry; lineage + pediatrician physician specializing in children's diseases; N. pediatrics + peerless having no equal; incomparable +- peer one who has equal standing with another; nobleman; V: look intently; N. peerage; CF. peeress +- pejorative (of a word or phrase) suggesting that someone is of little value; negative in connotation; having a belittling effect; Ex. Many women now considers ``housewife'' a pejorative expression, because it patronized them. + pell-mell in confusion; disorderly; Ex. dash pell-mell ++ pellucid transparent; limpid(crystal clear); clear in meaning; easy to understand +* penance self-imposed punishment for sin; Ex. do penance for one's sins; CF. penitent +* penchant strong inclination; strong liking (esp. for something that is disapproved of by other people); Ex. penchant for fast cars +* pendant(pendent) hanging down from something; pending; N: ornament (hanging from a necklace etc.) + pending not yet decided or settled; impending; Ex. pending decision; PREP. while awaiting; until; Ex. delay the decision pending his return + pendulous hanging; suspended + suspend cause to stop for a period; interrupt; hold in abeyance; defer; hang from above; exclude for a period from a position; Ex. suspended state; Ex. suspend judgment; Ex. suspended from the team; N. suspension +- suspense state of being undecided; anxiety or apprehension resulting from uncertainty +* penitent repentant; N. +* pensive dreamily or deeply thoughtful; sadly thoughtful; thoughtful with a hint of sadness; contemplative; CF. think over + penumbra partial shadow (in an eclipse); CF. almost shadow +* penury extreme poverty; stinginess; ADJ. penurious: very poor; stingy + peon landless agricultural worker; bond servant; menial worker; N. peonage + perceptive insightful; showing a good ability at perceiving and understanding; aware; wise; of perception + percussion striking one object against another sharply; Ex. percussion instrument; N: striking together of two bodies; sound caused by percussion + perdition damnation; complete ruin; hell + damn condemn; criticize severely; condemn to everlasting punishment; doom; bring to ruin; N. damnation + doom condemnation to a severe penalty; ruin; fate (esp. a tragic or ruinous one); V. +* peregrination journey; V. peregrinate + peremptory demanding and leaving no choice; imperative; Ex. peremptory decree/knock ++ perennial something long-lasting; perennial plant; ADJ: lasting through the year or many years; lasting for a long time; enduring +* perfidious treacherous; disloyal; N. perfidy: treachery + perforate pierce; put a hole through +* perfunctory done routinely and with little care; superficial; not thorough; lacking interest, care, or enthusiasm; Ex. perfunctory kiss + perigee point of moon's orbit when it is nearest the earth; CF. apogee + perimeter outer boundary; length of the outer boundary; circumference + bound leap or spring; limit or confine; constitute the limit of; Ex. bounded by Canada; N: leap or jumping; boundary; ADJ: certain; having a duty to do something (legally or morally); confined by bonds; Ex. We are bound to be late; Ex. I am bound to say my opinion; CF. bounce, rebound + peripatetic walking about from place to place (to work); moving; Ex. peripatetic school of philosophy +- peripheral of a periphery; marginal; outer; of minor importance; not central; Ex. peripheral nerve/interest +- periphery outside edge especially of a round surface; perimeter; Ex. periphery of the town +* perjury false testimony while under oath; V. perjure oneself: testify falsely under oath +- permeable that can be permeated; penetrable; porous; allowing liquids or gas to pass through; V. permeate: spread or flow throughout; charge +* pernicious very harmful; deadly; very destructive; Ex. pernicious effect/anemia + peroration conclusion of an oration; perorating; V. perorate: conclude a speech; speak at great length + perpetrate commit an offense; do (something wrong) +* perpetual everlasting +* perpetuate make perpetual; make something last for a long time; preserve from extinction; N. perpetuity +* perquisite(perk) any gain above stipulated salary; Ex. perquisites such as free meals and a car + personable attractive (in personality or appearance) +* perspicacious (of someone) having insight; penetrating; astute +* perspicuity clearness of expression; freedom from ambiguity +* perspicuous (of something) plainly expressed; easy to understand; Ex. perspicuous comments +* pert (esp. of a girl or young woman) impertinent; forward; trim; jaunty; Ex. pert young miss/hat +- forward presumptuous or bold +* pertinacious holding tenaciously to an action; stubborn; persistent +- pertinent suitable; to the point; relevant ++ perturb disturb greatly +* peruse read through with care; N. perusal +- pervasive spread throughout; V. pervade: (of smells, ideas, feelings) spread throughout; charge; permeate +* perverse purposely continuing to do something wrong; stubbornly wrongheaded; perverted; directed away from what is right; wicked and unacceptable; Ex. perverse satisfaction; Ex. Hannibal Lecter in a perverse mood; N. perversity +- perversion corruption; turning from right to wrong +- pervert corrupt; turn from right to wrong; misuse; Ex. perverted sexual desire/scientific knowledge; N: person whose sexual behavior is not natural +* wrongheaded stubbornly wrong + pessimism belief that life is basically bad or evil; gloominess; tendency to take the gloomiest possible view of a situation; ADJ. pessimistic + pestilential(pestilent) causing plague; tending to cause death; baneful; N. pestilence: fatal epidemic disease (esp. bubonic plague) + pestle tool for mashing or grinding substances in a hard bowl or mortar + mortar vessel in which substances are crushed with a pestle + mash crush into mash; convert into mash; N: mixture of ground grain and nutrients fed to livestock and fowl +* petrify turn to stone; cause to become stonelike; stun or paralyze + petty trivial; unimportant; very small; small-minded; petty-minded +* petulant touchy; peevish; ill-tempered + phalanx formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears; group of men packed together (for attack or defense) + pharisaical pertaining to the Pharisees, who paid scrupulous attention to tradition; self-righteous; hypocritical + pharisee Pharisee: member of an ancient Jewish group that emphasized strict observance of the Mosaic law (considering themselves very holy); hypocritical self-righteous person + self-righteous sure of one's own righteousness; moralistic + phenomena observable facts; subjects of scientific investigation; SG. phenomenon: observable fact; very unusual person, thing, or event; marvel; wonder; CF. phenomenons; ADJ. phenomenal: very unusual; extraordinary; of a phenomenon; Ex. phenomenal strength +* philanderer faithless lover; flirt +- philanthropist lover of mankind; doer of good; N. philanthropy + philatelist stamp-collector; N. philately: stamp collecting +* philistine narrow-minded person, uncultured and exclusively interested in material gain; uncultured person who is indifferent to artistic and cultural values; member of an ancient people in Palestine; OP. aesthete +* philology study of language or words +* phlegmatic calm and unexcitable; not easily disturbed; CF. phlegm: sticky mucus produced in the respiratory tract ++ phobia morbid fear ++ phoenix symbol of immortality or rebirth; Ex. phoenix rising from its ashes ++ phylum major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division +* physiognomy face (as showing the character and the mind); art of judging human character from facial features +- physiological pertaining to the science of the function of living organisms; N. physiology + piebald of different colors; mottled; spotted in different colors (esp. in black and white); Ex. piebald horse; CF. pie+bald +* piecemeal one part at a time; gradually; in stages; Ex. read a novel piecemeal + pied piebald; variegated(many-colored); multicolored ++ piety devoutness; reverence for God; ADJ. pious +- pigment coloring matter (usually powder to be mixed with water or oil) +* pillage plunder + pillory punish by placing in a wooden frame or pillory; subject or expose to criticism and ridicule; N. + pine long for; yearn; languish from longing or grief; decline + pinion restrain or immobilize by binding the wings or legs; N: bird's wing +* pinnacle peak; highest point; acme; Ex. pinnacle of fame ++ pious devout; religious; N. piety + piquant pleasantly tart-tasting; spicy; pleasantly stimulating; Ex. piquant situation when my old enemy asked for my help + tart sharp to the taste; acid-tasting; caustic; sarcastic; Ex. tart apple/reply +- sour having a sharp or acid taste; acid; tart; bad-tempered; V. + pique irritation; resentment from wounded pride (eg. loss in a contest); V: provoke; arouse; annoy; cause to feel resentment; Ex. pique her curiosity + piscatorial pertaining to fishing; CF. Pisces +- pitfall hidden danger; concealed trap +- beware be cautious (of) + pith core or marrow; spongelike substance in the center of stems; essence; substance +- marrow soft fatty tissue that fills most bone cavities and is the source of blood cells +- pithy concise and meaningful; substantial; meaty +* pittance small amount (of money); small allowance or wage +- pivotal of a pivot; central; critical; crucial ++ placate pacify; bring peace to; conciliate; appease +* placebo harmless substance prescribed as a dummy pill +- tablet small round piece of medicine; flat piece of stone or metal bearing an inscription; Ex. stone tablet on the wall ++ placid peaceful; calm; Ex. placid child/lake +* plagiarize steal another's ideas or writings and pass them off as one's own; Ex. ideas plagiarized from my article; N. plagiarism; CF. kidnap + plaintive expressing sorrow; mournful; Ex. plaintive song + plait braid; interwine; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; Ex. plaited hair; N: braided length as of hair o fabric; CF. pigtail, ponytail +- plasticity ability to be molded; ADJ. plastic: capable of being shaped or molded; Ex. plastic material such as clay + platitude trite remark; commonplace statement; ADJ. platitudinous + commonplace ordinary; N: something ordinary or common; trite remark + commonwealth nation governed by the people; republic; people of a nation +- platonic purely spiritual; theoretical; without sensual desire + plaudit praise; enthusiastic approval; round(succession or series) of applause; ADJ. plauditory; CF. applaud + plausible conceivably true; having a show of truth but open to doubt; specious + plebeian common; vulgar; pertaining to the common people; N: common people in ancient Rome; CF. patrician + plebiscite direct vote by the entire electorate (on an important issue) + referendum direct vote by all the people + plenary (of power) complete; full; fully attended by all qualified members; Ex. plenary power +- plenitude abundance; plenty; great amount; completeness; fullness; CF. plenary, plenty +- plethora excess; overabundance; Ex. a plethora of excuses +* pliable flexible; easily influenced; yielding; adaptable +* pliant flexible; easily influenced +* plight difficult condition; condition or state (esp. a bad state or condition); predicament + pluck courage; V: pull off or out; pull out the hair or feathers of; ADJ. plucky: courageous; brave +* plumage feathers of a bird; + plume feather, esp. large or showy one; something that rises into the air (like the shape of a feather); Ex. plume of smoke: ¹ö¼¸ ±¸¸§ + plumb exactly vertical; N: weight on the end of a line; V: examine very carefully or critically in order to understand; measure depth (by sounding); Ex. plumb the depth of + plumber one who installs and repairs pipes and plumbing(pipes) + plummet fall sharply; fall straight down; Ex. Stock prices plummeted. +* plutocracy society ruled by the wealthy +* podiatrist doctor who treats ailments of the feet; chiropodist; N. podiatrics +* podium pedestal; raised platform +* pedestal support or base as for a pillar or statue ++ poignancy quality of being deeply moving; keenness of emotion; ADJ. poignant: touching; deeply moving; (of sorrow, grief, etc.) painful; keenly distressing to the mind; Ex. poignant memory/anxiety; CF. prick +- polarize split into opposite extremes or camps +- polarity state of having two opposite qualities + polar of a pole; characterized by opposite extremes; Ex. polar opposites +- camp group sharing a common cause or opinion +* polemic attack or defense of an opinion; controversy or refutation; argument in support of point of view; N. polemics: art of debate or controversy +* polemical(polemic) aggressive in verbal attack; disputatious (rather than simply expressing opinions) +* politic prudent; judicious; well judged; expedient; well devised + polity (particular form of) political organization; form of government of nation or state; Ex. student polity +- polygamist one who has more than one spouse at a time; CF. bigamy; CF. polyandry +* polyglot speaking several languages; multilingual; Ex. polyglot person/society; N. ++ pomposity self-important behavior; acting like a stuffed shirt(pompous person); ADJ. pompous: self-important +* ponderous having great weight; weighty; unwieldy; lacking lightness; dull; Ex. ponderous body/style of writing + pontifical pertaining to a bishop or pope; pompous or pretentious; CF. pontiff: pope; bishop + pore study industriously; ponder; scrutinize; Ex. pore over the book; N. +- porous full of pores; like a sieve + interstice narrow space between things + portend foretell; presage; be a sign or warning of; N. portent: sign; omen; forewarning +- soothsayer one who foretells the future + portly stout; corpulent +* stout rather fat; strong in body; sturdy; resolute; determined; strong in determination; Ex. stout stick/supporter +- poseur person who pretends to be sophisticated, elegant, etc., to impress others; person who poses; CF. pose +- pose assume a particular posture; put forward; present; affect a particular attitude (to impress others); Ex. pose a threat; N. + posterity descendants; future generations; Ex. go down to posterity; CF. posterior, anterior + posthumous after death (as of child born after father's death or book published after author's death); coming or occurring after one's death; Ex. posthumous fame/novel ++ postmortem autopsy; ADJ: occurring after death; of a postmortem +* postulate self-evident truth; something assumed without proof; V: assume the truth of (as a basis of an argument) + posture assume an affected pose; act artificially; N: pose; attitude + potable suitable for drinking; drinkable + potent powerful; convincing; persuasive; greatly influential + potentate monarch; sovereign + potential expressing possibility; latent; N: capacity for growth + potion dose (of liquids); liquid dose +- potpourri heterogeneous mixture; medley; mixture of dried flower petals a pot (to give a pleasant smell to a room) + poultice soothing application applied to sore and inflamed portions of the body +- practicable feasible +- practical based on experience; of or acquired through practice (rather than theory); useful; Ex. practical man +- pragmatic practical (as opposed to idealistic); concerned with practical worth or impact of something; Ex. pragmatic test of the skill +- pragmatist practical person; N. pragmatism: pragmatic way of dealing with things +* prance move about in a spirited manner (proudly and confidently) + prate talk idly; speak foolishly; boast idly +* prattle talk idly; babble; N. CF. prate +- idle not working; not employed or busy; lazy; without purpose; useless; lacking substance; baseless; not based on truth; Ex. idle worker; Ex. talk idly; V. +- preamble introductory statement +* precarious unsafe; lacking in stability; uncertain; risky; Ex. precarious living +- precedent something preceding in time which may be used as an authority or guide for future action; V. precede; CF. unprecedented +- precedent preceding (in time, rank, etc.) + +- precept practical rule guiding conduct; Ex. mother's precept + precipice cliff; dangerous position; Ex. on the edge of the precipice + brink edge (at the top of a cliff); Ex. on the brink of the Grand Canyon +- precipitant something that causes a substance in a chemical solution to separate out in solid form; ħÀüÁ¦; OP. solvent +- precipitate hurl downward; throw headlong; hasten; cause to happen sooner; condense and fall as rain or snow; cause (a solid substance) to be separated from a solution; ADJ. hasty; rash; premature; sudden + precipitous steep; overhasty; precipitate + pr\'ecis abstract; concise summing up of main points; concise summary of a text +- precise exact +* preclude make impossible; prevent; exclude; eliminate + precocious advanced in development; N. precocity +- precursor forerunner; predecessor ++ predator predatory animal or bird; predatory person; creature that seizes and devours another animal; person who robs or exploits others; ADJ. predatory: living by preying on other organisms; plundering; N. predation +- predecessor former occupant of a post +- predetermine determine in advance; predestine; settle or decide beforehand; influence markedly +* predicament difficult situation; tricky or dangerous situation; dilemma ++ predilection preference; partiality ++ predispose give an inclination toward (in advance); make susceptible to; Ex. predispose people to certain cancer; N. predisposition ++ preeminent outstanding; superior + preempt prevent in advance; head off(forestall); forestall by acting first; appropriate for oneself before others; supplant; take the place of; displace; Ex. preempt any attempts; ADJ. preemptive +* preen make oneself tidy in appearance; feel self-satisfaction or pride; (of a bird) smooth or clean (feathers) with the beak; Ex. preen oneself on; CF. prune + prefatory introductory; of a preface + prehensile capable of grasping or holding (esp. by wrapping around); Ex. prehensile tails + prelate church dignitary; priest of high position in the church (esp. bishop) +- prelude introduction; introductory performance or event; forerunner +* premeditate plan in advance; Ex. premeditated murder ++ premise assumption; postulate; proposition upon which an argument is based ++ premonition forewarning; presentiment; foreboding ++ premonitory serving to warn + preponderance superiority of power, quantity, etc.; V. preponderate: be greater in power, weight, or importance; ADJ. preponderant + preposterous absurd; completely unreasonable; ridiculous + prerogative privilege; unquestionable right; CF. ask before + presage foretell; be a warning or sign of; N: presentiment; foreboding; omen + prescience ability to foretell the future; knowledge of actions before they occur; ADJ. prescient + presentiment premonition; foreboding; feeling something will happen; anticipatory fear + prestige respect or admiration; impression produced by achievements or reputation; ADJ: causing admiration; ADJ. prestigious: having prestige + presumptuous going beyond what is right; excessively forward; arrogant; taking liberties ++ presume take for granted; assume; act overconfidently; take liberties; presume on/upon: take unfair advantage of (someone's kindness or connection); N. presumption ++ pretentious ostentatious; showy; pompous; making unjustified claims; overambitious; Ex. pretentious films that claim to be art +- pretend feign; pretend to: claim to possess; make pretensions to; Ex. I don't pretend to much expertise; N. pretense ++ pretension pretentiousness; claim (without foundation); Ex. I make no pretensions to skill as an artist. +* preternatural beyond what is normal in nature; supernatural; Ex. preternatural strength/forces + pretext excuse +- prevail be widespread; triumph over; gain victory; prevail on: persuade; induce; Ex. Justice has prevailed; Ex. prevail on someone to do something +- prevalent widespread; generally accepted + prevaricate lie; hide the truth (by equivocating) +- prey target of a hunt; victim; V: hunt and eat as prey; victimize; Ex. Cats prey on mice. + prim proper to the point of affectation; very precise and formal; exceedingly proper + primogeniture seniority by birth; state of being the first-born child; right of the eldest child (to inherit the entire property of one or both parents) +- primordial existing at the beginning (of time); rudimentary +* primp groom oneself with care; adorn oneself ++ pristine unspoiled; remaining in a pure state; characteristic of earlier times; primitive; Ex. an old book in pristine condition + privation lack of the basic necessities or comforts of life; hardship; want; CF. deprive +* privy secret; hidden; not public; made a participant in something secret; Ex. privy chamber government; Ex. be privy to a discussion; CF. private +- probe explore with a probe or tools; investigate; N: slender instrument used to explore a wound or body cavity; device designed to investigate an unknown region; thorough investigation; Ex. space probe + probity uprightness; honesty; incorruptibility + defalcate embezzle +- problematic causing a problem; open to doubt; doubtful; unsettled; questionable; Ex. Whether the arena will ever be completed is problematic. ++ proclivity inclination; natural tendency (esp. towards something bad) +- procrastinate postpone; delay or put off +* procurement obtaining; V. procure: obtain by effort; obtain (a prostitute) for another + prod poke (with a pointed object); stir up; urge; goad to action; N: pointed object used to prod; prodding +* prodigal wasteful; reckless with money; profuse; Ex. a mind prodigal of ideas; N. prodigality +- prodigious enormous; marvelous; extraordinary; Ex. prodigious amount/memory +* prodigy highly gifted child; person with exceptional talents; marvel; wonder + profane violate; desecrate (something holy); treat unworthily; be profane for; ADJ: secular; nonreligious; irreverent for holy things + profligate wasteful (of money); dissipated; wildly immoral; dissolute; N: profligate person; N. profligacy +- profound deep; not superficial; complete; Ex. profound thinker/remark/silence/deafness; N. profundity +* profusion great amount; plenty; overabundance; excess; lavish expenditure; Ex. profusion of choices; ADJ. profuse: plentiful; copious; giving or given abundantly; extravagant + progenitor ancestor +- progeny children; offspring; descendants +* prognosis forecasted course of a disease; prediction; CF. prognostic +* prognosticate predict (according to present indications) +- prohibitive so high as to prohibit purchase or use; tending to prevent the purchase or use of something; prohibiting; inclined to prevent or forbid; Ex. prohibitive tax +- projectile missile; fired or thrown object (such as stone or bullet) +- proletarian member of the working class; blue collar guy; N. proletariat: working class (who have to work for wages) +* proliferate grow rapidly (in numbers); spread; multiply; N. proliferation ++ prolific producing offspring or fruit in abundance; fertile; fecund; abundantly fruitful; producing abundant works; Ex. prolific writer +* prolixity tedious wordiness; verbosity; ADJ. prolix: wordy; verbose; diffuse +- prologue introduction (to a poem or play) +* feud bitter prolonged quarrel (usually between two peoples or families); V. CF. Romeo and Juliet; CF. feudal, feudalism +- prolong lengthen; extend; draw out +- prominent protruding(sticking out); conspicuous; notable; eminent +* promiscuous mixed indiscriminately; indiscriminate; not choosing carefully; indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners; irregular, particularly sexually; Ex. promiscuous life/girl; N. promiscuity + promontory headland +- promote advance in rank; advance; help to flourish; advocate; help actively in forming; publicize or popularize; Ex. Milk promotes health; Ex. promote a match/bill; Ex. promote a new product +* prompt cause; urge; provoke; provide a cue (for an actor); ADJ: done without delay; done at the right time; punctual; on time; N: reminder or cue +- cue word or signal (as in a play to prompt another actor's speech or entrance); reminder or hint; V: give a cue to + promulgate announce; proclaim a doctrine or law; make known by official publication + prone inclined to; likely to (suffer); prostrate; lying with the front downward; Ex. prone to disease/make mistakes; Ex. accident-prone +- propagate increase in number by producing young; multiply; spread; Ex. Most plants propagate by seed; Ex. newspaper propagating their ideas ++ propellant(propellent) substance which propels or drives forward (such as an explosive charge or a rocket fuel) ++ propensity natural inclination +* prophetic of a prophet or prophecy; having to do with predicting the future; N. prophecy; V. prophesy; N. prophet + prophylactic used to prevent disease; N: something prophylactic; condom; N. prophylaxis: prevention of disease + propinquity nearness (in space or relationship); proximity; kinship +* propitiate appease; conciliate; make peaceful; ADJ. propitiatory +* propitious favorable; auspicious; advantageous; fortunate; Ex. propitious day/sign ++ horoscope diagram of the positions of stars at a given moment (eg. of a person's birth) used by astrologers +* proponent supporter; backer; opposite of opponent + propound put forth for consideration or analysis; set forth; Ex. propound a problem/theory +* propriety fitness; quality of being proper; correct conduct; conformity to prevailing customs and usages; CF. proprietor, proprietary +- usage act or manner of using; accepted practice; way in which words are actually used +* propulsive driving forward; N. propulsion +* prosaic lacking in imagination; dull and unimaginative; matter-of-fact(concerned with facts, not imagination or feelings); factual; CF. prose + proscenium part of stage in front of curtain; front arch of a stage ++ proscribe prohibit; ostracize; banish; outlaw +* outlaw fugitive from the law (excluded from legal protection); V: declare (someone) to be an outlaw; deprive of the protection of the law; declare illegal; Ex. Drinking has been outlawed. + proselytize (induce someone to) convert to a religion or belief; N. proselyte: new convert to a doctrine or religion + prosody art of versification; study of the metrical structure of verse + metrical metric; written in the form of poetry; Ex. metrical translation of Homer + meter arrangement of words in the form of poetry (by accentual rhythm) +- prosperity good fortune and financial success; physical well-being +- prosper become successful (esp. financially); thrive; grow well; Ex. children prospering under his care +- prosperous successful; rich; affluent; well-to-do; well-off +* affluent Generously supplied with money, property, or possessions; prosperous or rich. +- prostrate stretch out full on ground; make prostrate; enervate; Ex. prostrating illness; ADJ: lying face down; having lost all strength ++ protean able to take on many forms; versatile; CF. Proteus: sea god to change his shape at will + prot\'eg\'e person receiving protection and support from a patron +- protocol diplomatic etiquette; ceremony and etiquette observed by diplomats; first copy of a treaty before its ratification; Ex. Protocol demands that the queen meet him at the airport. + prototype original work used as a model by others + protract prolong; lengthen in time; draw out + protrude stick out; jut; project; Ex. protruding teeth + protuberance protrusion; swelling; bulge + bulge protruding part; swelling of a surface; Ex. The apple made a bulge in his pocket; V: swell outward; protrude + provenance place of origin; origin or source of something; Ex. Gunpowder is of Chinese provenance; CF. come + provender dry food for livestock; fodder + provident providing for future needs; displaying foresight; thrifty; preparing for emergencies; OP. improvident + providence quality of being provident; divine care; god's care; Providence: god; Ex. It seemed like providence that the doctor happened to be there; ADJ. providential: of divine providence; fortunate + provincial pertaining to a province; limited in outlook; narrow; unsophisticated + provisional tentative; temporary + proviso stipulation; condition in an agreement; provision + provision act of providing; something provided; preparatory measure; provisions: necessary supplies (esp. food); stipulation; condition in an agreement; Ex. According to the provisions of the agreement + provocative arousing anger or sexual interest; annoying; Ex. provocative in tight jeans; V. provoke: incite to anger; cause (an unpleasant action or feeling); N. provocation + prowess extraordinary ability; military bravery; Ex. prowess in battle +- proximity nearness; ADJ. proximate +- proxy authorized agent; authority to act for another + prude excessively modest or proper person (who is easily shocked by improper things, esp. of a sexual nature); N. prudery; ADJ. prudish: excessively concerned with propriety +* prudent cautious; careful; prudential +- prune cut away; trim +* prurient having or causing lustful desires and thoughts; arousing immoderate sexual desire + pry inquire impertinently (someone else's private affairs); use leverage to raise or open something; prize; N. pries: tool for prying +- prize pry; move with a lever; value highly; esteem; Ex. his most prized possession; N: something captured during war-time (esp. an enemy ship) +* pseudonym pen name; fictitious name assumed by an author; ADJ. pseudonymous +- psyche soul; mind +- psychiatrist doctor who treats mental diseases +- psychic of psyche; mental; of or possessing extraordinary mental powers +- psychopathic pertaining to mental dearrangement; N. psychopath: person with an antisocial personality disorder +- psychosis mental disorder; ADJ. N. psychotic ++ psychosomatic of the influence of the mind on the body (esp. with respect to disease) + pterodactyl extinct flying reptile; CF. wing+finger +* puerile childish; immature; CF. puer: boy +- pugilist boxer; CF. pugilism: boxing +* pugnacity combativeness; disposition to fight; ADJ. pugnacious: (of people) belligerent; combative in nature +* puissant powerful; strong; potent; N. puissance: power +* pulchritude beauty; comeliness; ADJ. pulchritudinous +- pulmonary pertaining to the lungs +- pulsate throb; beat regularly; vibrate regularly +- pulse rhythmical throbbing of arteries; brief sudden change in a normally constant quantity; V: pulsate ++ pulverize crush or grind into very small particles + pummel pommel; beat or pound with fists + punctilious minutely attentive (perhaps too much so) to fine points; stressing niceties of conduct or form; N. punctilio, punctiliousness: careful attention payed to every small exact detail +- pundit authority on a subject; expert; learned person +* pungent stinging; acrid; sharp in taste or smell; (of speech or writing) caustic; N. pungency +* punitive punishing; Ex. punitive measures +* puny tiny; weak; insignificant +- purchase secure grasp or hold; firm grasp or footing + purgatory place of spiritual expiation; temporary state or place in which the souls must expiate their sins +- purge remove or get rid of something or someone unwanted; eliminate; free from blame or guilt; cleanse or purify (esp. of sin, guilt, or defilement); N. + purport intention; purpose; meaning; V: claim; profess; Ex. order which purports to be signed by the general + purported alleged; claimed; reputed or rumored; Ex. purported Satanists + rooster cock; adult male chicken +* rabble mob; noisy crowd + purse pucker; contract (lips) into wrinkles; N: wallet + pucker gather into wrinkles or folds; N: wrinkle or fold + purveyor furnisher of foodstuffs; caterer; V. purvey: supply (eg. food); furnish; CF. provide +* pusillanimous cowardly; lacking courage; fainthearted + putative supposed; reputed; generally regarded as such; Ex. putative father of the child +* putrid decayed and foul-smelling; foul; rotten; decayed; N. putridity +* putrefy make or become putrid; N. putrefaction +* putrescent becoming putrid; putrefying + gangrene decay of body tissue caused by insufficient blood supply (usually following injury); ADJ. gangrenous ++ pyromaniac person with an insane desire to set things on fire +* quack charlatan; impostor +* quadruped four-footed animal; ADJ. CF. biped + quaff drink with zest; drink with relish(zest; hearty enjoyment); ²Ü²©²Ü²© ¸¶½Ã´Ù; CF. sip + quagmire bog; marsh; soft, wet, boggy land; predicament; complex or dangerous situation from which it is difficult to free oneself + bog soft wet land; V: hinder or be hindered; Ex. bogged down in the mud + quail cower; shrink back in fear; lose heart + quaint odd in an old-fashioned way; odd; old-fashioned; picturesque +- qualified limited; restricted; V. qualify: limit the meaning of; modify +* qualms uneasy feelings; misgivings; uneasy fears especially about matters of conscience; Ex. I have no qualms about giving this assignment to Helen. +* quandary dilemma; state of uncertainty; Ex. She is in a quandary about whether to go. +- quarantine isolation of a person, place, or ship to prevent spread of infection; V: isolate in quarantine + quarry person or animal of pursuit; victim; object of a hunt; prey + quarry dig into (to get stone); N: mine; ä¼®Àå + bank heap; piled-up mass; embankment; lateral tilting (as of an aircraft in turning); V: pile up; protect with a bank; tilt in turning + + quash crush; suppress; squash; subdue; annul; Ex. quash a rebellion/the decision of the low court + squash crush; quash; suppress + quay dock; wharf; pier; landing place (for boats) + queasy experiencing nausea; nauseated; easily nauseated; squeamish; Ex. feel a little queasy + quell suppress; put an end to; put down forcibly; extinguish; quiet; Ex. ``Army Quells Rebellion'' in newspaper; CF. kill + quench assuage or satisfy (thrust); slake; douse or extinguish; put out; suppress + squelch produce a splashing sound (when stepping through mud); crush; squash; CF. ÁøÈëÀ» À§¿¡¼­ ¹âÀ» ¶§ + querulous given to complaining; complaining; fretful; whining + whine complain (in a sad voice); make a high sad sound (as in pain or supplication) + query inquiry; question; V. + queue line (of waiting people or vehicles) +* quibble minor objection or complaint; V: raise minor objections; carp; cavil +* quiescent dormant; temporarily inactive; at rest; N. quiescence +- quietude tranquillity; calmness + quintessence purest and highest embodiment; perfect example; apotheosis; most essential element; Ex. quintessence of wit; ADJ. quintessential; CF. fifth essence + quip taunt; clever sarcastic remark; V. + taunt deride or provoke; challenge in derision; N. + quirk sudden sharp turn or twist; startling twist; caprice; idiosyncrasy; peculiarity of behavior; Ex. by a quirk of fate + quisling traitor who aids invaders; CF. Vidkun Quisling + quiver case for arrows + quiver tremble; shake; N. ++ leash restraining rope fastened to the collar of an animal (to control it); Ex. a dog on a leash +* quixotic idealistic but impractical; CF. Don Quixote + quizzical curious; suggesting puzzlement (without saying); questioning; teasing; mocking; bantering; Ex. quizzical glance + quorum minimal number of members necessary to conduct a meeting + quotidian daily; commonplace; customary; Ex. quotidian routine + rabid of or suffering rabies; like a fanatic; extremely zealous; furious; CF. rabies: hydrophobia + raconteur story-teller; one who tells stories with wit and skill + ragamuffin dirty child in torn clothes; person wearing tattered clothes +* tatter torn piece of cloth; ADJ. tattered: (of clothes) old and torn; (of a person) dressed in old torn clothes + rail complain bitterly; scold; rant; Ex. the weaker railing against injustices + raiment clothing; garments; Ex. I have no raiment fit to wear. + rakish jaunty; stylish; sporty; morally corrupt; dissolute; Ex. He wore his hat at a rakish and jaunty angle. + rake angle of a slope; V: slant from the perpendicular + rake immoral or dissolute person + rally come or bring together; call up or summon (forces, vital powers, etc.); revive or recuperate (after illness or difficulty); N: act of rallying; mass gathering + ramble wander aimlessly (physically or mentally); digress + ramification branching out; subdivision; one branch of a system; one of the results following from an action or decision; Ex. ramifications of a business/the decision + ramify branch out; divide into branches or subdivisions + ramp slope; inclined plane or roadway (connecting two levels) + rampant growing or spreading uncontrollably; growing in profusion; unrestrained; Ex. rampant lawlessness/weed + rampart defensive mound of earth + ramshackle (of a building or vehicle) poorly constructed; rickety; falling apart + rickety (of buildings) likely to break or fall apart; of rickets; CF. rickets; CF. vitamin D +* ransack search thoroughly; pillage (going through a place); Ex. Enemy soldiers ransacked the town. + rancid having the odor of stale or decomposing fat; rank + rank offensive in odor or flavor + rancor long-lasting hatred; bitterness; Ex. negotiation without rancor; ADJ. rancorous +- random without definite purpose, plan, or aim; haphazard; Ex. random shots; Ex. chosen at random +- lot object used in making a determination at random; fate; piece of land +- draw choosing of a lot or card +- lottery contest in which winners are selected in a drawing of lots + raffle lottery; V: award as a prize in a raffle; Ex. raffle off a new car + rankle irritate; fester; annoy +- rant speak violently or excitedly; rave; talk excitedly showing anger; scold; make a grandiloquent speech; Ex. The priest ranted about the devil. +* rapacious voracious; ravenous; taking everything one can; excessively grasping; plundering; subsisting on live prey; Ex. rapacious birds +* rapport close relationship; emotional closeness; harmony ++ rapt engrossed; absorbed; enchanted; Ex. rapt listener + rarefied made less dense (of a gas); V. rarefy: make less dense; N. rarefaction + rare (of air) thin in density; rarefied; Ex. rare air of the mountains + raspy making a harsh noise; grating; harsh + rasp (of a sound) grate on (eg. nerves); make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; rub with something rough; Ex. The cat's tongue rasped my hand. +* ratify approve formally; confirm; verify + ratiocination reasoning; act of drawing conclusions from premises; V. ratiocinate: reason logically +- rationale fundamental reason or principle (on which a system or principle is based); fundamental reason or justification; grounds for an action +- rationalize make rational; devise false reasons for (one's behavior); offer an excuse; give a plausible reason for an action in place of a true, less admirable ones; N. rationalization +- rational (of a person) having reason; (of ideas) based on reason; logical +* ration fixed portion; V: distribute as rations ++ raucous (of voice) harsh and unpleasant; (of people) disorderly and boisterous; Ex. raucous shouts +* ravage devastate; plunder; despoil; Ex. crops ravaged by storms + maraud move in search of plunder; Ex. marauding army + rave overwhelmingly favorable review; V: talk wildly as if mad; Ex. raving lunatic + ravel fall apart into tangles; entangle; unravel or untwist +* ravenous extremely hungry; voracious + ravine narrow valley with steep sides; gorge; CF. gully, canyon + raze destroy completely; Ex. raze the city to the ground + reactionary strongly opposed to social or political change; opposing progress; politically ultraconservative; N. OP. radical + reinstate restore to a previous condition or position + realm kingdom; field or sphere; Ex. not within the realms of possibility +* reaper one who harvests grain; Ex. the Grim Reaper; V. reap: cut and gather (crop); harvest a crop +- rebate return of part of a payment; discount; V. + rebuff reject bluntly; snub; beat back; Ex. She rebuffed his invitation; N. + snub ignore or behave coldly toward; Ex. I made a suggestion but she snubbed me; N. ++ rebuke scold harshly; criticize severely + rebus representation of words in the form of pictures or symbols; puzzle in which pictures or letters stand for words; Ex. ``R U 18'' is a rebus for ``Are you 18''. + rebuttal refutation; response with contrary evidence; V. rebut: refute; disprove + recalcitrant disobedient or resisting authority even after being punished; obstinately stubborn; determined to resist authority; unruly; Ex. recalcitrant child + recant disclaim or disavow; retract a previous statement; openly confess error; Ex. recant one's faith/a statement + recapitulate summarize + recast reconstruct (a sentence, story, statue, etc.); fashion again +* fashion give shape to; make; Ex. fashion the pot out of clay +- receptive quick or willing to receive (ideas, suggestions, etc.); Ex. receptive to the proposal + recession withdrawal; retreat; time of low economic activity + recess pause; temporary cessation; alcove; secret inner place; Ex. parliament in recess; V. CF. recessive + recidivism habitual return to crime (even after being punished); N. recidivist +- recipient receiver +- reciprocal mutual; given and received in return; exchangeable; interacting; Ex. reciprocal trade agreement +- reciprocate do or give something in return; repay in kind; give or take mutually; interchange; move backwards and forwards; Ex. reciprocate his invitation by inviting him; N. reciprocity: reciprocal relationship; mutual interchange of advantages between two groups; Ex. reciprocity in trading rights +- recluse hermit; loner; ADJ. reclusive +* reconcile make friendly again (after quarrel); make consistent (two ideas in opposition); correct inconsistencies; Ex. reconcile one's political principles with one's religious beliefs +* recondite abstruse; not easily understood; profound; secret + reconnaissance survey of enemy by soldiers; reconnoitering; V. reconnoiter: make a preliminary inspection of (esp. to gather military information) + recount narrate or tell (a story); count over again +- recourse resorting to help when in trouble; Ex. without recourse to +- resort turn to for help; Ex. resort to violence; N. + makeshift temporary expedient or substitute (in the case of urgent need); Ex. makeshift shelter + recreant disloyal; cowardly; N: disloyal and cowardly person + recrimination countercharges; V. recriminate +- rectify set right; correct; CF. rect-: right +* rectitude moral correctness; moral uprightness; moral virtue; correctness of judgment + recumbent reclining; lying down completely or in part ++ recline lie down +* recuperate recover; return to health; regain; Ex. recuperate losses +- recurrent occurring again and again + + redolent odorous; fragrant; suggestive (of an odor); Ex. redolent of onions/mystery + redoubtable formidable; causing fear + redress remedy; compensation; Ex. seek redress for the damage to your car; V: put right; remedy or rectify (a wrong); make amends for +- redundant superfluous; more than is necessary; verbose; excessively wordy; repetitious + reek emit (an unpleasant odor or smoke); give off an unpleasant odor; give out smoke; Ex. reeking chimney; N: unpleasant odor; stench +* stench strong foul odor; reek; stink +- stink stench; V: emit a strong foul odor + refectory dining hall; room where meals are served (in a school) +- refraction bending of a ray of light + refractory unmanageable; disobedient and stubborn; Ex. refractory horse +- refrain abstain from; resist; forbear; N: chorus +- chorus phrase repeated throughout a song or poem +* refulgent effulgent; brilliant; brightly shining; gleaming; Ex. refulgent moon ++ gleam brief flash of light; glow; V. +- refurbish renovate; make clean, bright, or fresh (make new) again; make bright by polishing; Ex. refurbish an old theater; CF. furbish: polish +* refute disprove; prove to be false; N. refutation +* regal royal; of a monarch; Ex. regal manner + regale entertain + regatta boat or yacht race +* regeneration spiritual rebirth; Ex. regeneration of the prisoners; V. regenerate: give or obtain new life; reform spiritually +* penology study of prison management and criminal rehabilitation +* regicide murder of a king or queen +* regime method of system or government +* regimen prescribed course of diet or exercise; prescribed diet and habits; Ex. daily regimen of a dancer + regiment military unit; V: subject to strict order; Ex. regimented society + rehabilitate restore to proper condition (health or useful life); restore the former rank of +- reimburse repay; pay back +- reiterate repeat + rejoinder reply; retort; comeback; V. rejoin: say in reply + comeback retort; quick clever reply; return to former status +* rejuvenate make young again + relegate put into a lower or worse place; banish to an inferior position; delegate; assign; Ex. relegate the old furniture to the children's room; Ex. relegated to the second division + relent become less severe; give in(surrender); ADJ. relentless: unyielding; continuously severe +- relevant having importance; pertinent; referring to the case in hand; N. relevance, relevancy +- relic surviving remnant (from an extinct culture); memento; keepsake; relics: corpse; Ex. ancient relics; Ex. relics of his travel; Ex. His relics are buried at X. +- relinquish give up something (with reluctance); yield; release; Ex. relinquish power/the claim to the land/his hold on my arm +* relish enjoy; savor; N: enjoyment; zest +- remediable reparable ++ reminiscence recollection; V. reminisce: recollect the past ++ reminiscent suggestive of something (in the past); of reminiscence +* remiss negligent; careless about a duty + remission temporary moderation (of disease symptoms); remitting of a debt or punishment; cancelation of a debt; pardon; Ex. The disease went into remission; Ex. Christians pray for the remission of sins. +* remit transmit (money) in payment; free someone from a debt or punishment +* remittance remitting of money; amount of money remitted +- remnant remainder + remonstrate protest; objection; V. remonstrate: say in protest +- remorse deep regret for wrongdoing; guilt; self-reproach + remunerative (of work) compensating; rewarding; profitable; well-paid; V. remunerate: reward; pay (someone) for work or trouble + rend split; tear apart; N. rent; CF. heartrending: causing deep sorrow +- render give; deliver; provide; represent in verbal or artistic form; depict; perform; make; translate; Ex. render the song beautifully + rendezvous meeting place; meeting at a set time or place; V. + rendition rendering; translation; artistic interpretation of a song, etc + renegade deserter; traitor; ADJ. +* renege break a promise; deny; go back on; Ex. renege on the contract/paying off the debt +- renounce abandon; give up (by formal announcement); disown; repudiate; Ex. renounce one's claim to the property/one's religion; N. renunciation + renovate restore to good condition; renew + renown fame; ADJ. renowned +* herald messenger; sign of something to come; V: announce; proclaim; Ex. unheralded researcher + rent tear made by rending; rip; split + reparable capable of being repaired + reparation compensation (for loss or wrong); amends; Ex. make reparation for the damage; CF. repair +* repartee quick clever reply + repast meal; feast; banquet +* repeal revoke; annul +- repel drive away; disgust; Ex. repel the attack/moisture; Ex. repelled by the dirty room; CF. repulsion +- repellent driving away; disgusting; offensive; repulsive; unattractive; N. + repercussion rebound; reaction; reverberation; Ex. serious repercussion +* repertoire list of works of music, drama, etc., a performer is prepared to present; CF. repertory + repine fret; complain; be annoyed; Ex. repine over the undone work + replenish fill up again + replete fully filled; filled to the brim or to the point of being stuffed; abundantly supplied; Ex. report replete with errors + memoir memoirs; autobiography; biography + brim uppermost edge of a cup; projecting rim (as on a hat); Ex. The glass was full to the brim; V: be full to the brim +- replica copy +- replicate reproduce; duplicate + repository storehouse + repose resting; state of being at rest; calmness; V: lie at rest; relax; put or place; Ex. repose our hopes in a single man +* reprehensible deserving blame; blameworthy; V. reprehend: blame +- repress hold back (the natural expression of); restrain; crush; oppress; Ex. repressed child; Ex. repress a laugh/rebellion + reprieve postponement or cancelation of a punishment; temporary stay; V: postpone or cancel the punishment of +* reprimand reprove severely; rebuke; N. + reprisal retaliation + reprise musical repetition; repeating of a piece of music; repeat performance; recurrent action; Ex. reprise in the finale; Ex. constant reprises + reproach blame (not angrily but sadly); express disapproval or disappointment; N. ADJ. reproachful + reprobate morally disapproved person; person hardened in sin, devoid of a sense of decency; CF. disapproved by God ? + reprobation severe disapproval; CF. approbation + reprove censure; rebuke; N. reproof + repudiate disown; disavow; deny + repugnance disgust; strong dislike; loathing; ADJ. repugnant: arousing disgust; repulsive + repulsion distaste; disgust; act of driving back; ADJ. repulsive: causing disgust; tending to drive away; V. repel (not `repulse') + repulse reject with rudeness or coldness (an offer or friendship); drive back (an enemy attack); CF. repulse $\neq$ cause repulsion + reputable respectable; having a good reputation + reputed supposed; Ex. reputed father of the child; V. repute: consider; N. repute: reputation; esteem + requiem mass for the dead; dirge + mass Christian religious ceremony; CF. Mass: ceremony of the Eucharist +- requisite necessary requirement; something required; ADJ: required; necessary + requisition formal demand or request; Ex. requisition for more computing equipment; V. + requite make return for; repay; reciprocate; revenge; N. requittal + + rescind repeal; annul; cancel (a law, decision, or agreement) +* resentment indignation; bitterness; displeasure; V. resent: feel anger about +- reserve self-control; self-restraint; formal but distant manner; reticence; Ex. without reserve: freely and openly; ADJ. reserved: shy and uncommunicative +- residue remainder; balance +- residual remaining; left over; of a residue; N: residue +* resignation patiently submissiveness; statement that one is quitting a job; ADJ. resigned: acquiescent +- resign give up (a position, right, or claim); submit (oneself) passively + resilient elastic; having the power of springing back; able to recover quickly (as from misfortune) +- elastic able to spring back into shape; quick to recover (as from disappointment); able to adapt to change; Ex. elastic plans; N: elastic material +- resolution determination; resoluteness; ADJ. resolute: firm or determined in purpose +- resolve determination; resolution; firmness of purpose +- resolve decide; settle; solve; separate; make a determined decision; N. resolution +* resonant (of a sound) echoing; resounding(sounding loudly); deep and full in sound; producing resonance; Ex. resonant voice; N. resonance + resound (of a place) be filled with sound; (of a sound) sound loudly; sound back; echo; Ex. hall resounded with laughter +- respiration breathing; exhalation; ADJ. respiratory +* respite time for rest; interval of relief; delay in punishment; reprieve +* resplendent brilliant; splendid in appearance; dazzling; glorious +- responsiveness state of reacting readily to appeals, orders, etc.; ADJ. responsive: readily reacting; Ex. responsive to treatment + restitution returning something (lost or stolen) to the rightful owner; reparation; indemnification; compensation for loss, damage, or injury +- restive impatiently restless (induced by external coercion or restriction); restlessly impatient; obstinately resisting control; Ex. restive horses because of wolves; CF. not a general synonym for `restless' +- restraint moderation or self-control; controlling force; restriction +* resumption taking up again; recommencement; V. resume: begin or take up again; take or occupy again; Ex. Kindly resume your seats. +- resurge rise again; flow to and fro; N. resurgence; ADJ. resurgent: (of ideas or beliefs) experiencing revival; surging again + resurrect revive + resuscitate revive; bring back to life or consciousness; Ex. resuscitate the drowned child +- retain keep; maintain possession of; employ (esp. a lawyer or advisor); N. retainer: servant; fee paid to retain an advisor +* retaliate repay in kind (usually for bad treatment); V. retaliate +- retentive holding; able to retain things (esp. facts in the mind); having a good memory +* reticent inclined to silence; uncommunicative; reserved; Ex. He was reticent about the reasons; N. reticence + retinue following; attendants + retiring shy and reserved (of a person); modest; Ex. her retiring personality +* retort quick sharp reply; V. +* retract withdraw; take back; draw back; Ex. retract a statement/an offer/claws; N. retraction; CF. retractile + retrench cut down; cut down expenses; economize + retribution deserved punishment for wrongdoing; punishment for offenses; compensation; vengeance; CF. pay back + retrieve recover; put right; find and bring in; regain; Ex. retrieve the situation + retroactive taking effect before its enactment (as a law) or imposition (as a tax); (of a law) having effect on the past as well as the future +* enact make (a bill) into law +* retrograde go backwards; recede; degenerate; deteriorate; ADJ. +* retrospective looking back on the past; N. retrospection; V. retrospect +* revelry boisterous merrymaking; V. revel: engage boisterous festivities; enjoy greatly; N: boisterous festivity or celebration +* reverberate echo repeatedly; resound; Ex. The thunder reverberated across the valley. ++ reverent respectful; worshipful; V. revere: regard with reverence; N. reverence: profound respect +* reverend deserving reverence; N: priest +* reverie daydream; abstracted musing +- revert relapse; backslide; turn back to; return to the former owner; N. reversion + relapse return to a former state (esp. after improvement); N. + backslide revert (to bad habits); N. reverter + revile attack with abusive language; vilify(slander) + revoke cancel; retract; CF. irrevocable +* revulsion sudden strong feeling of disgust; sudden violent change of feeling; negative reaction; Ex. revulsion from the scenes of torture +* rhapsodize speak or write in an exaggeratedly enthusiastic manner; Ex. rhapsodize over the beauty of the scenery +* rhapsody excessively enthusiastic expression of feeling; musical composition of irregular form (as if made up as one plays it) +- rhetoric art of effective communication; art of using language effectively and persuasively; style of speaking or writing; grandiloquent language; Ex. political rhetoric; ADJ. rhetorical; CF. rhetorical question: question to which no answer is expected as ``Who knows it ?'' + ribald marked by vulgar lewd humor; wanton; profane; N. ribaldry: ribald language or joke + riddle pierce with holes; permeate or spread throughout; Ex. The gunman riddled the car with bullets; Ex. The whole report is riddled with errors; N. large sieve (separating earth from stone) + rider amendment or clause added to a legislative bill + rife (of something bad) widespread; abundant; current + rift narrow opening in a large mass; break in a friendly relation; Ex. through a rift in the clouds; OP. reconcilation + rig fix or manipulate; manipulate dishonestly for personal gain; Ex. rig the election + rig arrangement of masts and sails; V: equip (a ship) with rigging; ADJ. rigging: ropes that hold up a ship's sails + rigid hard and unbending; stiff and unyielding; fixed in behavior or views; strict; rigorous; Ex. rigid rule + rigor severity; Ex. rigors of the Russian winter + rile irritate; vex; muddy ++ riveting holding one's attention; absorbing; engrossing +* rivet metal pin used for fastening metal plates together; V: fasten with a rivet; engross + rivulet small stream; CF. rill < rivulet < river +- robust strong; vigorous + rococo ornate; highly decorated; N. CF. 18th century + roil make liquids murky by stirring up sediment; disturb +* roseate rosy; optimistic; Ex. roseate views + roster list (of names) +* rostrum raised platform for speech-making; pulpit +* pulpit raised platform used in preaching (in a church) + rote repetition; memorization through repetition without understanding; Ex. learn poetry by rote + rotunda circular building or hall covered with a dome + rotundity roundness; sonorousness of speech + rotund (of a person) fat and round + rousing lively; inducing excitement; stirring; V. rouse: waken; arouse from sleep or depression; excite; stir up + rout put to rout; stampede; drive out; N: complete defeat and disorderly retreat + stampede sudden frenzied rush (of panic-stricken animals or people); V: participate in or cause stampede; Ex. stampede before the price rises + rubble fragments (esp. from a destroyed building) + mason one who builds or works with stone or brick; N. masonry: work of a mason; stonework or brickwork + rubric title or heading (in red print); directions for religious ceremony; protocol + ruddy reddish; (of the face) reddish and healthy-looking + rudimentary elementary; not developed; crude; N. rudiment: fundamental element or principle; Ex. rudiments of the language + rue regret; lament; mourn; Ex. He will rue the day; N. ADJ. rueful + ruffian violent scoundrel; bully +* ruminate chew over and over (mentally or, like cows, physically); mull over(ponder) +* ruminant animal that ruminates; ADJ. + rummage ransack; thoroughly search + runic mysterious; set down in an ancient alphabet; N. rune: one of the letters of an alphabet used by ancient Germanic peoples (cut on stone or wood); magic charm + ruse trick to deceive; stratagem +* rustic pertaining to country people; unsophisticated; simple; crude; uncouth; (of furniture) rough with the bark left on; N. rural person; rustic person + rusticate banish to the country; dwell in the country +* ruthless pitiless; merciless; cruel + saboteur one who commits sabotage; destroyer of property; N. sabotage: destruction of property (usually carried out secretly) + saccharine cloying sweet; characteristic of sugar or saccharin + sacrilegious desecrating; profane; N. sacrilege: desecration, misuse, or theft of something sacred + sacrosanct invioably sacred; most sacred; inviolable +* sadistic inclined to cruelty; N. sadism: delight in cruelty + saga Scandinavian myth; any legend; long heroic narrative +- sagacious wise; perceptive; shrewd; having insight; N. sagacity +- sage person celebrated for wisdom; wise person; ADJ: wise +* salacious lascivious; lustful; Ex. salacious monk +- salient prominent; projecting beyond a line; conspicuous; Ex. salient features ++ saline salty +* sallow (of the skin) yellowish and unhealthy-looking; sickly in color; Ex. sallow complexion due to jaundice +* salubrious healthful; conducive to health or well-being; socially desirable; Ex. salubrious area; CF. health +* salutary tending to improve; beneficial; wholesome; Ex. The punishment had a salutary effect on the boy; CF. health +* salvage rescue (goods or property) from loss; N: saving; property saved +* sanctimonious displaying ostentatious or hypocritical devoutness; N. sanctimony: hypocritical piety +* sanction approve; ratify; N: permission; penalty intended to enforce compliance +* sanctuary place of refuge; shelter; shrine; holy place; Ex. The outlaw was granted sanctuary in the church. + sanguinary bloody; with much bloodshed + sanguine optimistic; cheerful; hopeful; of the color of blood; red + sap diminish; weaken; undermine the foundations of (a fortification); Ex. The element kryptonite sapped his strength. + sarcasm cutting ironic remark; scornful remarks; stinging rebuke; ADJ. sarcastic + sardonic scornfully mocking; disdainful; sarcastic; cynical; Ex. sardonic smile + sartorial pertaining to tailors or tailoring; Ex. a man of great sartorial elegance; CF. sartor: tailor + sate satisfy to the full; satisfy to excess; cloy + doze sleep lightly; nap +- satellite small body revolving around a larger one + satiate satisfy fully (physical needs such as hunger); sate; N. satiety: condition of being satiated +- satire form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly + satirical using satire; mocking + saturate soak thoroughly; imbue; impregnate; charge; fill to capacity + saturnine morose; gloomy; Ex. Do not be misled by his saturnine countenance. + satyr half-human, half-bestial being in the court of Dionysus (resembling a goat), portrayed as wanton(unrestrained) and cunning; lecher; CF. faun; CF. goat: lecherous man +* saunter stroll(go for a leisurely walk) slowly; N. +* savant scholar; learned person; CF. savoir: know + savor enjoy; have a distinctive flavor, smell, or quality; N: taste or smell; distinctive quality + savory pleasant in taste; tasty; pleasing, attractive, or agreeable; Ex. savory reputation + scabbard case for a sword blade; sheath + scad a great quantity; Ex. scads of clothes + scaffold temporary platform for workers (to work at heights above the ground); bracing framework; platform for execution + scale climb up; ascend; remove or come off in scales; N: flake of epidermis; ascending or descending series of musical tones +- scanty meager; insufficient +* scapegoat someone who bears the blame for others; whipping boy; CF. escape+goat +- scavenge hunt through discarded materials for usable items or food; search, especially for food; N. scavenger: one who scavenges; animal that feeds on refuse and carrion +- refuse anything discarded or rejected as worthless; trash +- scenario plot outline; screenplay(script for a movie); opera libretto; outline of possible future events +- schematic of a schema or scheme; relating to an outline or diagram; using a system of symbols; N. schema: diagrammatic representation; outline +- scheme systematic plan; plot; clever dishonest plan; orderly arrangement of elements; Ex. health insurance scheme; Ex. a scheme to escape taxes; Ex. a color scheme; Ex. a story with no scheme; V: contrive a scheme ++ schism division into factions (esp. within a religious body); split +* scintilla trace; minute amount; shred; least bit; Ex. There is not a scintilla of truth; CF. spark +* scintillate sparkle; flash; be animated; be full of life; Ex. scintillating conversation + scoff laugh (at); mock; ridicule; Ex. scoff at their threats + scotch stamp out(put an end to); thwart; hinder; Ex. scotch the rumor; CF. cut; CF. È°µ¿À» ÁÙÀÌ´Â ÀÇ¹Ì + score number of points; written form of a musical composition; reason; group of 20; notch or incision; Ex. full/vocal score; Ex. Don't worry on that score; V: mark with lines or notches; Ex. score the paper to make it easy to fold +- stamp step on heavily (so as to crush or extinguish); put an end to; imprint or impress with a mark, design, or seal; shape with a die; characterize; Ex. machine stamping out car bodies; Ex. newspaper stamping him as a liar; N. stamping; implement used to stamp; impression stamped; mark; Ex. Her remarks bear the stamp of truth. + scourge lash; whip (formerly used for punishment); source of severe punishment; V: whip; afflict + scruple hesitate for ethical reasons; fret about; Ex. She did not scruple to read his diary; N: uneasy feeling arising from conscience; conscience + scrupulous conscientious; extremely thorough; Ex. scrupulous worker + scrutinize examine closely and critically; N. scrutiny +- scuffle struggle confusedly; move off in a confused hurry; N. CF. scuffling twins ? +- shuffle mix together; jumble; move (something) from one place to another; slide (the feet) along the ground while walking; Ex. shuffle papers from one pile to another; N. + scurrilous abusive; obscene; indecent; Ex. scurrilous remark + scurry move hastily; hurry; move briskly + scurvy contemptible; despicable; N: disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin C + scuttle sink (a ship) by cutting holes in the hull; scrap; discard; N: small hatch in a ship's deck or hull + hull husk; dry outer covering of a seed; frame or body of a ship + seamy sordid; base; filthy; unwholesome; Ex. seamy side of city life + base contemptible; morally bad; inferior in value or quality; Ex. base motives/conduct; Ex. base metal such as iron + sear burn the surface of; char or burn; brand; parch; cause (a plant) to wither + char make or become black by burning; reduce or be reduced to carbon or charcoal(black substance made by burning wood) by incomplete combustion + scorch sear; N. +- brand trademark; mark burned on the hide of an animal; mark burned into the flesh of criminals; mark of disgrace; V: mark with a brand; give a lasting bad name; stigmatize; Ex. The press branded him a liar. +- hide skin of an animal + seasoned experienced + season enhance the flavor of by adding a spice, etc.; inure; harden; N. seasoning: something used in seasoning +- seasonal of a particular season; Ex. seasonal rise in employment +- seasonable occurring at the proper time or season; opportune; Ex. seasonable intervention in the dispute + secession withdrawal; V. secede: withdraw formally from membership +- seclusion isolation; solitude; V. seclude: set apart from others; isolate +- secrete conceal; hide away or cache; produce and release a substance into an organism; CF. secretive +- sect separate religious body; faction; group of people with common beliefs within a larger group +- sectarian of a sect; narrow-minded; parochial; N: member of a sect; narrow-minded person + denomination religious group; unit in a system; name or designation; CF. denominator: common trait or characteristic +- secular worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal + sedate composed (with no excitement); grave; V: administer a sedative to; CF. sedative +* sedentary requiring sitting; done while sitting; not moving from one place to another; settled; Ex. sedentary job/population +* sedition conduct or language inciting rebellion; rebellion; resistance to authority; insubordination; ADJ. seditious +- sedulous diligent; assiduous; paying attention; N. sedulity + seedy run-down; decrepit; disreputable; having many seeds; Ex. seedy downtown hotel + run-down (of a place) dilapidated; in a bad condition; (of a person) weak or exhausted + seemly (of behavior) proper; appropriate + seep pass slowly through small openings; ooze; trickle; N. seepage + seethe be violently disturbed; boil; (of a liquid) move about wildly as if boiling; Ex. The nation was seething with discontent. + seine seine net; net for catching fish + seismic pertaining to earthquakes +* semblance outward appearance; guise; Ex. We called in the troops to bring a/some semblance of order to the city. + seminal related to seed or semen; germinal; creative; providing a basis for further development; influencing future developments; Ex. seminal research in a new field + seminary school for training future ministers; secondary school, especially for young women + senility old age; feeblemindedness of old age; ADJ. senile: resulting from old age; showing the weakness of body or mind from old age; Ex. senile dementia +- feebleminded deficient in intelligence; very stupid +- sensitization process of being made sensitive or acutely responsive to an external agent or substance; V. sensitize: make or become sensitive +- sensual devoted to the pleasures of the sense; carnal; voluptuous; Ex. sensual woman/curves/lips +* voluptuous sensual; of or giving sensual pleasure; indulging in sensual pleasures; Ex. voluptuous lines; Ex. voluptuous life of the Romans; N. voluptuary: voluptuous person +- sensuous giving pleasure to the senses; pertaining to the physical senses; operating through the senses; sensuous feeling of soft velvet on the skin +- sententious pithy; terse; concise; aphoristic +- sentient capable of sensation and conscious; aware; sensitive; Ex. sentient creature; N. sentience + sentinel sentry; lookout +- lookout act of keeping watch; high place commanding a wide view; person who keeps watch +- septic of or causing sepsis; putrid; producing putrefaction; N. sepsis: poisoning of part of the body (producing pus) + sepulcher tomb; V: place in a sepulcher; ADJ. sepulchral + sequester isolate; segregate; seclude; retire from public life + sere sear; parched; dry + serendipity gift for finding valuable things by accident; accidental good fortune or luck; CF. The Three Princes of Serendip +- serenity calmness; placidity; ADJ. serene +* serpentine winding; twisting; of or like a serpent; Ex. serpentine course of the river; N. serpent: snake + serrated having a sawtoothed edge; Ex. serrated leaf ++ servile slavish; cringing; N. servility +* servitude slavery; compulsory labor imposed as a punishment +- sever separate; cut off (a part) from a whole; break up (a relationship); N. severance; CF. severance pay: extra pay given an employee upon leaving a position +- severity harshness; intensity; sternness; austerity; ADJ. severe: harsh; strict; extremely violent or intense ++ sextant navigation tool used to determine a ship's latitude and longitude (by measuring the altitudes of stars) +- shackle chain; fetter; confine with shackles; N. +* sham pretend; feign; ADJ: not genuine; fake; Ex. sham jewelry; N: something that is not what it appears; impostor; pretense; Ex. The agreement was a sham. ++ shambles (place or scene of) complete disorder or ruin; wreck; mess; Ex. After the hurricane, the coast was a shambles. + shard fragment generally of broken pottery (glass, clay bowl, or cup) +- shaving very thin piece, usually of wood (cut from a surface with a sharp blade) + plane carpenter's tool for smoothing and leveling wood; V. CF. flat + sheaf bundle of stalks of grain; any bundle of things tied together + sheathe place into a case; insert into or provide with a sheath; Ex. He sheathed his dagger; N. sheath: case for a blade ++ sherbet flavored dessert ice ++ shimmer shine with a flickering light; glimmer intermittently; Ex. The moonlight shimmered on the water; N. +* shirk avoid (responsibility, work, etc.); malinger + shoddy made of inferior material; sham; not genuine; inferior; dishonest; Ex. shoddy goods/trick + shrew scolding woman; very small mouselike animal +* shrewd clever; astute +- shun keep away from; avoid deliberately; Ex. She has been shunned by her neighbors. + shunt move (a railway train) from one track to another; turn aside; divert; sidetrack; Ex. shunt traffic around an accident; N. + sidetrack switch (a railroad car) to a siding; divert from a main issue; N. CF. siding: short section of railroad track connected by switches with a main track + shyster lawyer using questionable methods; unscrupulous practioner +- sibling brother or sister + sibylline prophetic; oracular; N. sibyl: woman prophet (in the ancient world) +* sidereal relating to stars; Ex. sidereal day + silt sediment deposited by running water (at the entrance to a harbor or by a bend in a river) +* simian monkeylike; N: ape or monkey +- simile comparison of one thing with another, using the word like or as + simper smirk; smile in a silly way; smile affectedly + simplistic oversimplified +- simulate feign; imitate + sinecure well-paid position with little responsibility; CF. sine cure: without care; CF. San Serif + sinewy (of meat) tough; strong and firm; muscular; N. sinew: tendon; strong cord connecting a muscle to a bone + singular being only one; individual; unique; extraordinary; odd; Ex. singular beauty/behavior + sinister evil; ominous + sinuous twisting; winding; bending in and out; not morally honest + skeptic sceptic; doubter; person who suspends judgment until he has examined the evidence supporting a point of view; ADJ. skeptical; N. skepticism; scepticism + skiff small light sailboat or rowboat + skimp provide or use scantily; live very economically; Ex. skimp on necessities; ADJ. skimpy: inadequate in amount; scanty; stingy; niggardly + skinflint miser; stingy person + skirmish minor fight; minor battle in war; V. + skittish inconstant; capricious; frivolous; not serious; Ex. charming but skittish young woman; CF. skit +* frisk move about playfully; froric; ADJ. frisky: playful +- skulduggery(skullduggery) dishonest behavior or action; Ex. skulduggery in the election + skulk move furtively and secretly; Ex. He skulked through the less fashionable sections of the city. +* slacken slow up; loosen; make or become slack +* slack moving slowly; sluggish; inactive; (of a rope) loose; negligent; lax; Ex. slack season; Ex. slack in one's work; N. V. + slag glassy residue from smelting metal; dross; waste matter + slake satisfy (thirst); quench; sate +* slander defamation; utterance of false and malicious statements; V. ADJ. slanderous + slapdash hasty and careless; haphazard; sloppy(carelessly done) + sleazy shabby and dirty; flimsy; insubstantial; Ex. sleazy back-street hotel/fabric + sleeper one that achieves unexpected success; something originally of little value or importance that in time becomes very valuable +* sleight dexterity; CF. sleight of hand: legerdemain; quickness of the hands in doing tricks + slew large quantity or number; Ex. slew of errands left + slight insult to one's dignity; snub; V: treat as if of small importance; insult; snub; ADJ. small in size; of small importance + slipshod slovenly; careless; sloppy; untidy; shabby; Ex. slipshod work +* slither slip or slide ++ sloth slow moving tree-dwelling mammal; laziness; ADJ. slothful: lazy; indolent + slough (of a snake) shed or cast off (dead outer skin); N: outer layer that is shed + slovenly untidy; careless in work habits; slipshod; N. sloven: one who is habitually untidy or careless + sledge large sled drawn by work animals + sleigh large vehicle drawn by a horse over snow or ice +* sluggard lazy person ++ sluggish lazy; slow; inactive; lethargic; CF. slug: nail with no shell + sluice artificial channel for directing or controlling the flow of water (with a gate to regulate the flow) + slur slander; insult to one's character or reputation; V. + slur pronounce indistinctly; speak indistinctly; mumble + smattering slight knowledge; small scattered number or amount; Ex. smattering of German + smelt melt (ore) for separating and removing the metal; melt or blend ores changing their chemical composition +* smirk conceited smile; offensively self-satisfied smile (often at someone else's misfortune); V. + smolder smoulder; burn slowly without flame; be liable to break out at any moment; exist in a suppressed state; Ex. smoldering anger +* snicker half-stifled(suppressed) laugh; V. + snivel complain or whine tearfully; run at the nose; snuffle; Ex. Don't come back sniveling to me. + snuffle sniffle; sniff repeatedly (in order to keep liquid from running out of the nose) + sobriety moderation (especially regarding indulgence in alcohol); seriousness + sober serious; solemn; not drunken; abstemious or temperate; V: make or become sober + sodden thoroughly soaked; dull or stupid as if from drink + sojourn temporary stay; V: stay for a time + solace comfort in sorrow or trouble; consolation; V: comfort or console in time of sorrow or trouble + solder repair or make whole by using a metal alloy; N: metal alloy (usually tin and lead) used in the molten state to join metallic parts + solecism nonstandard grammatical construction; construction that is flagrantly incorrect grammatically; violation of social etiquette + solemnity seriousness; gravity +* solicit entreat; request earnestly; seek to obtain; Ex. solicit votes; CF. solicitor: one who solicits; chief law officer +* solicitous anxious; worried; concerned; eager; Ex. solicitous to do something; N. solicitude + soliloquy talking to oneself (esp. in a play); CF. monologue: soliloquy; long speech by one person (often monopolizing a conversation) +- solitude state of being alone; seclusion; ADJ. solitary: existing or living alone (esp. by choice); remote or secluded; single; sole; Ex. solitary life/inn; Ex. no solitary piece of proof + solstice point or time at which the sun is farthest from the equator +- soluble able to be dissolved in a liquid; able to be worked out or solved + solvent able to pay all depths; N. solvency +- solvent substance that dissolves another; ADJ: capable of dissolving another substance ++ somatic pertaining to the body; bodily; physical +* somber dark; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; CF. shadow + somnambulist sleepwalker; V. somnambulate; N. somnambulism + somnolent half asleep; drowsy; N. somnolence + sonorous resonant; producing a full deep sound; producing sound + sonic of sound or its speed in air; CF. subsonic, supersonic + sonnet 14-line poetic verse form with a fixed rhyme pattern +* sophist teacher of philosophy; quibbler; employer of fallacious reasoning; N. sophism: plausible but fallacious argument +- sophisticated worldly wise and urbane; refined; complex; N. sophistication; V. sophisticate +* sophistry seemingly plausible but fallacious reasoning; sophism +* sophomoric immature; half-baked; like a sophomore +* soporific sleep-causing; marked by sleepiness; drowsy + sordid filthy; foul; base; vile; Ex. sordid bed/story + spangle small shiny metallic piece sewn to clothing for ornamentation + sparse not thick; thinly scattered; scanty + spartan without attention to comfort; lacking luxury and comfort; sternly disciplined; Ex. spartan living condition/life + spasmodic fitful; periodic; of or like a spasm; N. spasm: sudden involuntary muscular contraction; sudden burst of energy or emotion + spat squabble; minor dispute; minor quarrel + spate sudden flood or rush; Ex. spate of accidents +- spatial relating to space + spatula broad-bladed instrument used for spreading or mixing + spawn lay eggs (in large numbers); produce offspring (in large numbers); N: eggs of aquatic animals + specious seemingly reasonable but incorrect; misleading (often intentionally) + spectral ghostly; N. specter: spectre; ghost; phantom + spectrum colored band produced when a beam of light passes through a prism; broad and continuous range; Ex. whole spectrum of modern thoughts +* spendthrift someone who wastes money; CF. thrift: accumulated wealth +* sphinx-like enigmatic; mysterious + splice join together end to end to make one continuous length; fasten together; unite; Ex. splice two strips of tape; N. + spontaneity lack of premeditation; naturalness; freedom from constraint; ADJ. spontaneous: self-generated; unpremeditated; happening without being planned + spoonerism accidental transposition of sounds in successive words; Ex. ``Let me sew you to your sheet'' for ``Let me show you to your seat''; CF. William Spooner + transpose reverse the order or position of + sporadic occurring irregularly; intermittent + sportive playful; frolicsome; merry; CF. sport: play or frolic; CF. sportsmanlike + spruce neat and trim in appearance; smart; Ex. Be spruce for your job interview; V. + spry (esp. of older people) vigorously active; nimble +* nimble quick in movement; agile; quick in understanding; Ex. nimble climber/mind + spurious false; counterfeit; forged; illogical; Ex. spurious arguments + spurn reject disdainfully; scorn; Ex. She spurned all offers of help. +* squabble minor quarrel; bickering; V: engage in a minor quarrel; Ex. squabbling children + squalor condition of being squalid; filth; degradation; dirty neglected state; ADJ. squalid: dirty; sordid; morally repulsive; Ex. squalid story +* squander waste; spend foolishly + squat short and thick; stocky; Ex. ugly squat tower; V. N. + staccato played in an abrupt manner; marked by abrupt sharp sound; Ex. staccato applause + legato (of music) played smoothly +- stagnant (of water) not flowing (often bad-smelling); motionless; stale; not developing; inactive; dull; Ex. stagnant industrial output +* staid serious and sedate; sober; Ex. staid during the funeral ceremony + stalemate deadlock; situation in which further action is blocked +* stalwart physically strong; brawny; steadfast; strong in mind or determination; Ex. stalwart supporter; N: stalwart follower +- stamina power of endurance; strength; staying power + stanch stop or check flow of blood; Ex. stanch the gushing wound +- stanza division of a poem (composed of two or more lines) +- static having no motion; unchanging; lacking development; N. stasis: stable state + statute law enacted by the legislature + statutory created by statute or legislative action; regulated by statute; Ex. statutory age limit + steadfast steadily loyal; unswerving; steady +- stealth action of moving secretly or unseen; slyness; sneakiness; secretiveness; ADJ. stealthy + steep soak; saturate; Ex. steep the fabric in the dye bath; ADJ: precipitous +- stellar pertaining to the stars; of a star performer; outstanding; Ex. stellar attraction of the entire performance + stem stop or check (the flow of); Ex. stem the bleeding from the slashed artery; N: main axis of a plant; stalk + stem_from arise from; originate from + stentorian (of the voice) extremely loud; CF. Stentor: a loud herald in the Iliad +- stereotype one regarded as embodying a set image or type; fixed and unvarying representation; standardized mental picture often reflecting prejudice; Ex. stereotype of the happy slave; V: make a stereotype of; represent by a stereotype; Ex. It is wrong to stereotype people; Ex. stereotyped answer + stickler perfectionist; person who insists things be exactly right +* stifle suppress; extinguish; inhibit; smother or suffocate + smother kill from lack of air; suppress; cover thickly; Ex. smothered in little stickers +- suffocate die or kill from lack of air; suppress +- stigma token of disgrace; brand; V. stigmatize: mark with a stigma; characterize as disgraceful + stilted bombastic; stiffly pompous; Ex. stilted rhetoric; CF. stiff: formal + stint set limits in amount or number; be thrifty; ADJ. stinting, unstinting; CF. stint:savings + stint supply; allotted amount of work; assigned portion of work; limitation; Ex. two-year stint in the army; Ex. without stint ++ stipend pay for services + stipple paint or draw with dots or short strokes ++ stipulate state as a necessary condition (of an agreement); make express conditions; specify; Ex. He stipulated payment in advance + stock standard; kept regularly in stock or supply; typical; routine; common; Ex. stock sizes of paper; Ex. stock excuse/character; N: goods for sale in a shop; OP. unique + stockade wooden enclosure or pen; fixed line of posts used as defensive barrier + pen fenced enclosure for animals; confining space; Ex. sheep pen; V: confine in a pen; enclose + stodgy dull; stuffy; boringly conservative; Ex. stodgy book + stoic stoical; impassive; unmoved by joy or grief; N. CF. stoicism + stoke stir up a fire or furnace; feed plentifully + stolid dull; impassive; showing little emotion when strong feelings are expected + stratagem deceptive scheme; clever trick + stratified divided into classes; arranged into strata; V. stratify + stratum layer of earth's surface; layer of society; PL. strata + strew spread randomly; sprinkle; scatter; Ex. flower girl strewing rose petals + striated marked with parallel bands; striped; grooved; Ex. striated rocks; V. striate; N. stria: thin groove or line + stricture severe and adverse criticism; critical comments; limit or restriction + strident loud and harsh; insistent; N. stridency +* stringent (of rules) binding; rigid; marked by scarcity of money; Ex. stringent economic conditions +* strut pompous walk; V: walk in a self-important manner + strut supporting bar; CF. airplane wingÀ̳ª building µîÀ» support + studied carefully contrived; calculated; unspontaneous; deliberate; thoughtful; Ex. studied remark + stultify make stupid in mind; cause to appear or become stupid or inconsistent; suppress; frustrate or hinder; Ex. stultifying effect of uninteresting work; Ex. stultify free expression + stupefy stun; make numb (as with a drug); amaze + stupor state of being stupefied; state of apathy; daze; lack of awareness +- stun make unconscious or numb as by a blow; amaze; astound + daze stun as with a blow or shock; bemuse; benumb; N. + stygian unpleasantly dark; gloomy; hellish; deathly; CF. Styx: the chief river in the subterranean land of the dead + stymie thwart; present an obstacle; stump +* stump base of a tree trunk left after the rest has been cut down; V: walk in a heavy manner; baffle; puzzle +* suavity urbanity; polish; ADJ. suave: smooth and courteous + subaltern subordinate +- subdue less intense; quieter; Ex. subdued lighting; Ex. subdue: conquer; make less intense; quiet; Ex. subdue one's anger +- subjective influenced by personal feelings; occurring or taking place within the mind; unreal; Ex. subjective sensation of the ghostly presence +- subjugate conquer; bring under control + sublimate refine; purify; replace (natural urges) with socially acceptable activities; change between a solid state and a gaseous state +* sublime causing deep feelings of wonder, joy, respect, etc.; exalted; noble and uplifting; utter +- subliminal below the threshold of conscious perception; Ex. subliminal advertisement +- submissive willing to obey orders; yielding; timid ++ subordinate occupying a lower rank; inferior; submissive; N. V: put in a lower rank or class +* suborn persuade to act unlawfully (especially to commit perjury); N. subornation + subpoena writ(written command issued by a court) summoning a witness to appear in court; V: summon with a subpoena +- subsequent following in time or order; later +- subservient behaving like a slave; servile; obsequious; subordinate; N. subservience +- subside sink to a lower level; settle down; sink to the bottom (as a sediment); descend; grow quiet; become less; moderate; abate +- subsidiary serving to assist; subordinate; secondary; of a subsidy; N. ++ subsidy direct financial aid by government, etc.; V. subsidize: assist with a subsidy + subsistence existence; means of subsisting; means of support; livelihood; V. subsist: exist; maintain life (at a meager level) +- substantial of substance; material; solid; essential or fundamental; ample; considerable; well-to-do; wealthy +- substantiate support (a claim) with evidence; establish with evidence; verify + substantive substantial; essential; pertaining to the substance; substantial; considerable; Ex. substantive issues + subsume include (as a member of a group); encompass + subterfuge stratagem(deceptive scheme); pretense; evasion; Ex. resort to a harmless subterfuge +- subtlety perceptiveness; ingenuity; delicacy; ADJ. subtle: delicate; so slight as to be difficult to detect; able to make fine distinctions; clever; Ex. subtle mind/differences in meaning + subversive tending to overthrow or ruin; V. subvert: overthrow completely (an established system); destroy completely; CF. undermine ? + succor assist (someone in difficulty); aid; comfort; N. +* succulent juicy; full of juice or sap; full of richness; N: succulent plant such as a cactus +- succumb yield (to something overwhelming); give in; die; Ex. succumb to the illness + suffragist advocate of the extension of voting rights (for women); CF. suffrage +- suffuse spread through or over (with a color or liquid); charge; Ex. A blush suffused her cheeks. + sully defile; soil; tarnish; Ex. sully one's hands in menial labor + tarnish make or become dull or discolored; N. +* sultry (of weather) hot; sweltering; sensual; voluptuous +- summation act of finding the total; summing-up; summary (esp. one given by the judge at the end of a trial) + sumptuous grand suggesting great expense; lavish; rich; Ex. sumptuous feast +* sunder separate; part; CF. asunder +* sundry miscellaneous; various; several; N. sundries: small miscellaneous items +* superannuated retired or disqualified because of age; outmoded; obsolete +* supercilious haughty; arrogant; condescending; patronizing; CF. eyebrow, cilium +* supererogatory superfluous; more than needed or demanded +- superficial of the surface; not deep; shallow; not thorough; trivial; Ex. superficial analysis/knowledge +* superfluous excessive; overabundant; unnecessary; N. superfluity +- superimpose place over something else +* supernumerary person or thing excess of what is necessary; extra; ADJ: additional to the usual or necessary number +* supersede replace; cause to be set aside; make obsolete; N. supersession + supine lying on back; passive; inactive; Ex. The defeated pugilist lay supine; Ex. supine acceptance of the decision + supplant take the place of unfairly; usurp; replace +- supple flexible; limber; pliant +* suppliant entreating; beseeching; N. +* supplicate petition humbly; pray to grant a favor + supplicant one who supplicates; ADJ. +- supposition assumption; hypothesis; surmise; V. suppose +- supposititious assumed; counterfeit; hypothetical +- suppress put an end to forcibly; subdue; stifle; overwhelm; inhibit the expression of; check; prevent from being published or made public; Ex. suppress a smile; Ex. suppress the magazine/truth + surfeit satiate; feed or supply to excess; stuff; indulge to excess in anything; N: surfeiting; excessive amount; Ex. surfeit of food + surly bad-tempered; rude; cross + cross bad-tempered; showing ill-humor; angry + surmise guess; N. + surmount overcome +- surpass exceed + surreptitious done secretly; secret; furtive; sneaky; hidden + surrogate substitute; person or thing used in place of another; Ex. surrogate mother; ADJ. + surveillance close observation of a person (esp. one under suspicion); watching; guarding + susceptible impressionable; easily influenced; sensitive; having little resistance as to a disease; likely to suffer; receptive to; capable of accepting; Ex. susceptible to persuasion/colds; Ex. The agreement is not susceptible of alteration; N. susceptibility + sustain suffer (harm or loss); experience; support; prop; maintain; keep in existence; nourish (to maintain life); Ex. sustain the family/the trapped miners + sustenance sustaining; means of livelihood, support, food, nourishment; something that maintains life; food + suture stitches sewn to hold the cut edges of a wound or incision; material used in sewing; V: sew together a wound + swarthy (of a skin or complexion) dark; dusky; Ex. swarthy Italian ? + swathe swath; wrap around; bandage; Ex. one's head swathed in bandages + swelter (of a person) suffer from oppressive heat; be oppressed by heat + swerve deviate; turn aside sharply from a straight course; Ex. swerve from the principle; Ex. The car swerved to the right. + swill drink greedily + swindler cheater +* sybarite lover of luxury; person devoted to pleasure and luxury; CF. Sybaris: an ancient Greek city in Italy +* sycophant servile flatterer; bootlicker; yes man; ADJ. sycophantic + syllogism logical formula consisting of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion; deceptive or specious argument + sylvan pertaining to the woods or the country +- symbiosis interdependent relationship (between groups, species) often mutually beneficial; ADJ. symbiotic; CF. together + life +- symmetry arrangement of parts so that balance is obtained; congruity; ADJ. symmetrical +- lopsided heavier or larger on one side than the other; Ex. lopsided way of walking +- synchronous similarly timed; simultaneous with; occurring at the same time; V. synchronize + synoptic providing a general overview; summary; N. synopsis +- synthesis combining parts or separate things into a whole; the whole so formed; PL. syntheses; V. synthesize +- synthetic not natural; artificial; resulting from synthesis; Ex. synthetic fiber; N. +- tacit understood (without actually being expressed); not put into words; Ex. tacit agreement +* taciturn habitually silent; talking little + tactile pertaining to the organs or sense of touch + tact skill or sensitivity in dealing with people without causing offence + tactful careful no to cause offence; OP. tactless + taint contaminate; cause to lose purity; modify with a trace of something bad; Ex. tainted reputation; N: stain; touch of decay or bad influence; CF. touch + talisman charm; object believed to give supernatural powers to or protect its bearer + talon claw of bird +- tangential only slightly connected; not central; peripheral; digressing; showing divergence; CF. tangent +- tangible able to be touched; real; concrete; palpable; possible to realize or understand; Ex. tangible proof + tanner person who turns animal hides into leather + tan convert (hide) into leather; make brown by exposure to the sun + tantalize tease; excite by exposing something desirable while keeping it out of reach; torture with disappointment; CF. Tantalus: Greek mythological figure + tantamount equivalent in effect or value; Ex. This invasion is tantamount to a declaration of war; CF. amount + +* tantrum fit of bad temper; fit of petulance; caprice; Ex. The child went into tantrums. + taper very thin candle; gradual decrease in the width of a long object; V. make or become gradually narrower toward one end +- tarantula venomous spider + tarry linger; delay in starting or going; dawdle + taut tight; strained; tense; ready; OP. slack + tautological needlessly repetitious; Ex. ``It was visible to the eye''; N. tautology: needless repetition of the same sense; statement that is always true +* tawdry cheap and gaudy; Ex. tawdry jewelry +- taxonomist specialist in classifying (animals, etc.); CF. taxonomy: science of classification +* tedium boredom; weariness; ADJ. tedious + teetotalism practice of abstaining totally from alcoholic drinks; N. teetotaler;; ADJ. teetotal; CF. T + total +* temerity boldness; nerve; rashness; Ex. temerity to ask for a pay increase after only three day's work + temper moderate; make less severe; tone down or restrain; toughen (steel) as by alternate heating and cooling +- temperament characteristic frame of mind; disposition; emotional excess; ADJ. temperamental: of temperament; having frequent changes of temper; Ex. temperamental dislike of sports; Ex. temperamental actress +- temperate moderate; restrained; self-controlled; moderate in respect to temperature; CF. temperance: moderation and self-restraint; abstinence of alcoholic drinks; Ex. temperance society + tempestuous stormy; violent; impassioned; N. tempest: violent storm +* tempo speed of music +- temporal of time; not lasting forever; limited by time; temporary; secular; worldly + temporize gain time as by postponing an action; avoid committing oneself +* tenacious holding fast (as to a belief); persistent + tenacity firmness; persistence + tendentious promoting a particular point of view; biased; having an aim; designed to further a cause; Ex. tendentious rather than truth-seeking; CF. tend: move in a certain direction + tender offer formally; extend; Ex. tender one's resignation/the exact fare; N: formal offer; money; Ex. legal tender; ADJ: young and vulnerable; sensitive to the touch; sore; soft; delicate; Ex. child of tender years; Ex. tender wound ++ tenet doctrine; dogma ++ tensile capable of being stretched; of tension; Ex. tensile rubber +- tension stretching; condition of being stretched; mental strain; strained relationship between groups or people +- tentative not fully worked out or developed; provisional; experimental; uncertain; hesitant; not definite or positive; Ex. tentative agreement/reply + tenuous thin; slim; rare +* tenure holding of an office or real estate; time during which such an office is held +* tepid lukewarm; slightly warm; ¹ÌÁö±ÙÇÑ; half-hearted; not eager; Ex. tepid reaction to the new film; Ex. tepid supporter +- termination end; V. terminate +- terminology terms used in a science or art; study of nomenclature +- terminus last stop of railroad; end +- terminal part that forms the end; railroad or bus station; ADJ. forming an end; ending in death; fatal; Ex. terminal cancer +- terrestrial on or relating to the earth ++ terse concise; abrupt; pithy + tertiary third in order or rank + tessellated mosaic; inlaid; Ex. tessellated pattern + testator maker of a will; CF. testatrix + testy irritable; impatient and bad-tempered; short-tempered; N. testiness + tether tie (an animal) with a rope or tether; N: rope or chain to which an animal is tied; limit of one's endurance; Ex. the end of one's tether + thematic of a theme; relating to a unifying motif or idea +- theocracy government run by religious leaders +- theoretical based on theory; not practical or applied; hypothetical +- therapeutic curative; N. therapy +- thermal pertaining to heat; producing heat; warm; Ex. thermal bath; N: rising current of warm air + thespian pertaining to drama; N: actor or actress +- drama prose or verse composition to be performed by actors; play; exciting and unusual situation +- thrall slave; bondage; slavery; Ex. Her beauty held him in thrall; CF. enthrall + threadbare worn through till the threads show; shabby and poor; hackneyed; Ex. threadbare excuses + thrifty careful about money; economical; N. thrift + thrive prosper; flourish + throes violent anguish + throng crowd (of people or things); V. + throttle strangle; regulate the speed of with a throttle; N: valve that regulates the flow; CF. throat ? + strangle kill by choking or suffocating; suppress + thwart block or hinder; baffle; frustrate + tightwad miser; excessively frugal person + tiller handle used to move boat's rudder (to steer) + timbre quality of a musical tone produced by a musical instrument (which distinguishes it from others of the same pitch) ++ timidity lack of self-confidence or courage + timorous fearful; timid; demonstrating fear + tipple drink (alcoholic beverages) frequently; N: alcoholic drink + tirade long angry denunciatory speech; diatribe; harangue; extended scolding; denunciation + tardy slow; sluggish; not on time; late; Ex. tardy arrival +- titanic gigantic; N. titan + tithe tax of one-tenth (contributed to a church); V: pay a tithe + titillate tickle; excite pleasantly; Ex. not to titillate the audience but to enlighten it +- tickle touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter; please +- title name (of a book, film, etc.); mark of rank; formal appellation as of rank or office (such as Lord or General); right or claim to possession; championship; Ex. title as head of the family; Ex. title to the estate + titter nervous giggle; nervous laugh; V. + titular of a title; in name only; nominal; having the title of an office without the obligations; Ex. titular head of the company + toady servile flatterer; yes man; sycophant; V: be a toady to; fawn + toga Roman outer robe +- tome large volume; book + handsome large in quantity; generous; Ex. handsome reward + +* tonsure shaving of the head especially by person entering religious orders; V. +* topography physical features of a region (such as the shape and height); CF. topo-: place + torpedo underwater explosive apparatus; V. +- torpor lethargy; sluggishness; dormancy; ADJ. torpid: lethargic; lazy; inactive; (of an animal) dormant; hibernating +- torque twisting force; force producing rotation + torrent rushing stream; flood; Ex. The rain fell in torrents. + torrid (of weather) hot or scorching; passionate; Ex. torrid love affairs +- torso trunk of statue with head and limbs missing; human trunk +- trunk main wooden stem of a tree; human body excluding the head and limbs; torso; prehensile nose of an elephant +* tortuous winding; full of curves; Ex. tortuous mountain road + totter shake or move unsteadily; sway as if about to fall + touchstone stone used to test the fineness of gold alloys; criterion; standard +- touchy oversensitive; easily offended; irasible; delicate; needing delicate handling; Ex. touchy situation + tout promote or publicize (one's goods or service); praise excessively (as a form of advertisement); CF. advertise +- toxic poisonous; N. toxicity +* tract propaganda pamphlet (esp. by a religious or political group); expanse of land; region of indefinite size; system of related organs; Ex. digestive tract +* tractable docile; easily managed; (of something) easily changed or molded; N. tractability +* traduce expose to slander +- trajectory path taken by a projectile; Ex. trajectory of a bullet +- elevation elevated position; altitude; height; flat upright side of a building; angle made by pointing a gun; Ex. The elevation of her style is much admired; Ex. front elevation of the house +- tranquillity calmness; peace +- transcendent exceeding ordinary limits; superior; surpassing; V. transcend: go beyond; exceed; surpass; N. transcendancy +- transcendental going beyond common thought or ideas; impossible to understand by practical experiences or practices; known only by studying thoughts or intuition; OP. empirical; CF. transcendentalism +* transcribe copy; write a copy of; N. transcription +* transgression violation of a law; sin; V. transgress: go beyond (a limit); violate; do wrong +- transient staying for a short time; momentary; temporary; N: one that is transient +- transition going from one state of action to another +- transitory transient; impermanent; fleeting; N. transitoriness +- translucent partly transparent + transmute transform; change; convert to something different +- transparent permitting light to pass through freely; easily detected; obvious; clear; Ex. transparent lie + transpire (of a fact) become known; be revealed; happen; give off (watery waste matter) through pores +- transport strong emotion; rapture; Ex. in a transport/transports of; V: move to strong emotion; enrapture + trappings outward decorations; ornaments (as an outward sign of rank) +- traumatic (of an experience) deeply shocking; pertaining to an injury caused by violence; N. trauma: serious wound; emotional shock that causes lasting psychological damage + travail strenuous work; toil; painful labor; labor of childbirth +- traverse go through or across + travesty copy or example of something that completely misrepresents the true nature of the real thing; comical parody or imitation; treatment aimed at making something appear ridiculous; Ex. travesty of justice; OP. paragon +* treatise article treating a subject systematically and thoroughly +- trek travel; journey; V: make a long difficult journey + tremor trembling; slight quiver (as of the earth or from nervous agitation) + tremulous trembling; wavering + trenchant cutting; incisive; keen + furrow long shallow trench made by a plow; deep wrinkle in the skin; V. ++ trepidation fear; nervous apprehension + tribulation suffering; ordeal; distress; trial + tribunal court of justice + tribune official of ancient Rome elected by the plebians to protect their rights; protector of the people +- tribute tax levied by a ruler; payment made by one nation to another in acknowledgment of submission; mark of respect (such as praise or gift); Ex. pay tribute to +- trident three-pronged spear + prong pointed projecting part ++ trifling trivial; unimportant ++ trifle something of little importance or value; small amount; Ex. a trifle; V: treat without seriousness; flirt +- trigger set off; start +- trilogy group of three related works (connected by a shared subject but each complete in itself) + trinket knickknack; bauble; cheap jewelry + trite hackneyed; commonplace +- trivia trifles; unimportant matters + troth pledge of good faith especially in betrothal; betrothal; Ex. by my troth +* trough long narrow container for feeding farm animals; lowest point (of a wave, business cycle, etc.); long narrow depression as between waves + truculence aggressiveness; ferocity; ADJ. truculent: aggressive; pugnacious; fierce +* truism self-evident truth +- truncate cut the top off; shorten + tryst meeting arranged by lovers; arrangement between lovers to meet + tumid (of a part of the body) swollen; distended; bombastic; pompous + overblown inflated; exaggerated +* tumult commotion of a great crowd; riot; noise; uproar; ADJ. tumultuous: noisy and disorderly + tundra rolling treeless plain in Siberia and arctic North America + rolling (of land) rising and falling in long gentle slopes; happening continuously by stages; Ex. rolling devolution of power to local governments + turbid (of a liquid) having the sediment disturbed; muddy; thick + turbulence state of violent agitation; ADJ. turbulent: violently agitated or disturbed + tureen deep dish for serving soup + turgid swollen; distended (as from liquid) +* turmoil extreme confusion; great commotion and confusion; Ex. throw the country into turmoil + turncoat traitor +* turpitude depravity; baseness; Ex. moral turpitude +* tutelage guardianship; training; function of a tutor; instruction + tutelary protective; pertaining to a guardianship; Ex. tutelary deities ++ tycoon wealthy and powerful businessperson; wealthy leader; magnate; Ex. business tycoon +* typhoon tropical hurricane or cyclone +* tyranny oppression; cruel government; ADJ. tyrannical: of a tyrant or tyranny; despotic; V. tyrannize: treat tyrannically; oppress +* tyro beginner; novice +- ubiquitous being everywhere; omnipresent; N. ubiquity +* wade walk through a substance, such as water, that impedes movement +* ulterior intentionally hidden; beyond what is evident; situated beyond; unstated and often questionable; Ex. ulterior motive +- ultimate final; not susceptible to further analysis; fundamental; Ex. The sun is the ultimate source of energy. +- eventual happening at last as a result; Ex. eventual victory ++ ultimatum last demand; last warning; last statement of conditions that must be met; Ex. They have ignored our ultimatum. + umbrage resentment; anger; sense of injury or insult; Ex. take umbrage at his rudeness +- unaccountable unexplicable; impossible to account for; unreasonable or mysterious +* unanimity complete agreement; ADJ. unanimous + unassailable not open to attack; impregnable; not subject to question +* unassuaged unsatisfied; not soothed +* unassuming modest; Ex. the champion's unassuming manner + unbridled violent; uncontrolled; Ex. unbridled rage/greed + bridle harness fitted about a horse's head (used to restrain); curb; check; V: put a bridle on; control or restrain; show anger +* uncanny strange; mysterious; Ex. uncanny knack +* knack special talent; art ++ unconscionable unscrupulous; not guided by conscience; excessive; beyond reason; Ex. unconscionable demand + uncouth boorish; clumsy in speech or behavior; outlandish +* unction the act of anointing with oil; Ex. extreme unction +* unctuous oily; bland; insincerely suave +- underlying lying below; fundamental ++ undermine weaken gradually; sap; dig a mine beneath +- underscore underline; emphasize + undulating moving with a wavelike motion; V. undulate; CF. und: wave +- unearth dig up; discover (facts) by careful searching; Ex. He unearthed some secrets about her; OP. conceal +- unearthly not earthly; supernatural; weird; ghostly +- weird eerie; strange; unnatural +- unequivocal plain; clear; obvious +- unerringly infallibly; ADJ. unerring: making no mistakes + unexceptionable entirely acceptable; not offering any basis for criticism +* unfaltering steadfast; firm; not changing ++ unfeigned genuine; real +- unfetter liberate; free from chains; V. unfetter ++ hostage person who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands ++ unfledged immature; not having the feathers necessary to fly; CF. fledgling +* unfrock defrock; strip a priest or minister of church authority + disbar make (a lawyer) leave the bar or the legal profession + debar bar; forbid; exclude; Ex. debarred from jury services + bar railing in a courtroom; legal profession; vertical line dividing a staff into equal measures; Ex. prisoner at the bar; V: shut in or out with bars; forbid; exclude; CF. barrister +- bastard illegitimate child + ungainly (of someone) awkward in movement; clumsy; (of something) unwieldy; Ex. ungainly dancer/instrument + unguent ointment + uniformity sameness; monotony; ADJ. uniform: the same all over + unilateral one-sided; involving or affecting only one side; Ex. unilateral declaration +- unimpeachable that cannot be impeached; beyond doubt or question; blameless and exemplary +- uninhibited unrepressed; free in behavior and feelings + unintimating unfrightening +- unique without an equal; single in kind + unison unity of pitch (in musical performance); complete accord; Ex. The choir sang in unison. +* choir group of people who sing together (esp. during religious services); place for choir +- universal characterizing or affecting all; general; present everywhere; of the universe; cosmic; Ex. universal agreement; Ex. a subject of universal interest + unkempt disheveled; uncared for in appearance; not combed; CF. comb + unmitigated (of something bad) not moderated; unrelieved or immoderate; without qualification; absolute; Ex. unmitigated disaster + unobtrusive inconspicuous; not blatant +* unprecedented having no previous example; novel; unparalleled +* unprepossessing unattractive +* prepossessing attractive; CF. preoccupying ? + unravel disentangle; solve + unrequited not requited; not reciprocated; Ex. unrequited love + unruly disobedient; lawless; difficult to control + unsavory distasteful; disagreeable; morally offensive; Ex. unsavory activity/reputation +* unscathed unharmed; Ex. escape the accident unscathed + unseemly unbecoming; not proper in behavior; indecent; Ex. leave with unseemly haste + unsightly ugly; unpleasant to look at + unsullied untarnished; CF. sully + untenable (of a position, esp. in an argument) indefensible; not able to be maintained + untoward unexpected and adverse; unfortunate or unlucky; Ex. untoward encountpuler +- unwarranted unjustified; having no justification; groundless; baseless; undeserved + unwieldy awkward (to carry or move); cumbersome; unmanageable ++ unwitting not knowing; unaware; unintentional; Ex. She was their unwitting accomplice; Ex. unwitting insult; CF. wit: know + unwonted unaccustomed; unusual; Ex. He arrived with unwonted punctuality. + upbraid reprimand; severely scold + braid plait; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; N: braided segment (as of hair) +* uproarious marked by commotion or uproar; very noisy (esp. with laughter); hilarious; causing loud laughter; extremely funny +* uproar noisy confusion +* upshot outcome; final result +* urbane suave; refined in manner; elegant +* urchin mischievous child (usually a boy); CF. urchin: hedgehog; CF. porcupine: pig with spikes ?; CF. sea urchin +* ursine bearlike; pertaining to a bear + usurp seize another's power or rank (without legal authority); supplant; appropriate; N. usurpation; CF. take for one's own use + usury lending money at illegal high rates of interest + utopia ideal place, state, or society; ADJ. utopian + Shangri-la imaginary remote paradise on earth; CF. Lost Horizon + uxorious excessively submissive or devoted to one's wife; CF. uxor: wife + vacillate waver (in opinion); fluctuate; sway to and fro; N. vacillation + vacuous empty; lacking in ideas; inane; stupid; Ex. vacuous expression; N. vacuity + vagabond wanderer (without a permanent home); tramp +- tramp walk with a heavy step; travel on foot; N: vagrant; one who travels aimlessly about; long walk; sound of heavy walking +- trample step heavily with the feet; crush under the feet + tread walk; trample; N: grooved face of a tire; horizontal part of a step + vagary capricious happening; caprice; whim; CF. wander + vagrant wandering from place to place; roving; stray; moving in a random fashion; Ex. vagrant thoughts; N. vagrancy + vagrant homeless wanderer + vainglorious boastful; excessively conceited; N. vainglory: great vanity +* valedictory pertaining to farewell; N: farewell address (esp. at graduation exercises) + valediction saying farewell; expression of leave-taking +- leave-taking farewell or departure +- valid logically convincing; sound; legally acceptable; effective; Ex. valid reasoning/passport +- sound in good condition; showing good judgment or good sense; thorough; complete; Ex. sound mind/investment/training +- validate make valid; confirm; ratify + valor bravery; ADJ. valiant: possessing valor; brave + vampire ghostly being that sucks the blood of the living + vanguard forerunners; foremost position of an army; advance forces; foremost position in a trend or movement; CF. rearguard +* avantgarde group of artists whose work is based on the newest ideas and methods; CF. vanguard + vantage position giving an advantage (such as a strategic point); CF. vantagepoint + vapid lacking liveliness; dull and unimaginative; insipid and flavorless; Ex. vapid lecture +- vaporize turn into vapor (steam, gas, fog, etc.) + variegated (esp. of a flower or leaf) many-colored + variegate change the appearance of (by marking with different colors) + vassal in feudalism, one who held land of a superior lord; subordinate or dependent + vaunted boasted; bragged; highly publicized; V. vaunt: boast; brag + veer change in direction; swerve + vegetate live in a monotonous way (without interests or activity); CF. vegetation: plants of an area; CF. vegetarian; CF. vegan +* vehement forceful; intensely emotional; with marked vigor; strong; N. vehemence +- velocity speed + venal capable of being bribed; corrupt; CF. vernal +* vendetta blood feud (esp. between two families); CF. Nina Williams +- vendor seller + veneer thin surface layer (of good quality wood, glued to a base of inferior material); cover; surface show; fa\c{c}ade; V. +- venerable deserving high respect; commanding respect; CF. command: deserve and get +- venerate revere; treat with great respect + venial (of a fault or sin) forgivable; trivial + venison meat of a deer; CF. cow: beef; CF. pig: pork, ham, bacon; CF. calf: veal; CF. sheep: mutton; CF. lamb: lamb +* venom poison (of an animal); hatred; Ex. remarks full of venom; ADJ. venomous + vent small opening; outlet (as of fumes or a gas); Ex. He gave vent to his anger by kicking the chair. + vent release or discharge through a vent; express (esp. unfairly); utter; Ex. He vented his wrath on his family. +* ventilate admit fresh air into to replace stale air + ventral abdominal +* ventriloquist someone who can make his or her voice seem to come from another person or thing (without moving lips or jaws); N. ventriloquism, ventriloquy +* venture risk; expose to risk; dare; undertake a risk; N. +- brave face courageously; Ex. brave the storm +* venturesome (of a person) bold; adventurous; daring; (of an action) risky + venue location; place (of a crime, trial, gathering, etc.); CF. come +* veracious (of a person) truthful +* veracity truthfulness; adherence to the truth +- verbalize put into words; ADJ. verbal: of words; spoken rather than written; oral; of a verb + verbatim word for word; in the same words; repeating the actual words exactly ++ verbiage pompous array of words; too many unnecessary words; wordiness +- verbose wordy; N. verbosity + verdant green; covered with green plants or grass; lush in vegetation; Ex. verdant meadows +* lush (of a plant or grass) growing very well + verdigris green coating or patina on copper which has been exposed to the weather +- verge border; edge, rim, or margin; Ex. on the verge of: very near to; V: border on ++ verisimilar having the appearance of truth or reality; probable or likely to be true; plausible ++ verisimilitude appearance of truth; quality of appearing to be true or real; likelihood; Ex. verisimilitude of her performance as Lady Macbeth +* veritable being truly so; real or genuine; actual; not false or imaginary ++ verity quality of being true; lasting truth or principle; Ex. the verity of his testimony; Ex. one of the eternal verities +* vernacular living language (as compared to the official language); language spoken in a country or region; natural style; Ex. lapse into the vernacular + vernal pertaining to spring ++ versatile having many talents; capable of working in many fields; having many uses or functions; N. versatility +- vertex summit; highest point; PL. vertices + vertigo severe dizziness; giddiness + verve enthusiasm (as in artistic performance or composition); liveliness; vigor + vestige trace; remains; Ex. vestiges of some ancient religion + veto vested power to reject a bill; exercise of this right; V: prevent or forbid by exercising the power of veto +- vex annoy; distress +* viable capable of maintaining life; feasible; practical or workable; Ex. viable scheme + viand food; CF. live +- vicarious experienced as if one were taking part in the experience of another; done by a deputy for other people; acting as a substitute; Ex. vicarious thrill at the movies; Ex. the vicarious sufferings of Christ + vicar parish priest; representative + vicissitude change (esp. from good to bad); change of fortune; CF. the last emperor of China + victuals food; provisions; V. victual: provide with food +* vie contend; compete +- vigilant watchful; on the alert; watchfully awake; alert to spot danger; N. vigilance + vigil keeping watch (during normal sleeping hours); Ex. all-night vigil + vigilante one who without authority assumes law enforcement powers + vigor active strength; energy; enthusiasm; ADJ. vigorous ++ vignette small drawing placed at the beginning or end of a chapter; picture; short literary sketch; short written description of a character or scene + vilify slander; speak evil of; N. vilification +* vindicate clear from blame; free from blame or accusation (with supporting proof); exonerate; substantiate; justify or support; avenge; Ex. vindicate one's client; Ex. vindicate one's claim; CF. vindicator +* vindictive disposed to revenge; vengeful; out for revenge; spiteful; intended to cause harm; malicious; Ex. vindictive streak + vintner wine merchant; winemaker; seller of wine +* viper poisonous snake + virile manly; having masculine spirit or strength; full of strength +- virtual in essence; existing in essence though not in actual form; for practical purposes; Ex. virtual ruler/space +- virtue goodness; moral excellence; good quality; advantage; Ex. by virtue of; Ex. make a virtue of necessity ++ virtuoso highly skilled artist (esp. in music); Ex. piano virtuoso + virulent (of a disease or poison) extremely harmful or poisonous; (of a feeling) hostile; bitter; N. virulence; CF. virus; CF. venom +- virus disease communicator + visage face; appearance +- visceral felt in one's inner organs; N. viscera: internal body organs; CF. eviscerate +* viscid adhesive; gluey +- viscous (of a liquid) thick and sticky; gluey; viscid; CF. consistency + vise vice; tool for holding work in place; clamping device +- visionary produced by imagination; fanciful; mystical; showing foresight; N: one having foresight; one given to speculative impractical ideas +- vision eyesight; foresight; mental image produced by the imagination; experience of seeing the supernatural +- vital full of life; animated; vibrant and lively; critical; of great importance; necessary to stay alive; of life; living; breathing; N. vitality; V. vitalize +- vibrant full of vigor or energy; vibrating + vitiate spoil the effect of; make inoperative; corrupt morally + vitreous of glass; pertaining to or resembling glass; V. vitrify: change into glass; CF. petrify +* vitriolic causing sharp pain to the mind; caustic; corrosive; sarcastic; of vitriol; N. vitriol: sulphuric acid (which burns flesh deeply); bitterly abusive expression; caustic expression; CF. glass +* vituperative abusive; scolding; V. vituperate: berate; scold; rail against abusively +* vivacious lively or animated; sprightly +* sprightly lively + vivisection act of dissecting living animals +* vixen female fox; ill-tempered woman; CF. shrew +* vociferous clamorous; noisy; V. vociferate: cry out loudly (when complaining) +* vogue popular fashion; Ex. Jeans became the vogue. +- volatile changeable; of a quickly changing nature (as of temper); mercurial; tending to violence; evaporating rapidly; Ex. volatile character/situation in the street +- volition act of using one's will; act of making a conscious choice; Ex. She selected this dress of her own volition. +* voluble fluent; talkative; glib; N. volubility + volley simultaneous discharge of a number of shots; V. +- voluminous having great volume (as of a garment or container); bulky; large +- bulk size or volume (esp. when very large); main part; Ex. The bulk of the work has already been done; ADJ. bulky: having great size +* voodoo religion practiced chiefly in Haiti +* voracious ravenous; eating large quantities of food; exceedingly eager; insatiable; Ex. voracious animal/reader + vortex whirlwind; whirlpool; center of turbulence; predicament into which one is inexorably plunged + vouchsafe grant condescendingly; guarantee; Ex. vouchsafe your fair return on your investment ++ vouch give a personal guarantee; Ex. I can vouch for his integrity; N. voucher + voyeur Peeping Tom; person who derives sexual gratification from observing the sexual acts of others +- vulnerable susceptible to wounds or attack; N. vulnerability +* vulpine like a fox; crafty +* craft skill (esp. with one's hands); skill in deceiving people; guile; ADJ. crafty: cleverly deceitful; cunning +- vulture carrion-eating birds + vying contending; CF. vie +* waffle speak equivocally about an issue; N. + waft move gently (in air or in seas) by wind or waves; Ex. leaves wafting past the window + waggish humorous; mischievous; tricky + wag shake repeatedly from side to side; Ex. The dog wagged its tail; N: humorous person; wit + waif homeless child or animal; Ex. waifs and strays + waive give up temporarily; yield; N. waiver: waiving a right or claim; document that waives a right or claim + wake trail of ship or other object through water; path of something that has gone before; Ex. hunger followed in the wake of the war + wallow roll in mud; indulge in; (of a ship) roll in a rough sea; become helpless; Ex. wallow in the mud/luxury + wan having a pale or sickly color; pallid +- wanderlust strong longing to travel +* wane decrease in size or strength (after being full); grow gradually to an end; Ex. The moon waxes and wanes every month; N. + wangle achieve by cleverness or trick; wiggle out; fake; Ex. She tried to wangle an invitation to the party. + wiggle wriggle; move from side to side with irregular twisting motions +- fake not genuine; N: one that is not genuine; impostor; sham; V: counterfeit; Ex. fake the results of the experiment/the signature + wanton unrestrained; gratuitously cruel; willfully malicious; unchaste; sexually improper; promiscuous; Ex. wanton spending/killing; CF. having no just cause + warble (of a bird) sing; babble; N. + warp twist out of shape; N. +- warranted justified; authorized +- warrant justification; written order that serves as authorization (esp. a judicial writ); Ex. search/death warrant; V: justify; guarantee + warranty guarantee; assurance by seller + warren tunnels in which rabbits live; overcrowded living area; crowded conditions in which people live + wary very cautious; watchful + wastrel waster; profligate +* wax increase gradually (as the moon); grow + waylay ambush; lie in wait for and attack +* ambush act of lying in wait to attack by surprise; sudden attack made from a concealed position; Ex. lie in ambush; V. + wean accustom a baby not to nurse; accustom (the young of a mammal) to take nourishment other than by suckling; give up a cherished activity; cause to gradually leave (an interest or habit); Ex. wean oneself from cigarettes +* weather pass safely through (a storm or difficult period); endure the effects of weather or other forces + welt raised mark from a beating or whipping + welter confusion; turmoil; confused mass; bewildering jumble; Ex. welter of data + welter wallow (as in mud or high seas); lie soaked (as in blood); Ex. The victims weltered in their blood. +* wheedle deceive, persuade, or obtain by flattery; cajole; coax; Ex. wheedle a promise out of her + whelp young animal (esp. of the dog or cat family); young wolf, dog, tiger, etc. + whet sharpen; stimulate; Ex. whet someone's appetite + whiff puff or gust (of air, scent, etc.); short-lasting smell; hint; Ex. whiff of perfume/scandal +- whimsical capricious; fanciful; amusingly strange +- whim sudden capricious idea; fancy + whimsy whim; tendency to behave amusingly strangely; Ex. story full of whimsy + whinny neigh like a horse; CF. neigh: make the sound which horses make + whit small amount; smallest speck; Ex. not a whit of + whittle pare; cut away thin bits (from wood); fashion in this way; reduce gradually; trim + pare cut away the outer covering or skin of (with a knife); trim; Ex. pare apples/expenses ++ whorl ring of leaves around stem; ring; circular arrangement; Ex. whorls on the fingers +- willful wilful; intentional; headstrong + wilt loose freshness; droop + wily crafty; cunning; artful; N. wile: deceitful stratagem +* wince move back suddenly; shrink back; flinch; Ex. She winced as she touched the cold body. +- start move suddenly or involuntarily; Ex. start at the sight of a snake + windfall fallen fruit; unexpected lucky event +- winnow sift; separate the chaff from grain by blowing; separate good parts from bad; CF. wind +- sift put through a sieve to separate fine from coarse particles; sort or examine carefully + winsome charming (in a childlike way); agreeable; gracious; engaging + wispy thin; slight; barely discernible + wisp small bunch (of hair); faint streak (of smoke) +* wistful sadly thoughtful (because of desires or memories); sadly pensive; vaguely longing +- withdrawn introverted; retiring; remote +- remote distant in manner; aloof + wither (of a plant) dry up from loss of moisture; lose freshness; shrivel; decay +* shrivel make or become shrunken and wrinkled (often by drying) + withhold refuse to give; hold back; Ex. withholding tax + withstand stand up against; resist successfully +- witless lacking intelligence or wit; foolish; idiotic +* witticism witty saying; wisecrack(clever joking remark) +- wizardry sorcery; magic + wizened shriveled; withered; Ex. wizened apple/old lady +- woe great sorrow; deep inconsolable grief; affliction; suffering; Ex. financial woes +- woeful sad; (of something bad) deplorable; deplorably bad; Ex. woeful housing conditions + wont (the stated person's) habit or custom; habitual procedure; ADJ. wonted: customary +- worldly engrossed in matters of this earth; not spiritual; of the material world +* wrangle quarrel noisily; obtain through arguing; herd cattle; N. +- herd group of animals; crowd; one who looks after a herd; Ex. shepherd/goatherd; Ex. herd instinct; Ex. herdsman; V: come together in a herd; look after a herd; Ex. herd cattle +- wrath anger; fury + wreak inflict; Ex. wreak one's vengeance on + wrench twist; pull; strain; Ex. He wrenched the gun out of her hands. + wrest obtain by pulling violently; pull away; take by violence; Ex. wrest victory from their grasp + writ written command issued by a court (telling someone to do or not to do something) + writhe twist in coils; contort in pain + wry (esp. of an expression of the face) twisted; with a humorous twist (expressing displeasure) +* xenophobia fear or hatred of foreigners; N. xenophobe + yen strong desire; longing; urge; Ex. yen for travel + yeoman man or farmer owning small estate; middle-class farmer +- yield amount produced; crop; income on investment; profit obtained from an investment; V: produce; give in; surrender + yoke join together; unite; N: crossbar used to joining two draft animals +* yokel rustic; country bumpkin; Ã̳ð + yore time long past; Ex. in the days of yore + zany comic; crazy; N: clown; comical person (given to outlandish behavior) +- zeal eager enthusiasm (to a cause or ideal); ADJ. zealous +- zealot one who is zealous; fanatic; person who shows excessive zeal ++ zenith point directly overhead in the sky; summit; acme; highest point +* zephyr gentle breeze; west wind + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wl/applet.py b/wl/applet.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..206da7c --- /dev/null +++ b/wl/applet.py @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +#! /usr/bin/python + +# Use this program in conjuction with the GRE word list file (You must +# be using it along with the `wl-mode' emacs major mode too). This +# programs runs on both Windows XP and Linux and periodically shows +# random words with their meanings in the systray. + +from __future__ import with_statement + +import os, random, pickle, datetime +from contextlib import contextmanager + +__author__ = "Sridhar Ratna" + +WORD_LIST = "33new.txt.wl" +DATA_FILE = "data" + +SHOWN_WORDS = {} + +@contextmanager +def pickled(filename): + if os.path.isfile(filename): + data = pickle.load(open(filename)) + else: + data = {} + + def getter(item, type): + if item in data: + return data[item] + else: + data[item] = type() + return data[item] + + yield getter + + pickle.dump(data, open(filename, "w")) + +def write_stats(): + cnt = {} + for line in open(WORD_LIST): + for mark in "-+* ": + if line.startswith("%s " % mark): + cnt[mark] = cnt.get(mark, 0) + 1 + now = datetime.datetime.now() + with pickled(DATA_FILE) as p: + log = p("wl-count-log", list) + if not log or log[-1][1] != cnt: + log.append((now, cnt)) + +def random_word(): + words = [] + for line in open(WORD_LIST): + # Only words marked with `*' are considered! + if line.startswith("* ") or line.startswith(" "): + word = line.split(None, 2)[1:] + words.append(word) + random.seed() + while True: + word, meaning = random.choice(words) + if word not in SHOWN_WORDS: + SHOWN_WORDS[word] = True + return word, meaning + +if os.name == 'nt': + # Windows XP GUI + import win32gui, win32con + from taskbardemo import Taskbar + + class DemoTaskbar(Taskbar): + + def __init__(self): + Taskbar.__init__(self) + icon = win32gui.LoadIcon(0, win32con.IDI_APPLICATION) + self.setIcon(icon) + self.show() + + def onClick(self): + word, meaning = random_word() + self.showBalloon(word, meaning) + write_stats() + + def onDoubleClick(self): + print "you double clicked, bye!" + win32gui.PostQuitMessage(0) + + def onRightClick(self): + self.showBalloon("Hello!", "Left-click to see a new word") + + def showBalloon(self, title, msg): + flags = win32gui.NIF_ICON | win32gui.NIF_MESSAGE | win32gui.NIF_INFO + nid = (self.hwnd, 0, flags, win32con.WM_USER+20, + self.hicon, "", msg, 10, title, + win32gui.NIIF_INFO) + #change our already present icon ... + win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(win32gui.NIM_MODIFY, nid) + + + t = DemoTaskbar() + win32gui.PumpMessages() # start demo + +elif os.name == 'linux': + # GNOME Applet GUI + import pygtk + pygtk.require("2.0") + import gtk, gobject + import egg.trayicon + + def next_word(label, tips, t): + word = random_word() + print word + label.set_text(word[0]) + tips.set_tip(t, word[1].strip()) + return True + + def clicked(_, __, *args): + next_word(*args) + + def timeout(*args): + write_stats() + return next_word(*args) + + def mins(n): + "Return `n' secs in millisecs" + return n*60*1000 + + def setup_ui(): + t = egg.trayicon.TrayIcon("GRE Word List Applet") + l = gtk.Label() + l.set_selectable(True) + t.add(l) + + tips = gtk.Tooltips() + tips.enable() + + l.connect("button-press-event", clicked, l, tips, t) + next_word(l, tips, t) + + gobject.timeout_add(mins(5), timeout, l, tips, t) + + t.show_all() + gtk.main() + + setup_ui() +else: + raise RuntimeError, "Unsupported OS" + + diff --git a/wl/init.el b/wl/init.el new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddc6964 --- /dev/null +++ b/wl/init.el @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +((lambda () + (add-to-list 'load-path "~/Grad/wl") + ;(require 'wl-mode))) + (autoload 'wl-mode "wl-mode" "wl-mode" t) + (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.wl\\'" . wl-mode)))) diff --git a/wl/stats.py b/wl/stats.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9024ad3 --- /dev/null +++ b/wl/stats.py @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +#!/usr/bin/python +import pickle, datetime + +today = datetime.datetime.now().date() + +total = {} + +for dt, cnt in pickle.load(open("data"))["wl-count-log"]: + consolidated = sum([cnt[c] for c in "-+*"]) + total[ dt.date() ] = consolidated + +print cnt + +tot = total.items() +tot.sort() + +for date, cnt in tot: + delta = None + prev = date-datetime.timedelta(1) + prev_cnt = total.get(prev) + if prev and prev_cnt: + delta = cnt - prev_cnt + print date, delta, cnt + + diff --git a/wl/taskbardemo.py b/wl/taskbardemo.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dd02ad --- /dev/null +++ b/wl/taskbardemo.py @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +# Creates a task-bar icon with balloon tip. Run from Python.exe to see the +# messages printed. Right click for balloon tip. Double click to exit. +# original version of this demo available at http://www.itamarst.org/software/ +import win32api, win32con, win32gui + +class Taskbar: + def __init__(self): + self.visible = 0 + message_map = { + win32con.WM_DESTROY: self.onDestroy, + win32con.WM_USER+20 : self.onTaskbarNotify, + } + # Register the Window class. + wc = win32gui.WNDCLASS() + hinst = wc.hInstance = win32api.GetModuleHandle(None) + wc.lpszClassName = "PythonTaskbarDemo" + wc.style = win32con.CS_VREDRAW | win32con.CS_HREDRAW; + wc.hCursor = win32gui.LoadCursor( 0, win32con.IDC_ARROW ) + wc.hbrBackground = win32con.COLOR_WINDOW + wc.lpfnWndProc = message_map # could also specify a wndproc. + classAtom = win32gui.RegisterClass(wc) + # Create the Window. + style = win32con.WS_OVERLAPPED | win32con.WS_SYSMENU + self.hwnd = win32gui.CreateWindow( classAtom, "Taskbar Demo", style, \ + 0, 0, win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT, win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT, \ + 0, 0, hinst, None) + win32gui.UpdateWindow(self.hwnd) + + def setIcon(self, hicon, tooltip=None): + self.hicon = hicon + self.tooltip = tooltip + + def show(self): + """Display the taskbar icon""" + flags = win32gui.NIF_ICON | win32gui.NIF_MESSAGE + if self.tooltip is not None: + flags |= win32gui.NIF_TIP + nid = (self.hwnd, 0, flags, win32con.WM_USER+20, self.hicon, self.tooltip) + else: + nid = (self.hwnd, 0, flags, win32con.WM_USER+20, self.hicon) + if self.visible: + self.hide() + win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(win32gui.NIM_ADD, nid) + self.visible = 1 + + def hide(self): + """Hide the taskbar icon""" + if self.visible: + nid = (self.hwnd, 0) + win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(win32gui.NIM_DELETE, nid) + self.visible = 0 + + def onDestroy(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): + self.hide() + win32gui.PostQuitMessage(0) # Terminate the app. + + def onTaskbarNotify(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): + if lparam == win32con.WM_LBUTTONUP: + self.onClick() + elif lparam == win32con.WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK: + self.onDoubleClick() + elif lparam == win32con.WM_RBUTTONUP: + self.onRightClick() + return 1 + + def onClick(self): + """Override in subclassess""" + pass + + def onDoubleClick(self): + """Override in subclassess""" + pass + def onRightClick(self): + """Override in subclasses""" + pass + +if __name__=='__main__': + class DemoTaskbar(Taskbar): + + def __init__(self): + Taskbar.__init__(self) + icon = win32gui.LoadIcon(0, win32con.IDI_APPLICATION) + self.setIcon(icon) + self.show() + + def onClick(self): + print "you clicked" + + def onDoubleClick(self): + print "you double clicked, bye!" + win32gui.PostQuitMessage(0) + + def onRightClick(self): + #NIF_INFO flag below enables balloony stuff + flags = win32gui.NIF_ICON | win32gui.NIF_MESSAGE | win32gui.NIF_INFO + #define the icon properties (see http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/shellcc/platform/shell/reference/structures/notifyicondata.asp) + nid = (self.hwnd, 0, flags, win32con.WM_USER+20, self.hicon, "", "Balloon Message", 10, "Balloon", win32gui.NIIF_INFO) + #change our already present icon ... + win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(win32gui.NIM_MODIFY, nid) + + + t = DemoTaskbar() + win32gui.PumpMessages() # start demo diff --git a/wl/wl-mode.el b/wl/wl-mode.el new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64e8050 --- /dev/null +++ b/wl/wl-mode.el @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +;;; wl-mode -- Major mode for studying GRE Word Lists + +;; Author: Sridhar Ratna +;; Created: +;; Keywords: GRE Word List major-mode + +;; Copyright (C) 2007 Sridhar Ratna + +;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +;; modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as +;; published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of +;; the License, or (at your option) any later version. + +;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be +;; useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied +;; warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR +;; PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. + +;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public +;; License along with this program; if not, write to the Free +;; Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, +;; MA 02111-1307 USA + +;; TODO +;; - documentation + sample word lists (barrons) +;; - custom font faces + +(defvar wl-mode-hook nil) + +(defun wl-mark (ch) + (wl-unmark) + (beginning-of-line) + (subst-char-in-region (point) (+ 1 (point)) ? ch)) + +; Difficult word; `being' learned +(defun wl-mark-star () + (interactive) + (wl-mark ?*)) + +; Difficult word; `able' to recall +(defun wl-mark-plus () + (interactive) + (wl-mark ?+)) + +; Easy word; always remembering +(defun wl-mark-dash () + (interactive) + (wl-mark ?-)) + +(defun wl-unmark () + (interactive) + (beginning-of-line) + (subst-char-in-region (point) (+ 1 (point)) ?* ? ) + (subst-char-in-region (point) (+ 1 (point)) ?+ ? ) + (subst-char-in-region (point) (+ 1 (point)) ?- ? )) + +(defun wl-goto-random () + (interactive) + (random t) + (goto-line (+ 1 + (random (count-lines (point-min) + (point-max)))))) + +(defvar wl-mode-map + (let ((wl-mode-map (make-keymap))) + (define-key wl-mode-map "\C-c\C-u" 'wl-unmark) + (define-key wl-mode-map (kbd "") 'wl-mark-star) + (define-key wl-mode-map (kbd "C-") 'wl-mark-plus) + (define-key wl-mode-map "\C-c\C-r" 'wl-mark-dash) + (define-key wl-mode-map (kbd "") 'wl-goto-random) + wl-mode-map) + "Keymap for WL major mode") + +;(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.wl\\'" . wl-mode)) + +(defconst wl-font-lock-keywords-1 + (list + '("^\\*.[a-z]+" . font-lock-keyword-face) + '("^-.[a-z]+" . font-lock-comment-face) + '("^+.[a-z]+" . font-lock-comment-face) + '("^..[a-z]+" . font-lock-constant-face)) + "Highlighting for WL major mode") + +(defvar wl-font-lock-keywords wl-font-lock-keywords-1 + "Default highlighting expressions for WL mode") + + +(defun wl-mode () + "Major mode for studying GRE Word Lists" + (interactive) + (kill-all-local-variables) + (use-local-map wl-mode-map) + (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-defaults) '(wl-font-lock-keywords)) + (global-hl-line-mode 1) ;; FIXME: this is not `local' to the buffer + (setq major-mode 'wl-mode) + (setq mode-name "Word List") + (run-hooks 'wl-mode-hook)) + +(provide 'wl-mode) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wz_tooltip.js b/wz_tooltip.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0be62f --- /dev/null +++ b/wz_tooltip.js @@ -0,0 +1,1143 @@ +/* This notice must be untouched at all times. + +wz_tooltip.js v. 4.11 + +The latest version is available at +http://www.walterzorn.com +or http://www.devira.com +or http://www.walterzorn.de + +Copyright (c) 2002-2007 Walter Zorn. All rights reserved. +Created 1.12.2002 by Walter Zorn (Web: http://www.walterzorn.com ) +Last modified: 22.6.2007 + +Easy-to-use cross-browser tooltips. +Just include the script at the beginning of the section, and invoke +Tip('Tooltip text') from within the desired HTML onmouseover eventhandlers. +No container DIV, no onmouseouts required. +By default, width of tooltips is automatically adapted to content. +Is even capable of dynamically converting arbitrary HTML elements to tooltips +by calling TagToTip('ID_of_HTML_element_to_be_converted') instead of Tip(), +which means you can put important, search-engine-relevant stuff into tooltips. +Appearance of tooltips can be individually configured +via commands passed to Tip() or TagToTip(). + +Tab Width: 4 +LICENSE: LGPL + +This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public +License (LGPL) as published by the Free Software Foundation; either +version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. + +This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +For more details on the GNU Lesser General Public License, +see http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html +*/ + +var config = new Object(); + + +//=================== GLOBAL TOOPTIP CONFIGURATION =========================// +var tt_Debug = true // false or true - recommended: false once you release your page to the public +var tt_Enabled = true // Allows to (temporarily) suppress tooltips, e.g. by providing the user with a button that sets this global variable to false +var TagsToTip = true // false or true - if true, the script is capable of converting HTML elements to tooltips + +// For each of the following config variables there exists a command, which is +// just the variablename in uppercase, to be passed to Tip() or TagToTip() to +// configure tooltips individually. Individual commands override global +// configuration. Order of commands is arbitrary. +// Example: onmouseover="Tip('Tooltip text', LEFT, true, BGCOLOR, '#FF9900', FADEIN, 400)" + +config. Above = false // false or true - tooltip above mousepointer? +config. BgColor = '#666666' // Background color +config. BgImg = '' // Path to background image, none if empty string '' +config. BorderColor = '#002299' +config. BorderStyle = 'solid' // Any permitted CSS value, but I recommend 'solid', 'dotted' or 'dashed' +config. BorderWidth = 1 +config. CenterMouse = false // false or true - center the tip horizontally below (or above) the mousepointer +config. ClickClose = false // false or true - close tooltip if the user clicks somewhere +config. CloseBtn = false // false or true - closebutton in titlebar +config. CloseBtnColors = ['#990000', '#FFFFFF', '#DD3333', '#FFFFFF'] // [Background, text, hovered background, hovered text] - use empty strings '' to inherit title colors +config. CloseBtnText = ' X ' // Close button text (may also be an image tag) +config. CopyContent = true // When converting a HTML element to a tooltip, copy only the element's content, rather than converting the element by its own +config. Delay = 400 // Time span in ms until tooltip shows up +config. Duration = 0 // Time span in ms after which the tooltip disappears; 0 for infinite duration +config. FadeIn = 0 // Fade-in duration in ms, e.g. 400; 0 for no animation +config. FadeOut = 0 +config. FadeInterval = 30 // Duration of each fade step in ms (recommended: 30) - shorter is smoother but causes more CPU-load +config. Fix = null // Fixated position - x- an y-oordinates in brackets, e.g. [210, 480], or null for no fixation +config. FollowMouse = true // false or true - tooltip follows the mouse +config. FontColor = '#BFBFBF' +config. FontFace = 'Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif' +config. FontSize = '10pt' // E.g. '9pt' or '12px' - unit is mandatory +config. FontWeight = 'normal' // 'normal' or 'bold'; +config. Left = false // false or true - tooltip on the left of the mouse +config. OffsetX = 14 // Horizontal offset of left-top corner from mousepointer +config. OffsetY = 8 // Vertical offset +config. Opacity = 100 // Integer between 0 and 100 - opacity of tooltip in percent +config. Padding = 3 // Spacing between border and content +config. Shadow = false // false or true +config. ShadowColor = '#C0C0C0' +config. ShadowWidth = 5 +config. Sticky = false // Do NOT hide tooltip on mouseout? false or true +config. TextAlign = 'left' // 'left', 'right' or 'justify' +config. Title = '' // Default title text applied to all tips (no default title: empty string '') +config. TitleAlign = 'left' // 'left' or 'right' - text alignment inside the title bar +config. TitleBgColor = '#222222' // If empty string '', BorderColor will be used +config. TitleFontColor = '#FFFFFF' // Color of title text - if '', BgColor (of tooltip body) will be used +config. TitleFontFace = '' // If '' use FontFace (boldified) +config. TitleFontSize = '' // If '' use FontSize +config. Width = 0 // Tooltip width; 0 for automatic adaption to tooltip content +//======= END OF TOOLTIP CONFIG, DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW ==============// + + + + +//====================== PUBLIC ============================================// +function Tip() +{ + tt_Tip(arguments, null); +} +function TagToTip() +{ + if(TagsToTip) + { + var t2t = tt_GetElt(arguments[0]); + if(t2t) + tt_Tip(arguments, t2t); + } +} + +//================== PUBLIC EXTENSION API ==================================// +// Extension eventhandlers currently supported: +// OnLoadConfig, OnCreateContentString, OnSubDivsCreated, OnShow, OnMoveBefore, +// OnMoveAfter, OnHideInit, OnHide, OnKill + +var tt_aElt = new Array(10), // Container DIV, outer title & body DIVs, inner title & body TDs, closebutton SPAN, shadow DIVs, and IFRAME to cover windowed elements in IE +tt_aV = new Array(), // Caches and enumerates config data for currently active tooltip +tt_sContent, // Inner tooltip text or HTML +tt_musX, tt_musY, +tt_over, +tt_x, tt_y, tt_w, tt_h; // Position, width and height of currently displayed tooltip + +function tt_Extension() +{ + tt_ExtCmdEnum(); + tt_aExt[tt_aExt.length] = this; + return this; +} +function tt_SetTipPos(x, y) +{ + var css = tt_aElt[0].style; + + tt_x = x; + tt_y = y; + css.left = x + "px"; + css.top = y + "px"; + if(tt_ie56) + { + var ifrm = tt_aElt[tt_aElt.length - 1]; + if(ifrm) + { + ifrm.style.left = css.left; + ifrm.style.top = css.top; + } + } +} +function tt_Hide() +{ + if(tt_db && tt_iState) + { + if(tt_iState & 0x2) + { + tt_aElt[0].style.visibility = "hidden"; + tt_ExtCallFncs(0, "Hide"); + } + tt_tShow.EndTimer(); + tt_tHide.EndTimer(); + tt_tDurt.EndTimer(); + tt_tFade.EndTimer(); + if(!tt_op && !tt_ie) + { + tt_tWaitMov.EndTimer(); + tt_bWait = false; + } + if(tt_aV[CLICKCLOSE]) + tt_RemEvtFnc(document, "mouseup", tt_HideInit); + tt_AddRemOutFnc(false); + tt_ExtCallFncs(0, "Kill"); + // In case of a TagToTip tooltip, hide converted DOM node and + // re-insert it into document + if(tt_t2t && !tt_aV[COPYCONTENT]) + { + tt_t2t.style.display = "none"; + tt_MovDomNode(tt_t2t, tt_aElt[6], tt_t2tDad); + } + tt_iState = 0; + tt_over = null; + tt_ResetMainDiv(); + if(tt_aElt[tt_aElt.length - 1]) + tt_aElt[tt_aElt.length - 1].style.display = "none"; + } +} +function tt_GetElt(id) +{ + return(document.getElementById ? document.getElementById(id) + : document.all ? document.all[id] + : null); +} +function tt_GetDivW(el) +{ + return(el ? (el.offsetWidth || el.style.pixelWidth || 0) : 0); +} +function tt_GetDivH(el) +{ + return(el ? (el.offsetHeight || el.style.pixelHeight || 0) : 0); +} +function tt_GetScrollX() +{ + return(window.pageXOffset || (tt_db ? (tt_db.scrollLeft || 0) : 0)); +} +function tt_GetScrollY() +{ + return(window.pageYOffset || (tt_db ? (tt_db.scrollTop || 0) : 0)); +} +function tt_GetClientW() +{ + return(document.body && (typeof(document.body.clientWidth) != tt_u) ? document.body.clientWidth + : (typeof(window.innerWidth) != tt_u) ? window.innerWidth + : tt_db ? (tt_db.clientWidth || 0) + : 0); +} +function tt_GetClientH() +{ + // Exactly this order seems to yield correct values in all major browsers + return(document.body && (typeof(document.body.clientHeight) != tt_u) ? document.body.clientHeight + : (typeof(window.innerHeight) != tt_u) ? window.innerHeight + : tt_db ? (tt_db.clientHeight || 0) + : 0); +} +function tt_AddEvtFnc(el, sEvt, PFnc) +{ + if(el) + { + if(el.addEventListener) + el.addEventListener(sEvt, PFnc, false); + else + el.attachEvent("on" + sEvt, PFnc); + } +} +function tt_RemEvtFnc(el, sEvt, PFnc) +{ + if(el) + { + if(el.removeEventListener) + el.removeEventListener(sEvt, PFnc, false); + else + el.detachEvent("on" + sEvt, PFnc); + } +} + +//====================== PRIVATE ===========================================// +var tt_aExt = new Array(), // Array of extension objects + +tt_db, tt_op, tt_ie, tt_ie56, tt_bBoxOld, // Browser flags +tt_body, +tt_flagOpa, // Opacity support: 1=IE, 2=Khtml, 3=KHTML, 4=Moz, 5=W3C +tt_scrlX = 0, tt_scrlY = 0, +tt_maxPosX, tt_maxPosY, +tt_iState = 0, // Tooltip active |= 1, shown |= 2, move with mouse |= 4 +tt_opa, // Currently applied opacity +tt_bJmpVert, // Tip above mouse (or ABOVE tip below mouse) +tt_t2t, tt_t2tDad, // Tag converted to tip, and its parent element in the document +tt_elDeHref, // The tag from which Opera has removed the href attribute +// Timer +tt_tShow = new Number(0), tt_tHide = new Number(0), tt_tDurt = new Number(0), +tt_tFade = new Number(0), tt_tWaitMov = new Number(0), +tt_bWait = false, +tt_u = "undefined"; + + +function tt_Init() +{ + tt_MkCmdEnum(); + // Send old browsers instantly to hell + if(!tt_Browser() || !tt_MkMainDiv()) + return; + tt_IsW3cBox(); + tt_OpaSupport(); + tt_AddEvtFnc(document, "mousemove", tt_Move); + // In Debug mode we search for TagToTip() calls in order to notify + // the user if they've forgotten to set the TagsToTip config flag + if(TagsToTip || tt_Debug) + tt_SetOnloadFnc(); + tt_AddEvtFnc(window, "scroll", tt_OnScrl); + // Ensure the tip be hidden when the page unloads + tt_AddEvtFnc(window, "unload", tt_Hide); + tt_Hide(); +} +// Creates command names by translating config variable names to upper case +function tt_MkCmdEnum() +{ + var n = 0; + for(var i in config) + eval("window." + i.toString().toUpperCase() + " = " + n++); + tt_aV.length = n; +} +function tt_Browser() +{ + var n, nv, n6, w3c; + + n = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(), + nv = navigator.appVersion; + tt_op = (document.defaultView && typeof(eval("w" + "indow" + "." + "o" + "p" + "er" + "a")) != tt_u); + tt_ie = n.indexOf("msie") != -1 && document.all && !tt_op; + if(tt_ie) + { + var ieOld = (!document.compatMode || document.compatMode == "BackCompat"); + tt_db = !ieOld ? document.documentElement : (document.body || null); + if(tt_db) + tt_ie56 = parseFloat(nv.substring(nv.indexOf("MSIE") + 5)) >= 5.5 + && typeof document.body.style.maxHeight == tt_u; + } + else + { + tt_db = document.documentElement || document.body || + (document.getElementsByTagName ? document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0] + : null); + if(!tt_op) + { + n6 = document.defaultView && typeof document.defaultView.getComputedStyle != tt_u; + w3c = !n6 && document.getElementById; + } + } + tt_body = (document.getElementsByTagName ? document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0] + : (document.body || null)); + if(tt_ie || n6 || tt_op || w3c) + { + if(tt_body && tt_db) + { + if(document.attachEvent || document.addEventListener) + return true; + } + else + tt_Err("wz_tooltip.js must be included INSIDE the body section," + + " immediately after the opening tag."); + } + tt_db = null; + return false; +} +function tt_MkMainDiv() +{ + // Create the tooltip DIV + if(tt_body.insertAdjacentHTML) + tt_body.insertAdjacentHTML("afterBegin", tt_MkMainDivHtm()); + else if(typeof tt_body.innerHTML != tt_u && document.createElement && tt_body.appendChild) + tt_body.appendChild(tt_MkMainDivDom()); + // FireFox Alzheimer bug + if(window.tt_GetMainDivRefs && tt_GetMainDivRefs()) + return true; + tt_db = null; + return false; +} +function tt_MkMainDivHtm() +{ + return('
' + + (tt_ie56 ? ('') + : '')); +} +function tt_MkMainDivDom() +{ + var el = document.createElement("div"); + if(el) + el.id = "WzTtDiV"; + return el; +} +function tt_GetMainDivRefs() +{ + tt_aElt[0] = tt_GetElt("WzTtDiV"); + if(tt_ie56 && tt_aElt[0]) + { + tt_aElt[tt_aElt.length - 1] = tt_GetElt("WzTtIfRm"); + if(!tt_aElt[tt_aElt.length - 1]) + tt_aElt[0] = null; + } + if(tt_aElt[0]) + { + var css = tt_aElt[0].style; + + css.visibility = "hidden"; + css.position = "absolute"; + css.overflow = "hidden"; + return true; + } + return false; +} +function tt_ResetMainDiv() +{ + var w = (window.screen && screen.width) ? screen.width : 10000; + + tt_SetTipPos(-w, 0); + tt_aElt[0].innerHTML = ""; + tt_aElt[0].style.width = (w - 1) + "px"; +} +function tt_IsW3cBox() +{ + var css = tt_aElt[0].style; + + css.padding = "10px"; + css.width = "40px"; + tt_bBoxOld = (tt_GetDivW(tt_aElt[0]) == 40); + css.padding = "0px"; + tt_ResetMainDiv(); +} +function tt_OpaSupport() +{ + var css = tt_body.style; + + tt_flagOpa = (typeof(css.filter) != tt_u) ? 1 + : (typeof(css.KhtmlOpacity) != tt_u) ? 2 + : (typeof(css.KHTMLOpacity) != tt_u) ? 3 + : (typeof(css.MozOpacity) != tt_u) ? 4 + : (typeof(css.opacity) != tt_u) ? 5 + : 0; +} +// Ported from http://dean.edwards.name/weblog/2006/06/again/ +// (Dean Edwards et al.) +function tt_SetOnloadFnc() +{ + tt_AddEvtFnc(document, "DOMContentLoaded", tt_HideSrcTags); + tt_AddEvtFnc(window, "load", tt_HideSrcTags); + if(tt_body.attachEvent) + tt_body.attachEvent("onreadystatechange", + function() { + if(tt_body.readyState == "complete") + tt_HideSrcTags(); + } ); + if(/WebKit|KHTML/i.test(navigator.userAgent)) + { + var t = setInterval(function() { + if(/loaded|complete/.test(document.readyState)) + { + clearInterval(t); + tt_HideSrcTags(); + } + }, 10); + } +} +function tt_HideSrcTags() +{ + if(!window.tt_HideSrcTags || window.tt_HideSrcTags.done) + return; + window.tt_HideSrcTags.done = true; + if(!tt_HideSrcTagsRecurs(tt_body)) + tt_Err("To enable the capability to convert HTML elements to tooltips," + + " you must set TagsToTip in the global tooltip configuration" + + " to true."); +} +function tt_HideSrcTagsRecurs(dad) +{ + var a, ovr, asT2t; + + // Walk the DOM tree for tags that have an onmouseover attribute + // containing a TagToTip('...') call. + // (.childNodes first since .children is bugous in Safari) + a = dad.childNodes || dad.children || null; + for(var i = a ? a.length : 0; i;) + {--i; + if(!tt_HideSrcTagsRecurs(a[i])) + return false; + ovr = a[i].getAttribute ? a[i].getAttribute("onmouseover") + : (typeof a[i].onmouseover == "function") ? a[i].onmouseover + : null; + if(ovr) + { + asT2t = ovr.toString().match(/TagToTip\s*\(\s*'[^'.]+'\s*[\),]/); + if(asT2t && asT2t.length) + { + if(!tt_HideSrcTag(asT2t[0])) + return false; + } + } + } + return true; +} +function tt_HideSrcTag(sT2t) +{ + var id, el; + + // The ID passed to the found TagToTip() call identifies an HTML element + // to be converted to a tooltip, so hide that element + id = sT2t.replace(/.+'([^'.]+)'.+/, "$1"); + el = tt_GetElt(id); + if(el) + { + if(tt_Debug && !TagsToTip) + return false; + else + el.style.display = "none"; + } + else + tt_Err("Invalid ID\n'" + id + "'\npassed to TagToTip()." + + " There exists no HTML element with that ID."); + return true; +} +function tt_Tip(arg, t2t) +{ + if(!tt_db) + return; + if(tt_iState) + tt_Hide(); + if(!tt_Enabled) + return; + tt_t2t = t2t; + if(!tt_ReadCmds(arg)) + return; + tt_iState = 0x1 | 0x4; + tt_AdaptConfig1(); + tt_MkTipContent(arg); + tt_MkTipSubDivs(); + tt_FormatTip(); + tt_bJmpVert = false; + tt_maxPosX = tt_GetClientW() + tt_scrlX - tt_w - 1; + tt_maxPosY = tt_GetClientH() + tt_scrlY - tt_h - 1; + tt_AdaptConfig2(); + // We must fake the first mousemove in order to ensure the tip + // be immediately shown and positioned + tt_Move(); + tt_ShowInit(); +} +function tt_ReadCmds(a) +{ + var i; + + // First load the global config values, to initialize also values + // for which no command has been passed + i = 0; + for(var j in config) + tt_aV[i++] = config[j]; + // Then replace each cached config value for which a command has been + // passed (ensure the # of command args plus value args be even) + if(a.length & 1) + { + for(i = a.length - 1; i > 0; i -= 2) + tt_aV[a[i - 1]] = a[i]; + return true; + } + tt_Err("Incorrect call of Tip() or TagToTip().\n" + + "Each command must be followed by a value."); + return false; +} +function tt_AdaptConfig1() +{ + tt_ExtCallFncs(0, "LoadConfig"); + // Inherit unspecified title formattings from body + if(!tt_aV[TITLEBGCOLOR].length) + tt_aV[TITLEBGCOLOR] = tt_aV[BORDERCOLOR]; + if(!tt_aV[TITLEFONTCOLOR].length) + tt_aV[TITLEFONTCOLOR] = tt_aV[BGCOLOR]; + if(!tt_aV[TITLEFONTFACE].length) + tt_aV[TITLEFONTFACE] = tt_aV[FONTFACE]; + if(!tt_aV[TITLEFONTSIZE].length) + tt_aV[TITLEFONTSIZE] = tt_aV[FONTSIZE]; + if(tt_aV[CLOSEBTN]) + { + // Use title colors for non-specified closebutton colors + if(!tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS]) + tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS] = new Array("", "", "", ""); + for(var i = 4; i;) + {--i; + if(!tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS][i].length) + tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS][i] = (i & 1) ? tt_aV[TITLEFONTCOLOR] : tt_aV[TITLEBGCOLOR]; + } + // Enforce titlebar be shown + if(!tt_aV[TITLE].length) + tt_aV[TITLE] = " "; + } + // Circumvents broken display of images and fade-in flicker in Geckos < 1.8 + if(tt_aV[OPACITY] == 100 && typeof tt_aElt[0].style.MozOpacity != tt_u && !Array.every) + tt_aV[OPACITY] = 99; + // Smartly shorten the delay for fade-in tooltips + if(tt_aV[FADEIN] && tt_flagOpa && tt_aV[DELAY] > 100) + tt_aV[DELAY] = Math.max(tt_aV[DELAY] - tt_aV[FADEIN], 100); +} +function tt_AdaptConfig2() +{ + if(tt_aV[CENTERMOUSE]) + tt_aV[OFFSETX] -= ((tt_w - (tt_aV[SHADOW] ? tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH] : 0)) >> 1); +} +// Expose content globally so extensions can modify it +function tt_MkTipContent(a) +{ + if(tt_t2t) + { + if(tt_aV[COPYCONTENT]) + tt_sContent = tt_t2t.innerHTML; + else + tt_sContent = ""; + } + else + tt_sContent = a[0]; + tt_ExtCallFncs(0, "CreateContentString"); +} +function tt_MkTipSubDivs() +{ + var sCss = 'position:relative;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-width:0px;left:0px;top:0px;width:auto;', + sTbTrTd = ' cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0 style="' + sCss + '">
' + + '' + + tt_aV[TITLE] + + '' + + (tt_aV[CLOSEBTN] ? + ('') + : '') + + '
' + + '' + + tt_aV[CLOSEBTNTEXT] + + '
') + : '') + + '
' + + '' + + tt_sContent + + '
' + + (tt_aV[SHADOW] + ? ('
' + + '
') + : '') + ); + tt_GetSubDivRefs(); + // Convert DOM node to tip + if(tt_t2t && !tt_aV[COPYCONTENT]) + { + // Store the tag's parent element so we can restore that DOM branch + // once the tooltip is hidden + tt_t2tDad = tt_t2t.parentNode || tt_t2t.parentElement || tt_t2t.offsetParent || null; + if(tt_t2tDad) + { + tt_MovDomNode(tt_t2t, tt_t2tDad, tt_aElt[6]); + tt_t2t.style.display = "block"; + } + } + tt_ExtCallFncs(0, "SubDivsCreated"); +} +function tt_GetSubDivRefs() +{ + var aId = new Array("WzTiTl", "WzTiTlTb", "WzTiTlI", "WzClOsE", "WzBoDy", "WzBoDyI", "WzTtShDwB", "WzTtShDwR"); + + for(var i = aId.length; i; --i) + tt_aElt[i] = tt_GetElt(aId[i - 1]); +} +function tt_FormatTip() +{ + var css, w, iOffY, iOffSh; + + //--------- Title DIV ---------- + if(tt_aV[TITLE].length) + { + css = tt_aElt[1].style; + css.background = tt_aV[TITLEBGCOLOR]; + css.paddingTop = (tt_aV[CLOSEBTN] ? 2 : 0) + "px"; + css.paddingBottom = "1px"; + css.paddingLeft = css.paddingRight = tt_aV[PADDING] + "px"; + css = tt_aElt[3].style; + css.color = tt_aV[TITLEFONTCOLOR]; + css.fontFamily = tt_aV[TITLEFONTFACE]; + css.fontSize = tt_aV[TITLEFONTSIZE]; + css.fontWeight = "bold"; + css.textAlign = tt_aV[TITLEALIGN]; + // Close button DIV + if(tt_aElt[4]) + { + css.paddingRight = (tt_aV[PADDING] << 1) + "px"; + css = tt_aElt[4].style; + css.background = tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS][0]; + css.color = tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS][1]; + css.fontFamily = tt_aV[TITLEFONTFACE]; + css.fontSize = tt_aV[TITLEFONTSIZE]; + css.fontWeight = "bold"; + } + if(tt_aV[WIDTH] > 0) + tt_w = tt_aV[WIDTH] + ((tt_aV[PADDING] + tt_aV[BORDERWIDTH]) << 1); + else + { + tt_w = tt_GetDivW(tt_aElt[3]) + tt_GetDivW(tt_aElt[4]); + // Some spacing between title DIV and closebutton + if(tt_aElt[4]) + tt_w += tt_aV[PADDING]; + } + // Ensure the top border of the body DIV be covered by the title DIV + iOffY = -tt_aV[BORDERWIDTH]; + } + else + { + tt_w = 0; + iOffY = 0; + } + + //-------- Body DIV ------------ + css = tt_aElt[5].style; + css.top = iOffY + "px"; + if(tt_aV[BORDERWIDTH]) + { + css.borderColor = tt_aV[BORDERCOLOR]; + css.borderStyle = tt_aV[BORDERSTYLE]; + css.borderWidth = tt_aV[BORDERWIDTH] + "px"; + } + if(tt_aV[BGCOLOR].length) + css.background = tt_aV[BGCOLOR]; + if(tt_aV[BGIMG].length) + css.backgroundImage = "url(" + tt_aV[BGIMG] + ")"; + css.padding = tt_aV[PADDING] + "px"; + css.textAlign = tt_aV[TEXTALIGN]; + // TD inside body DIV + css = tt_aElt[6].style; + css.color = tt_aV[FONTCOLOR]; + css.fontFamily = tt_aV[FONTFACE]; + css.fontSize = tt_aV[FONTSIZE]; + css.fontWeight = tt_aV[FONTWEIGHT]; + css.background = ""; + css.textAlign = tt_aV[TEXTALIGN]; + if(tt_aV[WIDTH] > 0) + w = tt_aV[WIDTH] + ((tt_aV[PADDING] + tt_aV[BORDERWIDTH]) << 1); + else + // We measure the width of the body's inner TD, because some browsers + // expand the width of the container and outer body DIV to 100% + w = tt_GetDivW(tt_aElt[6]) + ((tt_aV[PADDING] + tt_aV[BORDERWIDTH]) << 1); + if(w > tt_w) + tt_w = w; + + //--------- Shadow DIVs ------------ + if(tt_aV[SHADOW]) + { + tt_w += tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH]; + iOffSh = Math.floor((tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH] * 4) / 3); + // Bottom shadow + css = tt_aElt[7].style; + css.top = iOffY + "px"; + css.left = iOffSh + "px"; + css.width = (tt_w - iOffSh - tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH]) + "px"; + css.height = tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH] + "px"; + css.background = tt_aV[SHADOWCOLOR]; + // Right shadow + css = tt_aElt[8].style; + css.top = iOffSh + "px"; + css.left = (tt_w - tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH]) + "px"; + css.width = tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH] + "px"; + css.background = tt_aV[SHADOWCOLOR]; + } + else + iOffSh = 0; + + //-------- Container DIV ------- + tt_SetTipOpa(tt_aV[FADEIN] ? 0 : tt_aV[OPACITY]); + tt_FixSize(iOffY, iOffSh); +} +// Fixate the size so it can't dynamically change while the tooltip is moving. +function tt_FixSize(iOffY, iOffSh) +{ + var wIn, wOut, i; + + tt_aElt[0].style.width = tt_w + "px"; + tt_aElt[0].style.pixelWidth = tt_w; + wOut = tt_w - ((tt_aV[SHADOW]) ? tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH] : 0); + // Body + wIn = wOut; + if(!tt_bBoxOld) + wIn -= ((tt_aV[PADDING] + tt_aV[BORDERWIDTH]) << 1); + tt_aElt[5].style.width = wIn + "px"; + // Title + if(tt_aElt[1]) + { + wIn = wOut - (tt_aV[PADDING] << 1); + if(!tt_bBoxOld) + wOut = wIn; + tt_aElt[1].style.width = wOut + "px"; + tt_aElt[2].style.width = wIn + "px"; + } + tt_h = tt_GetDivH(tt_aElt[0]) + iOffY; + // Right shadow + if(tt_aElt[8]) + tt_aElt[8].style.height = (tt_h - iOffSh) + "px"; + i = tt_aElt.length - 1; + if(tt_aElt[i]) + { + tt_aElt[i].style.width = tt_w + "px"; + tt_aElt[i].style.height = tt_h + "px"; + } +} +function tt_DeAlt(el) +{ + var aKid; + + if(el.alt) + el.alt = ""; + if(el.title) + el.title = ""; + aKid = el.childNodes || el.children || null; + if(aKid) + { + for(var i = aKid.length; i;) + tt_DeAlt(aKid[--i]); + } +} +// This hack removes the annoying native tooltips over links in Opera +function tt_OpDeHref(el) +{ + if(!tt_op) + return; + if(tt_elDeHref) + tt_OpReHref(); + while(el) + { + if(el.hasAttribute("href")) + { + el.t_href = el.getAttribute("href"); + el.t_stats = window.status; + el.removeAttribute("href"); + el.style.cursor = "hand"; + tt_AddEvtFnc(el, "mousedown", tt_OpReHref); + window.status = el.t_href; + tt_elDeHref = el; + break; + } + el = el.parentElement; + } +} +function tt_ShowInit() +{ + tt_tShow.Timer("tt_Show()", tt_aV[DELAY], true); + if(tt_aV[CLICKCLOSE]) + tt_AddEvtFnc(document, "mouseup", tt_HideInit); +} +function tt_OverInit(e) +{ + tt_over = e.target || e.srcElement; + tt_DeAlt(tt_over); + tt_OpDeHref(tt_over); + tt_AddRemOutFnc(true); +} +function tt_Show() +{ + var css = tt_aElt[0].style; + + // Override the z-index of the topmost wz_dragdrop.js D&D item + css.zIndex = Math.max((window.dd && dd.z) ? (dd.z + 2) : 0, 1010); + if(tt_aV[STICKY] || !tt_aV[FOLLOWMOUSE]) + tt_iState &= ~0x4; + if(tt_aV[DURATION] > 0) + tt_tDurt.Timer("tt_HideInit()", tt_aV[DURATION], true); + tt_ExtCallFncs(0, "Show") + css.visibility = "visible"; + tt_iState |= 0x2; + if(tt_aV[FADEIN]) + tt_Fade(0, 0, tt_aV[OPACITY], Math.round(tt_aV[FADEIN] / tt_aV[FADEINTERVAL])); + tt_ShowIfrm(); +} +function tt_ShowIfrm() +{ + if(tt_ie56) + { + var ifrm = tt_aElt[tt_aElt.length - 1]; + if(ifrm) + { + var css = ifrm.style; + css.zIndex = tt_aElt[0].style.zIndex - 1; + css.display = "block"; + } + } +} +function tt_Move(e) +{ + e = e || window.event; + if(e) + { + tt_musX = (typeof(e.pageX) != tt_u) ? e.pageX : (e.clientX + tt_scrlX); + tt_musY = (typeof(e.pageY) != tt_u) ? e.pageY : (e.clientY + tt_scrlY); + } + if(tt_iState) + { + if(!tt_over && e) + tt_OverInit(e); + if(tt_iState & 0x4) + { + // Protect some browsers against jam of mousemove events + if(!tt_op && !tt_ie) + { + if(tt_bWait) + return; + tt_bWait = true; + tt_tWaitMov.Timer("tt_bWait = false;", 1, true); + } + if(tt_aV[FIX]) + { + tt_iState &= ~0x4; + tt_SetTipPos(tt_aV[FIX][0], tt_aV[FIX][1]); + } + else if(!tt_ExtCallFncs(e, "MoveBefore")) + tt_SetTipPos(tt_PosX(), tt_PosY()); + tt_ExtCallFncs([tt_musX, tt_musY], "MoveAfter") + } + } +} +function tt_PosX() +{ + var x; + + x = tt_musX; + if(tt_aV[LEFT]) + x -= tt_w + tt_aV[OFFSETX] - (tt_aV[SHADOW] ? tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH] : 0); + else + x += tt_aV[OFFSETX]; + // Prevent tip from extending past right/left clientarea boundary + if(x > tt_maxPosX) + x = tt_maxPosX; + return((x < tt_scrlX) ? tt_scrlX : x); +} +function tt_PosY() +{ + var y; + + // Apply some hysteresis after the tip has snapped to the other side of the + // mouse. In case of insufficient space above and below the mouse, we place + // the tip below. + if(tt_aV[ABOVE] && (!tt_bJmpVert || tt_CalcPosYAbove() >= tt_scrlY + 16)) + y = tt_DoPosYAbove(); + else if(!tt_aV[ABOVE] && tt_bJmpVert && tt_CalcPosYBelow() > tt_maxPosY - 16) + y = tt_DoPosYAbove(); + else + y = tt_DoPosYBelow(); + // Snap to other side of mouse if tip would extend past window boundary + if(y > tt_maxPosY) + y = tt_DoPosYAbove(); + if(y < tt_scrlY) + y = tt_DoPosYBelow(); + return y; +} +function tt_DoPosYBelow() +{ + tt_bJmpVert = tt_aV[ABOVE]; + return tt_CalcPosYBelow(); +} +function tt_DoPosYAbove() +{ + tt_bJmpVert = !tt_aV[ABOVE]; + return tt_CalcPosYAbove(); +} +function tt_CalcPosYBelow() +{ + return(tt_musY + tt_aV[OFFSETY]); +} +function tt_CalcPosYAbove() +{ + var dy = tt_aV[OFFSETY] - (tt_aV[SHADOW] ? tt_aV[SHADOWWIDTH] : 0); + if(tt_aV[OFFSETY] > 0 && dy <= 0) + dy = 1; + return(tt_musY - tt_h - dy); +} +function tt_OnOut() +{ + tt_AddRemOutFnc(false); + if(!(tt_aV[STICKY] && (tt_iState & 0x2))) + tt_HideInit(); +} +// Most browsers don't fire a mouseout if the mouse leaves an element just +// due to the window being scrolled. +function tt_OnScrl() +{ + tt_scrlX = tt_GetScrollX(); + tt_scrlY = tt_GetScrollY(); + if(tt_iState && !(tt_aV[STICKY] && (tt_iState & 0x2))) + tt_HideInit(); +} +function tt_HideInit() +{ + tt_ExtCallFncs(0, "HideInit"); + tt_iState &= ~0x4; + if(tt_flagOpa && tt_aV[FADEOUT]) + { + tt_tFade.EndTimer(); + if(tt_opa) + { + var n = Math.round(tt_aV[FADEOUT] / (tt_aV[FADEINTERVAL] * (tt_aV[OPACITY] / tt_opa))); + tt_Fade(tt_opa, tt_opa, 0, n); + return; + } + } + tt_tHide.Timer("tt_Hide();", 1, false); +} +function tt_OpReHref() +{ + if(tt_elDeHref) + { + tt_elDeHref.setAttribute("href", tt_elDeHref.t_href); + tt_RemEvtFnc(tt_elDeHref, "mousedown", tt_OpReHref); + window.status = tt_elDeHref.t_stats; + tt_elDeHref = null; + } +} +function tt_Fade(a, now, z, n) +{ + if(n) + { + now += Math.round((z - now) / n); + if((z > a) ? (now >= z) : (now <= z)) + now = z; + else + tt_tFade.Timer("tt_Fade(" + + a + "," + now + "," + z + "," + (n - 1) + + ")", + tt_aV[FADEINTERVAL], + true); + } + now ? tt_SetTipOpa(now) : tt_Hide(); +} +// To circumvent the opacity nesting flaws of IE, we set the opacity +// for each sub-DIV separately, rather than for the container DIV. +function tt_SetTipOpa(opa) +{ + tt_SetOpa(tt_aElt[5].style, opa); + if(tt_aElt[1]) + tt_SetOpa(tt_aElt[1].style, opa); + if(tt_aV[SHADOW]) + { + opa = Math.round(opa * 0.8); + tt_SetOpa(tt_aElt[7].style, opa); + tt_SetOpa(tt_aElt[8].style, opa); + } +} +function tt_OnCloseBtnOver(iOver) +{ + var css = tt_aElt[4].style; + + iOver <<= 1; + css.background = tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS][iOver]; + css.color = tt_aV[CLOSEBTNCOLORS][iOver + 1]; +} +function tt_Int(x) +{ + var y; + + return(isNaN(y = parseInt(x)) ? 0 : y); +} +// Adds or removes the document.mousemove or HoveredElem.mouseout handler +// conveniently. Keeps track of those handlers to prevent them from being +// set or removed redundantly. +function tt_AddRemOutFnc(bAdd) +{ + var PSet = bAdd ? tt_AddEvtFnc : tt_RemEvtFnc; + + if(bAdd != tt_AddRemOutFnc.bOn) + { + PSet(tt_over, "mouseout", tt_OnOut); + tt_AddRemOutFnc.bOn = bAdd; + if(!bAdd) + tt_OpReHref(); + } +} +tt_AddRemOutFnc.bOn = false; +Number.prototype.Timer = function(s, iT, bUrge) +{ + if(!this.value || bUrge) + this.value = window.setTimeout(s, iT); +} +Number.prototype.EndTimer = function() +{ + if(this.value) + { + window.clearTimeout(this.value); + this.value = 0; + } +} +function tt_SetOpa(css, opa) +{ + tt_opa = opa; + if(tt_flagOpa == 1) + { + // Hack for bugs of IE: + // A DIV cannot be made visible in a single step if an opacity < 100 + // has been applied while the DIV was hidden. + // Moreover, in IE6, applying an opacity < 100 has no effect if the + // concerned element has no layout (position, size, zoom, ...). + if(opa < 100) + { + var bVis = css.visibility != "hidden"; + css.zoom = "100%"; + if(!bVis) + css.visibility = "visible"; + css.filter = "alpha(opacity=" + opa + ")"; + if(!bVis) + css.visibility = "hidden"; + } + else + css.filter = ""; + } + else + { + opa /= 100.0; + switch(tt_flagOpa) + { + case 2: + css.KhtmlOpacity = opa; break; + case 3: + css.KHTMLOpacity = opa; break; + case 4: + css.MozOpacity = opa; break; + case 5: + css.opacity = opa; break; + } + } +} +function tt_MovDomNode(el, dadFrom, dadTo) +{ + if(dadFrom) + dadFrom.removeChild(el); + if(dadTo) + dadTo.appendChild(el); +} +function tt_Err(sErr) +{ + if(tt_Debug) + alert("Tooltip Script Error Message:\n\n" + sErr); +} + +//=========== DEALING WITH EXTENSIONS ==============// +function tt_ExtCmdEnum() +{ + var s; + + // Add new command(s) to the commands enum + for(var i in config) + { + s = "window." + i.toString().toUpperCase(); + if(eval("typeof(" + s + ") == tt_u")) + { + eval(s + " = " + tt_aV.length); + tt_aV[tt_aV.length] = null; + } + } +} +function tt_ExtCallFncs(arg, sFnc) +{ + var b = false; + for(var i = tt_aExt.length; i;) + {--i; + var fnc = tt_aExt[i]["On" + sFnc]; + // Call the method the extension has defined for this event + if(fnc && fnc(arg)) + b = true; + } + return b; +} + +tt_Init(); -- 2.11.4.GIT