2 * Copyright 2007 Haiku, Inc. All rights reserved.
3 * Distributed under the terms of the MIT License.
6 * Niels Sascha Reedijk, niels.reedijk@gmail.com
10 \page app_messaging Messaging Foundations
12 One of the foundations of the Haiku API is the messaging system. This
13 framework is the basis for the efficient multithreaded Haiku applications,
14 because it solves one of the fundamental issues of multithreading: it
15 allows you to easily and securely communicate between threads. The
16 framework allows inter-application messaging as well as
17 intra-application messaging, and it will always use the most effective
18 mechanism for the communication automatically.
20 This page will introduce you to the subject of messaging. It is meant as a
21 broad overview to the classes, rather than a tutorial. If you are looking
22 for effective messaging techniques or a tutorial on messaging, have a look
23 at the developer section of the Haiku website.
25 <b>Table of contents</b>
26 - Overview of the Messaging Classes
27 - Receiving and Handling Messages
30 \section app_messaging_overview Overview of the Messaging Classes
32 \subsection app_messaging_overview_bmessage BMessage
34 The BMessage class is the class that is in the center of all the messenger
35 operations, because it represents a message. A message is nothing more than
36 an object that contains:
37 - The \c what member, an \c uint32 that determines the type of message.
38 Some constants are defined by the Haiku API, for example B_MOUSE_DOWN or
40 - Zero or more data objects. BMessage is a powerful data container that
41 keeps track of different sorts of data. BMessage provides many convenient
42 Add*() methods, for example BMessage::AddBool(). With the corresponding
43 Find*() method (in this example,
44 \link BMessage::FindBool(const char *, int32, bool *) const FindBool() \endlink)
45 you can retrieve the data.
47 BMessage itself is generic, its syntax and semantics are determined by the
48 context. The Haiku API defines several messages and their required data
49 members. Several applications provide a scripting interface with defined
50 message syntax. You can do the same for your application.
52 \subsection app_messaging_overview_blooper BLooper
54 Objects of the BLooper type are objects that run message loops. Every
55 object runs in its own thread. The BLooper objects continually check for
56 incoming messages. To process the messages, the looper looks for message
57 handlers that handle the messages within the thread's context. Message
58 handling within a looper is synchronous.
60 BLooper inherits BHandler, the base class for message handling. However, it
61 is possible to chain additional handlers to the object. For example, if you
62 have an application that understands different networking protocols, and
63 you support extensions that understand the base protocol, these extensions
64 can provide handlers that you can chain in your general message parser
65 thread. See AddHandler() and SetPreferredHandler() for information on
68 Messages can be posted to the looper by using the object's PostMessage()
69 method. This method puts the message in the BMessageQueue of the looper.
70 Since PostMessage() is asynchronous, the message might not be handled
71 immediately. See \ref app_messaging_overview_bmessenger "BMessenger"
72 for a synchronous implementation.
74 Loopers can have a generic filter that discards messages based on
75 user-definable characteristics. The BMessageFilter class provides the
76 foundation for the qualifying of messages. See AddCommonFilterList() and
77 SetCommonFilterList() for more information.
79 To get the most out of the functionality of BLooper, it is usually
80 subclassed to create a self-contained event 'machine'. Most of the time,
81 these subclasses also perform the message handling, which is possible
82 due to the fact that it is also a subclass of BHandler.
84 In the Haiku API, there are two major classes that inherit BLooper:
85 the base application class, BApplication, and the window class, BWindow.
86 Because they inherit BLooper, each application and each window has its
87 own message loop. This makes every window quick and responsive. To keep
88 your applications running smoothly, it is advisable to make sure that
89 event handling that requires more processing power, is done within its own
90 BLooper context. Networking usually qualifies as a candidate for its own
93 \subsection app_messaging_overview_bhandler BHandler
95 Objects of the BHandler type are associated to BLoopers. When they are
96 created, they should be passed to the BLooper::AddHandler() method of the
97 looper they want to handle messages for. They can then either be set as
98 preferred handlers (by chaining them with BLooper::SetPreferredHandler()),
99 or they can be added to other BHandlers with the SetNextHandler() method.
101 The magic of the class happens in the MessageReceived() method. In your
102 subclasses you override this method, to check the incoming BMessage.
103 Usually, you check the \c what member of the message in a switch statement.
104 If your handler cannot handle the object, it will pass the message on to
107 \warning Don't forget to actuall call the MessageReceived() method of the
108 base class. Failing to do this will mean that the message chain will
109 not completely be followed, which can lead to unhandled messages. There
110 might be some internal system messages that the Haiku API classes
111 handle, and not actually handling these messages could lead to
112 inconsistent internal behavior.
114 \subsection app_messaging_overview_bmessenger BMessenger
116 BMessenger objects can send messages to both local and remote targets. For
117 local targets, a BMessenger provides an advantage over directly calling
118 the BLooper::PostMessage() method: some variants of the
119 BMessenger::SendMessage() methods allow for synchronous replies. So, the
120 call will actually verify the handling thread processes the message, and
123 The other feature of BMessenger is that it is able to be constructed with
124 the signature of another application as argument. This allows the messenger
125 to pass messages to other applications. It facilitates inter-application
128 \subsection app_messaging-overview-other Other messaging classes
130 There are several convenience classes supplied with the application kit,
131 which can make your life easier in some specific cases.
133 - BInvoker binds together a message and a target. By calling
134 BInvoker::Invoke(), the message will be sent. This class is inherited by
135 the controls in the interface kit, such as BButton.
136 - A BMessageRunner object will send messages to a specified target with
137 specified intervals in between.
138 - BMessageQueue is a class that is also internally used by BLooper. It
139 provides a queue of messages, with convenience functions of managing
141 - BMessageFilter is the base class of the filters. Filters can be applied
142 to BLoopers to filter all incoming messages, or to BHandlers to filter
143 messages that could be handled by that object. The filter object can be
144 subclassed and extended by overriding the \link BMessageFilter::Filter()
145 Filter() \endlink method.
147 \section app-messaging-receiving Receiving Messages
151 \section app-messaging-sending Sending Messages