3 By Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
5 Kernel can update microcode in early phase of boot time. Loading microcode early
6 can fix CPU issues before they are observed during kernel boot time.
8 Microcode is stored in an initrd file. The microcode is read from the initrd
9 file and loaded to CPUs during boot time.
11 The format of the combined initrd image is microcode in cpio format followed by
12 the initrd image (maybe compressed). Kernel parses the combined initrd image
13 during boot time. The microcode file in cpio name space is:
14 on Intel: kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin
15 on AMD : kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin
17 During BSP boot (before SMP starts), if the kernel finds the microcode file in
18 the initrd file, it parses the microcode and saves matching microcode in memory.
19 If matching microcode is found, it will be uploaded in BSP and later on in all
22 The cached microcode patch is applied when CPUs resume from a sleep state.
24 There are two legacy user space interfaces to load microcode, either through
25 /dev/cpu/microcode or through /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload file
28 In addition to these two legacy methods, the early loading method described
29 here is the third method with which microcode can be uploaded to a system's
32 The following example script shows how to generate a new combined initrd file in
33 /boot/initrd-3.5.0.ucode.img with original microcode microcode.bin and
34 original initrd image /boot/initrd-3.5.0.img.
38 mkdir -p kernel/x86/microcode
39 cp ../microcode.bin kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin (or AuthenticAMD.bin)
40 find . | cpio -o -H newc >../ucode.cpio
42 cat ucode.cpio /boot/initrd-3.5.0.img >/boot/initrd-3.5.0.ucode.img
47 We can also load builtin microcode supplied through the regular firmware
48 builtin method CONFIG_FIRMWARE_IN_KERNEL. Here's an example:
50 CONFIG_FIRMWARE_IN_KERNEL=y
51 CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE="intel-ucode/06-3a-09 amd-ucode/microcode_amd_fam15h.bin"
52 CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware"
54 This basically means, you have the following tree structure locally:
59 | |-- microcode_amd_fam15h.bin
66 so that the build system can find those files and integrate them into
67 the final kernel image. The early loader finds them and applies them.