4 UBIFS file-system stands for UBI File System. UBI stands for "Unsorted
5 Block Images". UBIFS is a flash file system, which means it is designed
6 to work with flash devices. It is important to understand, that UBIFS
7 is completely different to any traditional file-system in Linux, like
8 Ext2, XFS, JFS, etc. UBIFS represents a separate class of file-systems
9 which work with MTD devices, not block devices. The other Linux
10 file-system of this class is JFFS2.
12 To make it more clear, here is a small comparison of MTD devices and
15 1 MTD devices represent flash devices and they consist of eraseblocks of
16 rather large size, typically about 128KiB. Block devices consist of
17 small blocks, typically 512 bytes.
18 2 MTD devices support 3 main operations - read from some offset within an
19 eraseblock, write to some offset within an eraseblock, and erase a whole
20 eraseblock. Block devices support 2 main operations - read a whole
21 block and write a whole block.
22 3 The whole eraseblock has to be erased before it becomes possible to
23 re-write its contents. Blocks may be just re-written.
24 4 Eraseblocks become worn out after some number of erase cycles -
25 typically 100K-1G for SLC NAND and NOR flashes, and 1K-10K for MLC
26 NAND flashes. Blocks do not have the wear-out property.
27 5 Eraseblocks may become bad (only on NAND flashes) and software should
28 deal with this. Blocks on hard drives typically do not become bad,
29 because hardware has mechanisms to substitute bad blocks, at least in
32 It should be quite obvious why UBIFS is very different to traditional
35 UBIFS works on top of UBI. UBI is a separate software layer which may be
36 found in drivers/mtd/ubi. UBI is basically a volume management and
37 wear-leveling layer. It provides so called UBI volumes which is a higher
38 level abstraction than a MTD device. The programming model of UBI devices
39 is very similar to MTD devices - they still consist of large eraseblocks,
40 they have read/write/erase operations, but UBI devices are devoid of
41 limitations like wear and bad blocks (items 4 and 5 in the above list).
43 In a sense, UBIFS is a next generation of JFFS2 file-system, but it is
44 very different and incompatible to JFFS2. The following are the main
47 * JFFS2 works on top of MTD devices, UBIFS depends on UBI and works on
49 * JFFS2 does not have on-media index and has to build it while mounting,
50 which requires full media scan. UBIFS maintains the FS indexing
51 information on the flash media and does not require full media scan,
52 so it mounts many times faster than JFFS2.
53 * JFFS2 is a write-through file-system, while UBIFS supports write-back,
54 which makes UBIFS much faster on writes.
56 Similarly to JFFS2, UBIFS supports on-the-flight compression which makes
57 it possible to fit quite a lot of data to the flash.
59 Similarly to JFFS2, UBIFS is tolerant of unclean reboots and power-cuts.
60 It does not need stuff like fsck.ext2. UBIFS automatically replays its
61 journal and recovers from crashes, ensuring that the on-flash data
62 structures are consistent.
64 UBIFS scales logarithmically (most of the data structures it uses are
65 trees), so the mount time and memory consumption do not linearly depend
66 on the flash size, like in case of JFFS2. This is because UBIFS
67 maintains the FS index on the flash media. However, UBIFS depends on
68 UBI, which scales linearly. So overall UBI/UBIFS stack scales linearly.
69 Nevertheless, UBI/UBIFS scales considerably better than JFFS2.
71 The authors of UBIFS believe, that it is possible to develop UBI2 which
72 would scale logarithmically as well. UBI2 would support the same API as UBI,
73 but it would be binary incompatible to UBI. So UBIFS would not need to be
82 bulk_read read more in one go to take advantage of flash
83 media that read faster sequentially
84 no_bulk_read (*) do not bulk-read
85 no_chk_data_crc (*) skip checking of CRCs on data nodes in order to
86 improve read performance. Use this option only
87 if the flash media is highly reliable. The effect
88 of this option is that corruption of the contents
89 of a file can go unnoticed.
90 chk_data_crc do not skip checking CRCs on data nodes
91 compr=none override default compressor and set it to "none"
92 compr=lzo override default compressor and set it to "lzo"
93 compr=zlib override default compressor and set it to "zlib"
96 Quick usage instructions
97 ========================
99 The UBI volume to mount is specified using "ubiX_Y" or "ubiX:NAME" syntax,
100 where "X" is UBI device number, "Y" is UBI volume number, and "NAME" is
103 Mount volume 0 on UBI device 0 to /mnt/ubifs:
104 $ mount -t ubifs ubi0_0 /mnt/ubifs
106 Mount "rootfs" volume of UBI device 0 to /mnt/ubifs ("rootfs" is volume
108 $ mount -t ubifs ubi0:rootfs /mnt/ubifs
110 The following is an example of the kernel boot arguments to attach mtd0
111 to UBI and mount volume "rootfs":
112 ubi.mtd=0 root=ubi0:rootfs rootfstype=ubifs
115 Module Parameters for Debugging
116 ===============================
118 When UBIFS has been compiled with debugging enabled, there are 2 module
119 parameters that are available to control aspects of testing and debugging.
121 debug_chks Selects extra checks that UBIFS can do while running:
126 Check Tree Node Cache (TNC) 2
127 Check indexing tree size 4
129 Check old indexing tree 16
130 Check LEB properties (lprops) 32
131 Check leaf nodes and inodes 64
133 debug_tsts Selects a mode of testing, as follows:
137 Failure mode for recovery testing 4
139 For example, set debug_chks to 3 to enable general and TNC checks.
145 UBIFS documentation and FAQ/HOWTO at the MTD web site:
146 http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubifs.html
147 http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/faq/ubifs.html