1 Kernel Memory Leak Detector
2 ===========================
7 Kmemleak provides a way of detecting possible kernel memory leaks in a
8 way similar to a tracing garbage collector
9 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29#Tracing_garbage_collectors),
10 with the difference that the orphan objects are not freed but only
11 reported via /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method is used by the
12 Valgrind tool (memcheck --leak-check) to detect the memory leaks in
13 user-space applications.
14 Kmemleak is supported on x86, arm, powerpc, sparc, sh, microblaze, ppc, mips, s390, metag and tile.
19 CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK in "Kernel hacking" has to be enabled. A kernel
20 thread scans the memory every 10 minutes (by default) and prints the
21 number of new unreferenced objects found. To display the details of all
22 the possible memory leaks:
24 # mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug/
25 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
27 To trigger an intermediate memory scan:
29 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
31 To clear the list of all current possible memory leaks:
33 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
35 New leaks will then come up upon reading /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
38 Note that the orphan objects are listed in the order they were allocated
39 and one object at the beginning of the list may cause other subsequent
40 objects to be reported as orphan.
42 Memory scanning parameters can be modified at run-time by writing to the
43 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file. The following parameters are supported:
45 off - disable kmemleak (irreversible)
46 stack=on - enable the task stacks scanning (default)
47 stack=off - disable the tasks stacks scanning
48 scan=on - start the automatic memory scanning thread (default)
49 scan=off - stop the automatic memory scanning thread
50 scan=<secs> - set the automatic memory scanning period in seconds
51 (default 600, 0 to stop the automatic scanning)
52 scan - trigger a memory scan
53 clear - clear list of current memory leak suspects, done by
54 marking all current reported unreferenced objects grey,
55 or free all kmemleak objects if kmemleak has been disabled.
56 dump=<addr> - dump information about the object found at <addr>
58 Kmemleak can also be disabled at boot-time by passing "kmemleak=off" on
59 the kernel command line.
61 Memory may be allocated or freed before kmemleak is initialised and
62 these actions are stored in an early log buffer. The size of this buffer
63 is configured via the CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_EARLY_LOG_SIZE option.
68 The memory allocations via kmalloc, vmalloc, kmem_cache_alloc and
69 friends are traced and the pointers, together with additional
70 information like size and stack trace, are stored in a rbtree.
71 The corresponding freeing function calls are tracked and the pointers
72 removed from the kmemleak data structures.
74 An allocated block of memory is considered orphan if no pointer to its
75 start address or to any location inside the block can be found by
76 scanning the memory (including saved registers). This means that there
77 might be no way for the kernel to pass the address of the allocated
78 block to a freeing function and therefore the block is considered a
81 The scanning algorithm steps:
83 1. mark all objects as white (remaining white objects will later be
85 2. scan the memory starting with the data section and stacks, checking
86 the values against the addresses stored in the rbtree. If
87 a pointer to a white object is found, the object is added to the
89 3. scan the gray objects for matching addresses (some white objects
90 can become gray and added at the end of the gray list) until the
92 4. the remaining white objects are considered orphan and reported via
93 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
95 Some allocated memory blocks have pointers stored in the kernel's
96 internal data structures and they cannot be detected as orphans. To
97 avoid this, kmemleak can also store the number of values pointing to an
98 address inside the block address range that need to be found so that the
99 block is not considered a leak. One example is __vmalloc().
101 Testing specific sections with kmemleak
102 ---------------------------------------
104 Upon initial bootup your /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output page may be
105 quite extensive. This can also be the case if you have very buggy code
106 when doing development. To work around these situations you can use the
107 'clear' command to clear all reported unreferenced objects from the
108 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output. By issuing a 'scan' after a 'clear'
109 you can find new unreferenced objects; this should help with testing
110 specific sections of code.
112 To test a critical section on demand with a clean kmemleak do:
114 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
115 ... test your kernel or modules ...
116 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
118 Then as usual to get your report with:
120 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
122 Freeing kmemleak internal objects
123 ---------------------------------
125 To allow access to previosuly found memory leaks after kmemleak has been
126 disabled by the user or due to an fatal error, internal kmemleak objects
127 won't be freed when kmemleak is disabled, and those objects may occupy
128 a large part of physical memory.
130 In this situation, you may reclaim memory with:
132 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
137 See the include/linux/kmemleak.h header for the functions prototype.
139 kmemleak_init - initialize kmemleak
140 kmemleak_alloc - notify of a memory block allocation
141 kmemleak_alloc_percpu - notify of a percpu memory block allocation
142 kmemleak_free - notify of a memory block freeing
143 kmemleak_free_part - notify of a partial memory block freeing
144 kmemleak_free_percpu - notify of a percpu memory block freeing
145 kmemleak_not_leak - mark an object as not a leak
146 kmemleak_ignore - do not scan or report an object as leak
147 kmemleak_scan_area - add scan areas inside a memory block
148 kmemleak_no_scan - do not scan a memory block
149 kmemleak_erase - erase an old value in a pointer variable
150 kmemleak_alloc_recursive - as kmemleak_alloc but checks the recursiveness
151 kmemleak_free_recursive - as kmemleak_free but checks the recursiveness
153 Dealing with false positives/negatives
154 --------------------------------------
156 The false negatives are real memory leaks (orphan objects) but not
157 reported by kmemleak because values found during the memory scanning
158 point to such objects. To reduce the number of false negatives, kmemleak
159 provides the kmemleak_ignore, kmemleak_scan_area, kmemleak_no_scan and
160 kmemleak_erase functions (see above). The task stacks also increase the
161 amount of false negatives and their scanning is not enabled by default.
163 The false positives are objects wrongly reported as being memory leaks
164 (orphan). For objects known not to be leaks, kmemleak provides the
165 kmemleak_not_leak function. The kmemleak_ignore could also be used if
166 the memory block is known not to contain other pointers and it will no
169 Some of the reported leaks are only transient, especially on SMP
170 systems, because of pointers temporarily stored in CPU registers or
171 stacks. Kmemleak defines MSECS_MIN_AGE (defaulting to 1000) representing
172 the minimum age of an object to be reported as a memory leak.
174 Limitations and Drawbacks
175 -------------------------
177 The main drawback is the reduced performance of memory allocation and
178 freeing. To avoid other penalties, the memory scanning is only performed
179 when the /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file is read. Anyway, this tool is
180 intended for debugging purposes where the performance might not be the
181 most important requirement.
183 To keep the algorithm simple, kmemleak scans for values pointing to any
184 address inside a block's address range. This may lead to an increased
185 number of false negatives. However, it is likely that a real memory leak
186 will eventually become visible.
188 Another source of false negatives is the data stored in non-pointer
189 values. In a future version, kmemleak could only scan the pointer
190 members in the allocated structures. This feature would solve many of
191 the false negative cases described above.
193 The tool can report false positives. These are cases where an allocated
194 block doesn't need to be freed (some cases in the init_call functions),
195 the pointer is calculated by other methods than the usual container_of
196 macro or the pointer is stored in a location not scanned by kmemleak.
198 Page allocations and ioremap are not tracked.