4 Author: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
5 Date : 07 September 2012
7 This document is based on the ARM booting document by Russell King and
8 is relevant to all public releases of the AArch64 Linux kernel.
10 The AArch64 exception model is made up of a number of exception levels
11 (EL0 - EL3), with EL0 and EL1 having a secure and a non-secure
12 counterpart. EL2 is the hypervisor level and exists only in non-secure
13 mode. EL3 is the highest priority level and exists only in secure mode.
15 For the purposes of this document, we will use the term `boot loader'
16 simply to define all software that executes on the CPU(s) before control
17 is passed to the Linux kernel. This may include secure monitor and
18 hypervisor code, or it may just be a handful of instructions for
19 preparing a minimal boot environment.
21 Essentially, the boot loader should provide (as a minimum) the
24 1. Setup and initialise the RAM
25 2. Setup the device tree
26 3. Decompress the kernel image
27 4. Call the kernel image
30 1. Setup and initialise RAM
31 ---------------------------
33 Requirement: MANDATORY
35 The boot loader is expected to find and initialise all RAM that the
36 kernel will use for volatile data storage in the system. It performs
37 this in a machine dependent manner. (It may use internal algorithms
38 to automatically locate and size all RAM, or it may use knowledge of
39 the RAM in the machine, or any other method the boot loader designer
43 2. Setup the device tree
44 -------------------------
46 Requirement: MANDATORY
48 The device tree blob (dtb) must be placed on an 8-byte boundary within
49 the first 512 megabytes from the start of the kernel image and must not
50 cross a 2-megabyte boundary. This is to allow the kernel to map the
51 blob using a single section mapping in the initial page tables.
54 3. Decompress the kernel image
55 ------------------------------
59 The AArch64 kernel does not currently provide a decompressor and
60 therefore requires decompression (gzip etc.) to be performed by the boot
61 loader if a compressed Image target (e.g. Image.gz) is used. For
62 bootloaders that do not implement this requirement, the uncompressed
63 Image target is available instead.
66 4. Call the kernel image
67 ------------------------
69 Requirement: MANDATORY
71 The decompressed kernel image contains a 64-byte header as follows:
73 u32 code0; /* Executable code */
74 u32 code1; /* Executable code */
75 u64 text_offset; /* Image load offset, little endian */
76 u64 image_size; /* Effective Image size, little endian */
77 u64 flags; /* kernel flags, little endian */
78 u64 res2 = 0; /* reserved */
79 u64 res3 = 0; /* reserved */
80 u64 res4 = 0; /* reserved */
81 u32 magic = 0x644d5241; /* Magic number, little endian, "ARM\x64" */
82 u32 res5; /* reserved (used for PE COFF offset) */
87 - As of v3.17, all fields are little endian unless stated otherwise.
89 - code0/code1 are responsible for branching to stext.
91 - when booting through EFI, code0/code1 are initially skipped.
92 res5 is an offset to the PE header and the PE header has the EFI
93 entry point (efi_stub_entry). When the stub has done its work, it
94 jumps to code0 to resume the normal boot process.
96 - Prior to v3.17, the endianness of text_offset was not specified. In
97 these cases image_size is zero and text_offset is 0x80000 in the
98 endianness of the kernel. Where image_size is non-zero image_size is
99 little-endian and must be respected. Where image_size is zero,
100 text_offset can be assumed to be 0x80000.
102 - The flags field (introduced in v3.17) is a little-endian 64-bit field
104 Bit 0: Kernel endianness. 1 if BE, 0 if LE.
107 - When image_size is zero, a bootloader should attempt to keep as much
108 memory as possible free for use by the kernel immediately after the
109 end of the kernel image. The amount of space required will vary
110 depending on selected features, and is effectively unbound.
112 The Image must be placed text_offset bytes from a 2MB aligned base
113 address near the start of usable system RAM and called there. Memory
114 below that base address is currently unusable by Linux, and therefore it
115 is strongly recommended that this location is the start of system RAM.
116 At least image_size bytes from the start of the image must be free for
119 Any memory described to the kernel (even that below the 2MB aligned base
120 address) which is not marked as reserved from the kernel e.g. with a
121 memreserve region in the device tree) will be considered as available to
124 Before jumping into the kernel, the following conditions must be met:
126 - Quiesce all DMA capable devices so that memory does not get
127 corrupted by bogus network packets or disk data. This will save
128 you many hours of debug.
130 - Primary CPU general-purpose register settings
131 x0 = physical address of device tree blob (dtb) in system RAM.
132 x1 = 0 (reserved for future use)
133 x2 = 0 (reserved for future use)
134 x3 = 0 (reserved for future use)
137 All forms of interrupts must be masked in PSTATE.DAIF (Debug, SError,
139 The CPU must be in either EL2 (RECOMMENDED in order to have access to
140 the virtualisation extensions) or non-secure EL1.
144 Instruction cache may be on or off.
145 The address range corresponding to the loaded kernel image must be
146 cleaned to the PoC. In the presence of a system cache or other
147 coherent masters with caches enabled, this will typically require
148 cache maintenance by VA rather than set/way operations.
149 System caches which respect the architected cache maintenance by VA
150 operations must be configured and may be enabled.
151 System caches which do not respect architected cache maintenance by VA
152 operations (not recommended) must be configured and disabled.
155 CNTFRQ must be programmed with the timer frequency and CNTVOFF must
156 be programmed with a consistent value on all CPUs. If entering the
157 kernel at EL1, CNTHCTL_EL2 must have EL1PCTEN (bit 0) set where
161 All CPUs to be booted by the kernel must be part of the same coherency
162 domain on entry to the kernel. This may require IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED
163 initialisation to enable the receiving of maintenance operations on
167 All writable architected system registers at the exception level where
168 the kernel image will be entered must be initialised by software at a
169 higher exception level to prevent execution in an UNKNOWN state.
171 For systems with a GICv3 interrupt controller:
173 ICC_SRE_EL3.Enable (bit 3) must be initialiased to 0b1.
174 ICC_SRE_EL3.SRE (bit 0) must be initialised to 0b1.
175 - If the kernel is entered at EL1:
176 ICC.SRE_EL2.Enable (bit 3) must be initialised to 0b1
177 ICC_SRE_EL2.SRE (bit 0) must be initialised to 0b1.
179 The requirements described above for CPU mode, caches, MMUs, architected
180 timers, coherency and system registers apply to all CPUs. All CPUs must
181 enter the kernel in the same exception level.
183 The boot loader is expected to enter the kernel on each CPU in the
186 - The primary CPU must jump directly to the first instruction of the
187 kernel image. The device tree blob passed by this CPU must contain
188 an 'enable-method' property for each cpu node. The supported
189 enable-methods are described below.
191 It is expected that the bootloader will generate these device tree
192 properties and insert them into the blob prior to kernel entry.
194 - CPUs with a "spin-table" enable-method must have a 'cpu-release-addr'
195 property in their cpu node. This property identifies a
196 naturally-aligned 64-bit zero-initalised memory location.
198 These CPUs should spin outside of the kernel in a reserved area of
199 memory (communicated to the kernel by a /memreserve/ region in the
200 device tree) polling their cpu-release-addr location, which must be
201 contained in the reserved region. A wfe instruction may be inserted
202 to reduce the overhead of the busy-loop and a sev will be issued by
203 the primary CPU. When a read of the location pointed to by the
204 cpu-release-addr returns a non-zero value, the CPU must jump to this
205 value. The value will be written as a single 64-bit little-endian
206 value, so CPUs must convert the read value to their native endianness
207 before jumping to it.
209 - CPUs with a "psci" enable method should remain outside of
210 the kernel (i.e. outside of the regions of memory described to the
211 kernel in the memory node, or in a reserved area of memory described
212 to the kernel by a /memreserve/ region in the device tree). The
213 kernel will issue CPU_ON calls as described in ARM document number ARM
214 DEN 0022A ("Power State Coordination Interface System Software on ARM
215 processors") to bring CPUs into the kernel.
217 The device tree should contain a 'psci' node, as described in
218 Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/psci.txt.
220 - Secondary CPU general-purpose register settings
221 x0 = 0 (reserved for future use)
222 x1 = 0 (reserved for future use)
223 x2 = 0 (reserved for future use)
224 x3 = 0 (reserved for future use)