4 This driver provides an interface to control the P-State selection for the
5 SandyBridge+ Intel processors.
7 The following document explains P-States:
8 http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/LinuxConEurope_2015.pdf
9 As stated in the document, P-State doesn’t exactly mean a frequency. However, for
10 the sake of the relationship with cpufreq, P-State and frequency are used
13 Understanding the cpufreq core governors and policies are important before
14 discussing more details about the Intel P-State driver. Based on what callbacks
15 a cpufreq driver provides to the cpufreq core, it can support two types of
17 - with target_index() callback: In this mode, the drivers using cpufreq core
18 simply provide the minimum and maximum frequency limits and an additional
19 interface target_index() to set the current frequency. The cpufreq subsystem
20 has a number of scaling governors ("performance", "powersave", "ondemand",
21 etc.). Depending on which governor is in use, cpufreq core will call for
22 transitions to a specific frequency using target_index() callback.
23 - setpolicy() callback: In this mode, drivers do not provide target_index()
24 callback, so cpufreq core can't request a transition to a specific frequency.
25 The driver provides minimum and maximum frequency limits and callbacks to set a
26 policy. The policy in cpufreq sysfs is referred to as the "scaling governor".
27 The cpufreq core can request the driver to operate in any of the two policies:
28 "performance: and "powersave". The driver decides which frequency to use based
29 on the above policy selection considering minimum and maximum frequency limits.
31 The Intel P-State driver falls under the latter category, which implements the
32 setpolicy() callback. This driver decides what P-State to use based on the
33 requested policy from the cpufreq core. If the processor is capable of
34 selecting its next P-State internally, then the driver will offload this
35 responsibility to the processor (aka HWP: Hardware P-States). If not, the
36 driver implements algorithms to select the next P-State.
38 Since these policies are implemented in the driver, they are not same as the
39 cpufreq scaling governors implementation, even if they have the same name in
40 the cpufreq sysfs (scaling_governors). For example the "performance" policy is
41 similar to cpufreq’s "performance" governor, but "powersave" is completely
42 different than the cpufreq "powersave" governor. The strategy here is similar
43 to cpufreq "ondemand", where the requested P-State is related to the system load.
47 In addition to the frequency-controlling interfaces provided by the cpufreq
48 core, the driver provides its own sysfs files to control the P-State selection.
49 These files have been added to /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/.
50 Any changes made to these files are applicable to all CPUs (even in a
51 multi-package system).
53 max_perf_pct: Limits the maximum P-State that will be requested by
54 the driver. It states it as a percentage of the available performance. The
55 available (P-State) performance may be reduced by the no_turbo
56 setting described below.
58 min_perf_pct: Limits the minimum P-State that will be requested by
59 the driver. It states it as a percentage of the max (non-turbo)
62 no_turbo: Limits the driver to selecting P-State below the turbo
65 turbo_pct: Displays the percentage of the total performance that
66 is supported by hardware that is in the turbo range. This number
67 is independent of whether turbo has been disabled or not.
69 num_pstates: Displays the number of P-States that are supported
70 by hardware. This number is independent of whether turbo has
73 For example, if a system has these parameters:
74 Max 1 core turbo ratio: 0x21 (Max 1 core ratio is the maximum P-State)
75 Max non turbo ratio: 0x17
76 Minimum ratio : 0x08 (Here the ratio is called max efficiency ratio)
79 max_perf_pct:100, which corresponds to 1 core ratio
80 min_perf_pct:24, max_efficiency_ratio / max 1 Core ratio
81 no_turbo:0, turbo is not disabled
82 num_pstates:26 = (max 1 Core ratio - Max Efficiency Ratio + 1)
83 turbo_pct:39 = (max 1 core ratio - max non turbo ratio) / num_pstates
85 Refer to "Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual
86 Volume 3: System Programming Guide" to understand ratios.
88 cpufreq sysfs for Intel P-State
90 Since this driver registers with cpufreq, cpufreq sysfs is also presented.
91 There are some important differences, which need to be considered.
93 scaling_cur_freq: This displays the real frequency which was used during
94 the last sample period instead of what is requested. Some other cpufreq driver,
95 like acpi-cpufreq, displays what is requested (Some changes are on the
96 way to fix this for acpi-cpufreq driver). The same is true for frequencies
97 displayed at /proc/cpuinfo.
99 scaling_governor: This displays current active policy. Since each CPU has a
100 cpufreq sysfs, it is possible to set a scaling governor to each CPU. But this
101 is not possible with Intel P-States, as there is one common policy for all
102 CPUs. Here, the last requested policy will be applicable to all CPUs. It is
103 suggested that one use the cpupower utility to change policy to all CPUs at the
106 scaling_setspeed: This attribute can never be used with Intel P-State.
108 scaling_max_freq/scaling_min_freq: This interface can be used similarly to
109 the max_perf_pct/min_perf_pct of Intel P-State sysfs. However since frequencies
110 are converted to nearest possible P-State, this is prone to rounding errors.
111 This method is not preferred to limit performance.
113 affected_cpus: Not used
114 related_cpus: Not used
116 For contemporary Intel processors, the frequency is controlled by the
117 processor itself and the P-State exposed to software is related to
118 performance levels. The idea that frequency can be set to a single
119 frequency is fictional for Intel Core processors. Even if the scaling
120 driver selects a single P-State, the actual frequency the processor
121 will run at is selected by the processor itself.
123 Tuning Intel P-State driver
125 When HWP mode is not used, debugfs files have also been added to allow the
126 tuning of the internal governor algorithm. These files are located at
127 /sys/kernel/debug/pstate_snb/. The algorithm uses a PID (Proportional
128 Integral Derivative) controller. The PID tunable parameters are:
137 To adjust these parameters, some understanding of driver implementation is
138 necessary. There are some tweeks described here, but be very careful. Adjusting
139 them requires expert level understanding of power and performance relationship.
140 These limits are only useful when the "powersave" policy is active.
142 -To make the system more responsive to load changes, sample_rate_ms can
143 be adjusted (current default is 10ms).
144 -To make the system use higher performance, even if the load is lower, setpoint
145 can be adjusted to a lower number. This will also lead to faster ramp up time
146 to reach the maximum P-State.
147 If there are no derivative and integral coefficients, The next P-State will be
149 current P-State - ((setpoint - current cpu load) * p_gain_pct)
151 For example, if the current PID parameters are (Which are defaults for the core
152 processors like SandyBridge):
160 If the current P-State = 0x08 and current load = 100, this will result in the
161 next P-State = 0x08 - ((97 - 100) * 0.2) = 8.6 (rounded to 9). Here the P-State
162 goes up by only 1. If during next sample interval the current load doesn't
163 change and still 100, then P-State goes up by one again. This process will
164 continue as long as the load is more than the setpoint until the maximum P-State
167 For the same load at setpoint = 60, this will result in the next P-State
168 = 0x08 - ((60 - 100) * 0.2) = 16
169 So by changing the setpoint from 97 to 60, there is an increase of the
170 next P-State from 9 to 16. So this will make processor execute at higher
171 P-State for the same CPU load. If the load continues to be more than the
172 setpoint during next sample intervals, then P-State will go up again till the
173 maximum P-State is reached. But the ramp up time to reach the maximum P-State
174 will be much faster when the setpoint is 60 compared to 97.
176 Debugging Intel P-State driver
179 To debug P-State transition, the Linux event tracing interface can be used.
180 There are two specific events, which can be enabled (Provided the kernel
181 configs related to event tracing are enabled).
183 # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
184 # echo 1 > events/power/pstate_sample/enable
185 # echo 1 > events/power/cpu_frequency/enable
187 gnome-terminal--4510 [001] ..s. 1177.680733: pstate_sample: core_busy=107
188 scaled=94 from=26 to=26 mperf=1143818 aperf=1230607 tsc=29838618
190 cat-5235 [002] ..s. 1177.681723: cpu_frequency: state=2900000 cpu_id=2
195 If function level tracing is required, the Linux ftrace interface can be used.
196 For example if we want to check how often a function to set a P-State is
197 called, we can set ftrace filter to intel_pstate_set_pstate.
199 # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
200 # cat available_filter_functions | grep -i pstate
201 intel_pstate_set_pstate
202 intel_pstate_cpu_init
205 # echo intel_pstate_set_pstate > set_ftrace_filter
206 # echo function > current_tracer
207 # cat trace | head -15
210 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 80/80 #P:4
213 # / _----=> need-resched
214 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
215 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
217 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
219 Xorg-3129 [000] ..s. 2537.644844: intel_pstate_set_pstate <-intel_pstate_timer_func
220 gnome-terminal--4510 [002] ..s. 2537.649844: intel_pstate_set_pstate <-intel_pstate_timer_func
221 gnome-shell-3409 [001] ..s. 2537.650850: intel_pstate_set_pstate <-intel_pstate_timer_func
222 <idle>-0 [000] ..s. 2537.654843: intel_pstate_set_pstate <-intel_pstate_timer_func