1 Copyright 2009 Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
3 Debugfs exists as a simple way for kernel developers to make information
4 available to user space. Unlike /proc, which is only meant for information
5 about a process, or sysfs, which has strict one-value-per-file rules,
6 debugfs has no rules at all. Developers can put any information they want
7 there. The debugfs filesystem is also intended to not serve as a stable
8 ABI to user space; in theory, there are no stability constraints placed on
9 files exported there. The real world is not always so simple, though [1];
10 even debugfs interfaces are best designed with the idea that they will need
11 to be maintained forever.
13 Debugfs is typically mounted with a command like:
15 mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
17 (Or an equivalent /etc/fstab line).
18 The debugfs root directory is accessible only to the root user by
19 default. To change access to the tree the "uid", "gid" and "mode" mount
22 Note that the debugfs API is exported GPL-only to modules.
24 Code using debugfs should include <linux/debugfs.h>. Then, the first order
25 of business will be to create at least one directory to hold a set of
28 struct dentry *debugfs_create_dir(const char *name, struct dentry *parent);
30 This call, if successful, will make a directory called name underneath the
31 indicated parent directory. If parent is NULL, the directory will be
32 created in the debugfs root. On success, the return value is a struct
33 dentry pointer which can be used to create files in the directory (and to
34 clean it up at the end). An ERR_PTR(-ERROR) return value indicates that
35 something went wrong. If ERR_PTR(-ENODEV) is returned, that is an
36 indication that the kernel has been built without debugfs support and none
37 of the functions described below will work.
39 The most general way to create a file within a debugfs directory is with:
41 struct dentry *debugfs_create_file(const char *name, umode_t mode,
42 struct dentry *parent, void *data,
43 const struct file_operations *fops);
45 Here, name is the name of the file to create, mode describes the access
46 permissions the file should have, parent indicates the directory which
47 should hold the file, data will be stored in the i_private field of the
48 resulting inode structure, and fops is a set of file operations which
49 implement the file's behavior. At a minimum, the read() and/or write()
50 operations should be provided; others can be included as needed. Again,
51 the return value will be a dentry pointer to the created file,
52 ERR_PTR(-ERROR) on error, or ERR_PTR(-ENODEV) if debugfs support is
55 Create a file with an initial size, the following function can be used
58 struct dentry *debugfs_create_file_size(const char *name, umode_t mode,
59 struct dentry *parent, void *data,
60 const struct file_operations *fops,
63 file_size is the initial file size. The other parameters are the same
64 as the function debugfs_create_file.
66 In a number of cases, the creation of a set of file operations is not
67 actually necessary; the debugfs code provides a number of helper functions
68 for simple situations. Files containing a single integer value can be
71 struct dentry *debugfs_create_u8(const char *name, umode_t mode,
72 struct dentry *parent, u8 *value);
73 struct dentry *debugfs_create_u16(const char *name, umode_t mode,
74 struct dentry *parent, u16 *value);
75 struct dentry *debugfs_create_u32(const char *name, umode_t mode,
76 struct dentry *parent, u32 *value);
77 struct dentry *debugfs_create_u64(const char *name, umode_t mode,
78 struct dentry *parent, u64 *value);
80 These files support both reading and writing the given value; if a specific
81 file should not be written to, simply set the mode bits accordingly. The
82 values in these files are in decimal; if hexadecimal is more appropriate,
83 the following functions can be used instead:
85 struct dentry *debugfs_create_x8(const char *name, umode_t mode,
86 struct dentry *parent, u8 *value);
87 struct dentry *debugfs_create_x16(const char *name, umode_t mode,
88 struct dentry *parent, u16 *value);
89 struct dentry *debugfs_create_x32(const char *name, umode_t mode,
90 struct dentry *parent, u32 *value);
91 struct dentry *debugfs_create_x64(const char *name, umode_t mode,
92 struct dentry *parent, u64 *value);
94 These functions are useful as long as the developer knows the size of the
95 value to be exported. Some types can have different widths on different
96 architectures, though, complicating the situation somewhat. There is a
97 function meant to help out in one special case:
99 struct dentry *debugfs_create_size_t(const char *name, umode_t mode,
100 struct dentry *parent,
103 As might be expected, this function will create a debugfs file to represent
104 a variable of type size_t.
106 Boolean values can be placed in debugfs with:
108 struct dentry *debugfs_create_bool(const char *name, umode_t mode,
109 struct dentry *parent, bool *value);
111 A read on the resulting file will yield either Y (for non-zero values) or
112 N, followed by a newline. If written to, it will accept either upper- or
113 lower-case values, or 1 or 0. Any other input will be silently ignored.
115 Also, atomic_t values can be placed in debugfs with:
117 struct dentry *debugfs_create_atomic_t(const char *name, umode_t mode,
118 struct dentry *parent, atomic_t *value)
120 A read of this file will get atomic_t values, and a write of this file
121 will set atomic_t values.
123 Another option is exporting a block of arbitrary binary data, with
124 this structure and function:
126 struct debugfs_blob_wrapper {
131 struct dentry *debugfs_create_blob(const char *name, umode_t mode,
132 struct dentry *parent,
133 struct debugfs_blob_wrapper *blob);
135 A read of this file will return the data pointed to by the
136 debugfs_blob_wrapper structure. Some drivers use "blobs" as a simple way
137 to return several lines of (static) formatted text output. This function
138 can be used to export binary information, but there does not appear to be
139 any code which does so in the mainline. Note that all files created with
140 debugfs_create_blob() are read-only.
142 If you want to dump a block of registers (something that happens quite
143 often during development, even if little such code reaches mainline.
144 Debugfs offers two functions: one to make a registers-only file, and
145 another to insert a register block in the middle of another sequential
148 struct debugfs_reg32 {
150 unsigned long offset;
153 struct debugfs_regset32 {
154 struct debugfs_reg32 *regs;
159 struct dentry *debugfs_create_regset32(const char *name, umode_t mode,
160 struct dentry *parent,
161 struct debugfs_regset32 *regset);
163 void debugfs_print_regs32(struct seq_file *s, struct debugfs_reg32 *regs,
164 int nregs, void __iomem *base, char *prefix);
166 The "base" argument may be 0, but you may want to build the reg32 array
167 using __stringify, and a number of register names (macros) are actually
168 byte offsets over a base for the register block.
170 If you want to dump an u32 array in debugfs, you can create file with:
172 void debugfs_create_u32_array(const char *name, umode_t mode,
173 struct dentry *parent,
174 u32 *array, u32 elements);
176 The "array" argument provides data, and the "elements" argument is
177 the number of elements in the array. Note: Once array is created its
178 size can not be changed.
180 There is a helper function to create device related seq_file:
182 struct dentry *debugfs_create_devm_seqfile(struct device *dev,
184 struct dentry *parent,
185 int (*read_fn)(struct seq_file *s,
188 The "dev" argument is the device related to this debugfs file, and
189 the "read_fn" is a function pointer which to be called to print the
192 There are a couple of other directory-oriented helper functions:
194 struct dentry *debugfs_rename(struct dentry *old_dir,
195 struct dentry *old_dentry,
196 struct dentry *new_dir,
197 const char *new_name);
199 struct dentry *debugfs_create_symlink(const char *name,
200 struct dentry *parent,
203 A call to debugfs_rename() will give a new name to an existing debugfs
204 file, possibly in a different directory. The new_name must not exist prior
205 to the call; the return value is old_dentry with updated information.
206 Symbolic links can be created with debugfs_create_symlink().
208 There is one important thing that all debugfs users must take into account:
209 there is no automatic cleanup of any directories created in debugfs. If a
210 module is unloaded without explicitly removing debugfs entries, the result
211 will be a lot of stale pointers and no end of highly antisocial behavior.
212 So all debugfs users - at least those which can be built as modules - must
213 be prepared to remove all files and directories they create there. A file
216 void debugfs_remove(struct dentry *dentry);
218 The dentry value can be NULL or an error value, in which case nothing will
221 Once upon a time, debugfs users were required to remember the dentry
222 pointer for every debugfs file they created so that all files could be
223 cleaned up. We live in more civilized times now, though, and debugfs users
226 void debugfs_remove_recursive(struct dentry *dentry);
228 If this function is passed a pointer for the dentry corresponding to the
229 top-level directory, the entire hierarchy below that directory will be
233 [1] http://lwn.net/Articles/309298/