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6 Linux provides many different input drivers for gamepad hardware. To avoid
7 having user-space deal with different button-mappings for each gamepad, this
8 document defines how gamepads are supposed to report their data.
12 As "gamepad" we define devices which roughly look like this:
14 ____________________________ __
15 / [__ZL__] [__ZR__] \ |
16 / [__ TL __] [__ TR __] \ | Front Triggers
17 __/________________________________\__ __|
20 / || __ |MO| __ _ _ \ | Main Pad
21 | <===DP===> |SE| |ST| (W) -|- (E) | |
23 /\ \/ / \ / \ (S) /\ __|
24 / \________ | LS | ____ | RS | ________/ \ |
25 | / \ \___/ / \ \___/ / \ | | Control Sticks
26 | / \_____/ \_____/ \ | __|
30 |________|______| |______|___________|
31 D-Pad Left Right Action Pad
37 Most gamepads have the following features:
39 4 buttons in diamonds-shape (on the right side). The buttons are
40 differently labeled on most devices so we define them as NORTH,
42 - D-Pad (Direction-pad)
43 4 buttons (on the left side) that point up, down, left and right.
45 Different constellations, but most-times 2 buttons: SELECT - START
46 Furthermore, many gamepads have a fancy branded button that is used as
47 special system-button. It often looks different to the other buttons and
48 is used to pop up system-menus or system-settings.
50 Analog-sticks provide freely moveable sticks to control directions. Not
51 all devices have both or any, but they are present at most times.
52 Analog-sticks may also provide a digital button if you press them.
54 Triggers are located on the upper-side of the pad in vertical direction.
55 Not all devices provide them, but the upper buttons are normally named
56 Left- and Right-Triggers, the lower buttons Z-Left and Z-Right.
58 Many devices provide force-feedback features. But are mostly just
63 All gamepads that follow the protocol described here map BTN_GAMEPAD. This is
64 an alias for BTN_SOUTH/BTN_A. It can be used to identify a gamepad as such.
65 However, not all gamepads provide all features, so you need to test for all
66 features that you need, first. How each feature is mapped is described below.
68 Legacy drivers often don't comply to these rules. As we cannot change them
69 for backwards-compatibility reasons, you need to provide fixup mappings in
70 user-space yourself. Some of them might also provide module-options that
71 change the mappings so you can adivce users to set these.
73 All new gamepads are supposed to comply with this mapping. Please report any
76 There are a lot of less-featured/less-powerful devices out there, which re-use
77 the buttons from this protocol. However, they try to do this in a compatible
78 fashion. For example, the "Nintendo Wii Nunchuk" provides two trigger buttons
79 and one analog stick. It reports them as if it were a gamepad with only one
80 analog stick and two trigger buttons on the right side.
81 But that means, that if you only support "real" gamepads, you must test
82 devices for _all_ reported events that you need. Otherwise, you will also get
83 devices that report a small subset of the events.
85 No other devices, that do not look/feel like a gamepad, shall report these
90 Gamepads report the following events:
93 Every gamepad device has at least 2 action buttons. This means, that every
94 device reports BTN_SOUTH (which BTN_GAMEPAD is an alias for). Regardless
95 of the labels on the buttons, the codes are sent according to the
96 physical position of the buttons.
97 Please note that 2- and 3-button pads are fairly rare and old. You might
98 want to filter gamepads that do not report all four.
100 If only 2 action-buttons are present, they are reported as BTN_SOUTH and
101 BTN_EAST. For vertical layouts, the upper button is BTN_EAST. For
102 horizontal layouts, the button more on the right is BTN_EAST.
104 If only 3 action-buttons are present, they are reported as (from left
105 to right): BTN_WEST, BTN_SOUTH, BTN_EAST
106 If the buttons are aligned perfectly vertically, they are reported as
107 (from top down): BTN_WEST, BTN_SOUTH, BTN_EAST
109 If all 4 action-buttons are present, they can be aligned in two
110 different formations. If diamond-shaped, they are reported as BTN_NORTH,
111 BTN_WEST, BTN_SOUTH, BTN_EAST according to their physical location.
112 If rectangular-shaped, the upper-left button is BTN_NORTH, lower-left
113 is BTN_WEST, lower-right is BTN_SOUTH and upper-right is BTN_EAST.
116 Every gamepad provides a D-Pad with four directions: Up, Down, Left, Right
117 Some of these are available as digital buttons, some as analog buttons. Some
118 may even report both. The kernel does not convert between these so
119 applications should support both and choose what is more appropriate if
121 Digital buttons are reported as:
123 Analog buttons are reported as:
124 ABS_HAT0X and ABS_HAT0Y
127 The left analog-stick is reported as ABS_X, ABS_Y. The right analog stick is
128 reported as ABS_RX, ABS_RY. Zero, one or two sticks may be present.
129 If analog-sticks provide digital buttons, they are mapped accordingly as
130 BTN_THUMBL (first/left) and BTN_THUMBR (second/right).
133 Trigger buttons can be available as digital or analog buttons or both. User-
134 space must correctly deal with any situation and choose the most appropriate
136 Upper trigger buttons are reported as BTN_TR or ABS_HAT1X (right) and BTN_TL
137 or ABS_HAT1Y (left). Lower trigger buttons are reported as BTN_TR2 or
138 ABS_HAT2X (right/ZR) and BTN_TL2 or ABS_HAT2Y (left/ZL).
139 If only one trigger-button combination is present (upper+lower), they are
140 reported as "right" triggers (BTN_TR/ABS_HAT1X).
143 Menu buttons are always digital and are mapped according to their location
144 instead of their labels. That is:
145 1-button Pad: Mapped as BTN_START
146 2-button Pad: Left button mapped as BTN_SELECT, right button mapped as
148 Many pads also have a third button which is branded or has a special symbol
149 and meaning. Such buttons are mapped as BTN_MODE. Examples are the Nintendo
150 "HOME" button, the XBox "X"-button or Sony "P" button.
153 Rumble is adverticed as FF_RUMBLE.
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156 Written 2013 by David Herrmann <dh.herrmann@gmail.com>