9 The use of 'struct static_key' directly, is now DEPRECATED. In addition
10 static_key_{true,false}() is also DEPRECATED. IE DO NOT use the following::
12 struct static_key false = STATIC_KEY_INIT_FALSE;
13 struct static_key true = STATIC_KEY_INIT_TRUE;
17 The updated API replacements are::
19 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(key);
20 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(key);
21 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_ARRAY_TRUE(keys, count);
22 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_ARRAY_FALSE(keys, count);
23 static_branch_likely()
24 static_branch_unlikely()
29 Static keys allows the inclusion of seldom used features in
30 performance-sensitive fast-path kernel code, via a GCC feature and a code
31 patching technique. A quick example::
33 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(key);
37 if (static_branch_unlikely(&key))
43 static_branch_enable(&key);
45 static_branch_disable(&key);
48 The static_branch_unlikely() branch will be generated into the code with as little
49 impact to the likely code path as possible.
56 Currently, tracepoints are implemented using a conditional branch. The
57 conditional check requires checking a global variable for each tracepoint.
58 Although the overhead of this check is small, it increases when the memory
59 cache comes under pressure (memory cache lines for these global variables may
60 be shared with other memory accesses). As we increase the number of tracepoints
61 in the kernel this overhead may become more of an issue. In addition,
62 tracepoints are often dormant (disabled) and provide no direct kernel
63 functionality. Thus, it is highly desirable to reduce their impact as much as
64 possible. Although tracepoints are the original motivation for this work, other
65 kernel code paths should be able to make use of the static keys facility.
72 gcc (v4.5) adds a new 'asm goto' statement that allows branching to a label:
74 http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2009-07/msg01556.html
76 Using the 'asm goto', we can create branches that are either taken or not taken
77 by default, without the need to check memory. Then, at run-time, we can patch
78 the branch site to change the branch direction.
80 For example, if we have a simple branch that is disabled by default::
82 if (static_branch_unlikely(&key))
83 printk("I am the true branch\n");
85 Thus, by default the 'printk' will not be emitted. And the code generated will
86 consist of a single atomic 'no-op' instruction (5 bytes on x86), in the
87 straight-line code path. When the branch is 'flipped', we will patch the
88 'no-op' in the straight-line codepath with a 'jump' instruction to the
89 out-of-line true branch. Thus, changing branch direction is expensive but
90 branch selection is basically 'free'. That is the basic tradeoff of this
93 This lowlevel patching mechanism is called 'jump label patching', and it gives
94 the basis for the static keys facility.
96 Static key label API, usage and examples
97 ========================================
100 In order to make use of this optimization you must first define a key::
102 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(key);
106 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(key);
109 The key must be global, that is, it can't be allocated on the stack or dynamically
110 allocated at run-time.
112 The key is then used in code as::
114 if (static_branch_unlikely(&key))
121 if (static_branch_likely(&key))
126 Keys defined via DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(), or DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE, may
127 be used in either static_branch_likely() or static_branch_unlikely()
130 Branch(es) can be set true via::
132 static_branch_enable(&key);
136 static_branch_disable(&key);
138 The branch(es) can then be switched via reference counts::
140 static_branch_inc(&key);
142 static_branch_dec(&key);
144 Thus, 'static_branch_inc()' means 'make the branch true', and
145 'static_branch_dec()' means 'make the branch false' with appropriate
146 reference counting. For example, if the key is initialized true, a
147 static_branch_dec(), will switch the branch to false. And a subsequent
148 static_branch_inc(), will change the branch back to true. Likewise, if the
149 key is initialized false, a 'static_branch_inc()', will change the branch to
150 true. And then a 'static_branch_dec()', will again make the branch false.
152 Where an array of keys is required, it can be defined as::
154 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_ARRAY_TRUE(keys, count);
158 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_ARRAY_FALSE(keys, count);
160 4) Architecture level code patching interface, 'jump labels'
163 There are a few functions and macros that architectures must implement in order
164 to take advantage of this optimization. If there is no architecture support, we
165 simply fall back to a traditional, load, test, and jump sequence. Also, the
166 struct jump_entry table must be at least 4-byte aligned because the
167 static_key->entry field makes use of the two least significant bits.
169 * ``select HAVE_ARCH_JUMP_LABEL``,
170 see: arch/x86/Kconfig
172 * ``#define JUMP_LABEL_NOP_SIZE``,
173 see: arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h
175 * ``__always_inline bool arch_static_branch(struct static_key *key, bool branch)``,
176 see: arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h
178 * ``__always_inline bool arch_static_branch_jump(struct static_key *key, bool branch)``,
179 see: arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h
181 * ``void arch_jump_label_transform(struct jump_entry *entry, enum jump_label_type type)``,
182 see: arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c
184 * ``__init_or_module void arch_jump_label_transform_static(struct jump_entry *entry, enum jump_label_type type)``,
185 see: arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c
187 * ``struct jump_entry``,
188 see: arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h
191 5) Static keys / jump label analysis, results (x86_64):
194 As an example, let's add the following branch to 'getppid()', such that the
195 system call now looks like::
197 SYSCALL_DEFINE0(getppid)
201 + if (static_branch_unlikely(&key))
202 + printk("I am the true branch\n");
205 pid = task_tgid_vnr(rcu_dereference(current->real_parent));
211 The resulting instructions with jump labels generated by GCC is::
213 ffffffff81044290 <sys_getppid>:
214 ffffffff81044290: 55 push %rbp
215 ffffffff81044291: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
216 ffffffff81044294: e9 00 00 00 00 jmpq ffffffff81044299 <sys_getppid+0x9>
217 ffffffff81044299: 65 48 8b 04 25 c0 b6 mov %gs:0xb6c0,%rax
218 ffffffff810442a0: 00 00
219 ffffffff810442a2: 48 8b 80 80 02 00 00 mov 0x280(%rax),%rax
220 ffffffff810442a9: 48 8b 80 b0 02 00 00 mov 0x2b0(%rax),%rax
221 ffffffff810442b0: 48 8b b8 e8 02 00 00 mov 0x2e8(%rax),%rdi
222 ffffffff810442b7: e8 f4 d9 00 00 callq ffffffff81051cb0 <pid_vnr>
223 ffffffff810442bc: 5d pop %rbp
224 ffffffff810442bd: 48 98 cltq
225 ffffffff810442bf: c3 retq
226 ffffffff810442c0: 48 c7 c7 e3 54 98 81 mov $0xffffffff819854e3,%rdi
227 ffffffff810442c7: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
228 ffffffff810442c9: e8 71 13 6d 00 callq ffffffff8171563f <printk>
229 ffffffff810442ce: eb c9 jmp ffffffff81044299 <sys_getppid+0x9>
231 Without the jump label optimization it looks like::
233 ffffffff810441f0 <sys_getppid>:
234 ffffffff810441f0: 8b 05 8a 52 d8 00 mov 0xd8528a(%rip),%eax # ffffffff81dc9480 <key>
235 ffffffff810441f6: 55 push %rbp
236 ffffffff810441f7: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
237 ffffffff810441fa: 85 c0 test %eax,%eax
238 ffffffff810441fc: 75 27 jne ffffffff81044225 <sys_getppid+0x35>
239 ffffffff810441fe: 65 48 8b 04 25 c0 b6 mov %gs:0xb6c0,%rax
240 ffffffff81044205: 00 00
241 ffffffff81044207: 48 8b 80 80 02 00 00 mov 0x280(%rax),%rax
242 ffffffff8104420e: 48 8b 80 b0 02 00 00 mov 0x2b0(%rax),%rax
243 ffffffff81044215: 48 8b b8 e8 02 00 00 mov 0x2e8(%rax),%rdi
244 ffffffff8104421c: e8 2f da 00 00 callq ffffffff81051c50 <pid_vnr>
245 ffffffff81044221: 5d pop %rbp
246 ffffffff81044222: 48 98 cltq
247 ffffffff81044224: c3 retq
248 ffffffff81044225: 48 c7 c7 13 53 98 81 mov $0xffffffff81985313,%rdi
249 ffffffff8104422c: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
250 ffffffff8104422e: e8 60 0f 6d 00 callq ffffffff81715193 <printk>
251 ffffffff81044233: eb c9 jmp ffffffff810441fe <sys_getppid+0xe>
252 ffffffff81044235: 66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 data32 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
253 ffffffff8104423c: 00 00 00 00
255 Thus, the disable jump label case adds a 'mov', 'test' and 'jne' instruction
256 vs. the jump label case just has a 'no-op' or 'jmp 0'. (The jmp 0, is patched
257 to a 5 byte atomic no-op instruction at boot-time.) Thus, the disabled jump
260 6 (mov) + 2 (test) + 2 (jne) = 10 - 5 (5 byte jump 0) = 5 addition bytes.
262 If we then include the padding bytes, the jump label code saves, 16 total bytes
263 of instruction memory for this small function. In this case the non-jump label
264 function is 80 bytes long. Thus, we have saved 20% of the instruction
265 footprint. We can in fact improve this even further, since the 5-byte no-op
266 really can be a 2-byte no-op since we can reach the branch with a 2-byte jmp.
267 However, we have not yet implemented optimal no-op sizes (they are currently
270 Since there are a number of static key API uses in the scheduler paths,
271 'pipe-test' (also known as 'perf bench sched pipe') can be used to show the
272 performance improvement. Testing done on 3.3.0-rc2:
274 jump label disabled::
276 Performance counter stats for 'bash -c /tmp/pipe-test' (50 runs):
278 855.700314 task-clock # 0.534 CPUs utilized ( +- 0.11% )
279 200,003 context-switches # 0.234 M/sec ( +- 0.00% )
280 0 CPU-migrations # 0.000 M/sec ( +- 39.58% )
281 487 page-faults # 0.001 M/sec ( +- 0.02% )
282 1,474,374,262 cycles # 1.723 GHz ( +- 0.17% )
283 <not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend
284 <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend
285 1,178,049,567 instructions # 0.80 insns per cycle ( +- 0.06% )
286 208,368,926 branches # 243.507 M/sec ( +- 0.06% )
287 5,569,188 branch-misses # 2.67% of all branches ( +- 0.54% )
289 1.601607384 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.07% )
293 Performance counter stats for 'bash -c /tmp/pipe-test' (50 runs):
295 841.043185 task-clock # 0.533 CPUs utilized ( +- 0.12% )
296 200,004 context-switches # 0.238 M/sec ( +- 0.00% )
297 0 CPU-migrations # 0.000 M/sec ( +- 40.87% )
298 487 page-faults # 0.001 M/sec ( +- 0.05% )
299 1,432,559,428 cycles # 1.703 GHz ( +- 0.18% )
300 <not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend
301 <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend
302 1,175,363,994 instructions # 0.82 insns per cycle ( +- 0.04% )
303 206,859,359 branches # 245.956 M/sec ( +- 0.04% )
304 4,884,119 branch-misses # 2.36% of all branches ( +- 0.85% )
306 1.579384366 seconds time elapsed
308 The percentage of saved branches is .7%, and we've saved 12% on
309 'branch-misses'. This is where we would expect to get the most savings, since
310 this optimization is about reducing the number of branches. In addition, we've
311 saved .2% on instructions, and 2.8% on cycles and 1.4% on elapsed time.