2 * coretemp.c - Linux kernel module for hardware monitoring
4 * Copyright (C) 2007 Rudolf Marek <r.marek@assembler.cz>
6 * Inspired from many hwmon drivers
8 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
9 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
10 * the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
12 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
13 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
15 * GNU General Public License for more details.
17 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
18 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
19 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
23 #define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
25 #include <linux/module.h>
26 #include <linux/init.h>
27 #include <linux/slab.h>
28 #include <linux/jiffies.h>
29 #include <linux/hwmon.h>
30 #include <linux/sysfs.h>
31 #include <linux/hwmon-sysfs.h>
32 #include <linux/err.h>
33 #include <linux/mutex.h>
34 #include <linux/list.h>
35 #include <linux/platform_device.h>
36 #include <linux/cpu.h>
37 #include <linux/smp.h>
38 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
39 #include <linux/pci.h>
41 #include <asm/processor.h>
42 #include <asm/cpu_device_id.h>
44 #define DRVNAME "coretemp"
47 * force_tjmax only matters when TjMax can't be read from the CPU itself.
48 * When set, it replaces the driver's suboptimal heuristic.
50 static int force_tjmax
;
51 module_param_named(tjmax
, force_tjmax
, int, 0444);
52 MODULE_PARM_DESC(tjmax
, "TjMax value in degrees Celsius");
54 #define PKG_SYSFS_ATTR_NO 1 /* Sysfs attribute for package temp */
55 #define BASE_SYSFS_ATTR_NO 2 /* Sysfs Base attr no for coretemp */
56 #define NUM_REAL_CORES 128 /* Number of Real cores per cpu */
57 #define CORETEMP_NAME_LENGTH 19 /* String Length of attrs */
58 #define MAX_CORE_ATTRS 4 /* Maximum no of basic attrs */
59 #define TOTAL_ATTRS (MAX_CORE_ATTRS + 1)
60 #define MAX_CORE_DATA (NUM_REAL_CORES + BASE_SYSFS_ATTR_NO)
62 #define TO_CORE_ID(cpu) (cpu_data(cpu).cpu_core_id)
63 #define TO_ATTR_NO(cpu) (TO_CORE_ID(cpu) + BASE_SYSFS_ATTR_NO)
66 #define for_each_sibling(i, cpu) \
67 for_each_cpu(i, topology_sibling_cpumask(cpu))
69 #define for_each_sibling(i, cpu) for (i = 0; false; )
73 * Per-Core Temperature Data
74 * @last_updated: The time when the current temperature value was updated
75 * earlier (in jiffies).
76 * @cpu_core_id: The CPU Core from which temperature values should be read
77 * This value is passed as "id" field to rdmsr/wrmsr functions.
78 * @status_reg: One of IA32_THERM_STATUS or IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS,
79 * from where the temperature values should be read.
80 * @attr_size: Total number of pre-core attrs displayed in the sysfs.
81 * @is_pkg_data: If this is 1, the temp_data holds pkgtemp data.
82 * Otherwise, temp_data holds coretemp data.
83 * @valid: If this is 1, the current temperature is valid.
89 unsigned long last_updated
;
96 struct sensor_device_attribute sd_attrs
[TOTAL_ATTRS
];
97 char attr_name
[TOTAL_ATTRS
][CORETEMP_NAME_LENGTH
];
98 struct attribute
*attrs
[TOTAL_ATTRS
+ 1];
99 struct attribute_group attr_group
;
100 struct mutex update_lock
;
103 /* Platform Data per Physical CPU */
104 struct platform_data
{
105 struct device
*hwmon_dev
;
107 struct cpumask cpumask
;
108 struct temp_data
*core_data
[MAX_CORE_DATA
];
109 struct device_attribute name_attr
;
112 /* Keep track of how many package pointers we allocated in init() */
113 static int max_packages __read_mostly
;
114 /* Array of package pointers. Serialized by cpu hotplug lock */
115 static struct platform_device
**pkg_devices
;
117 static ssize_t
show_label(struct device
*dev
,
118 struct device_attribute
*devattr
, char *buf
)
120 struct sensor_device_attribute
*attr
= to_sensor_dev_attr(devattr
);
121 struct platform_data
*pdata
= dev_get_drvdata(dev
);
122 struct temp_data
*tdata
= pdata
->core_data
[attr
->index
];
124 if (tdata
->is_pkg_data
)
125 return sprintf(buf
, "Package id %u\n", pdata
->pkg_id
);
127 return sprintf(buf
, "Core %u\n", tdata
->cpu_core_id
);
130 static ssize_t
show_crit_alarm(struct device
*dev
,
131 struct device_attribute
*devattr
, char *buf
)
134 struct sensor_device_attribute
*attr
= to_sensor_dev_attr(devattr
);
135 struct platform_data
*pdata
= dev_get_drvdata(dev
);
136 struct temp_data
*tdata
= pdata
->core_data
[attr
->index
];
138 mutex_lock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
139 rdmsr_on_cpu(tdata
->cpu
, tdata
->status_reg
, &eax
, &edx
);
140 mutex_unlock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
142 return sprintf(buf
, "%d\n", (eax
>> 5) & 1);
145 static ssize_t
show_tjmax(struct device
*dev
,
146 struct device_attribute
*devattr
, char *buf
)
148 struct sensor_device_attribute
*attr
= to_sensor_dev_attr(devattr
);
149 struct platform_data
*pdata
= dev_get_drvdata(dev
);
151 return sprintf(buf
, "%d\n", pdata
->core_data
[attr
->index
]->tjmax
);
154 static ssize_t
show_ttarget(struct device
*dev
,
155 struct device_attribute
*devattr
, char *buf
)
157 struct sensor_device_attribute
*attr
= to_sensor_dev_attr(devattr
);
158 struct platform_data
*pdata
= dev_get_drvdata(dev
);
160 return sprintf(buf
, "%d\n", pdata
->core_data
[attr
->index
]->ttarget
);
163 static ssize_t
show_temp(struct device
*dev
,
164 struct device_attribute
*devattr
, char *buf
)
167 struct sensor_device_attribute
*attr
= to_sensor_dev_attr(devattr
);
168 struct platform_data
*pdata
= dev_get_drvdata(dev
);
169 struct temp_data
*tdata
= pdata
->core_data
[attr
->index
];
171 mutex_lock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
173 /* Check whether the time interval has elapsed */
174 if (!tdata
->valid
|| time_after(jiffies
, tdata
->last_updated
+ HZ
)) {
175 rdmsr_on_cpu(tdata
->cpu
, tdata
->status_reg
, &eax
, &edx
);
177 * Ignore the valid bit. In all observed cases the register
178 * value is either low or zero if the valid bit is 0.
179 * Return it instead of reporting an error which doesn't
180 * really help at all.
182 tdata
->temp
= tdata
->tjmax
- ((eax
>> 16) & 0x7f) * 1000;
184 tdata
->last_updated
= jiffies
;
187 mutex_unlock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
188 return sprintf(buf
, "%d\n", tdata
->temp
);
196 static const struct tjmax_pci tjmax_pci_table
[] = {
197 { 0x0708, 110000 }, /* CE41x0 (Sodaville ) */
198 { 0x0c72, 102000 }, /* Atom S1240 (Centerton) */
199 { 0x0c73, 95000 }, /* Atom S1220 (Centerton) */
200 { 0x0c75, 95000 }, /* Atom S1260 (Centerton) */
208 static const struct tjmax tjmax_table
[] = {
209 { "CPU 230", 100000 }, /* Model 0x1c, stepping 2 */
210 { "CPU 330", 125000 }, /* Model 0x1c, stepping 2 */
221 static const struct tjmax_model tjmax_model_table
[] = {
222 { 0x1c, 10, 100000 }, /* D4xx, K4xx, N4xx, D5xx, K5xx, N5xx */
223 { 0x1c, ANY
, 90000 }, /* Z5xx, N2xx, possibly others
224 * Note: Also matches 230 and 330,
225 * which are covered by tjmax_table
227 { 0x26, ANY
, 90000 }, /* Atom Tunnel Creek (Exx), Lincroft (Z6xx)
228 * Note: TjMax for E6xxT is 110C, but CPU type
229 * is undetectable by software
231 { 0x27, ANY
, 90000 }, /* Atom Medfield (Z2460) */
232 { 0x35, ANY
, 90000 }, /* Atom Clover Trail/Cloverview (Z27x0) */
233 { 0x36, ANY
, 100000 }, /* Atom Cedar Trail/Cedarview (N2xxx, D2xxx)
234 * Also matches S12x0 (stepping 9), covered by
239 static int adjust_tjmax(struct cpuinfo_x86
*c
, u32 id
, struct device
*dev
)
241 /* The 100C is default for both mobile and non mobile CPUs */
244 int tjmax_ee
= 85000;
249 struct pci_dev
*host_bridge
= pci_get_bus_and_slot(0, PCI_DEVFN(0, 0));
252 * Explicit tjmax table entries override heuristics.
253 * First try PCI host bridge IDs, followed by model ID strings
254 * and model/stepping information.
256 if (host_bridge
&& host_bridge
->vendor
== PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL
) {
257 for (i
= 0; i
< ARRAY_SIZE(tjmax_pci_table
); i
++) {
258 if (host_bridge
->device
== tjmax_pci_table
[i
].device
)
259 return tjmax_pci_table
[i
].tjmax
;
263 for (i
= 0; i
< ARRAY_SIZE(tjmax_table
); i
++) {
264 if (strstr(c
->x86_model_id
, tjmax_table
[i
].id
))
265 return tjmax_table
[i
].tjmax
;
268 for (i
= 0; i
< ARRAY_SIZE(tjmax_model_table
); i
++) {
269 const struct tjmax_model
*tm
= &tjmax_model_table
[i
];
270 if (c
->x86_model
== tm
->model
&&
271 (tm
->mask
== ANY
|| c
->x86_mask
== tm
->mask
))
275 /* Early chips have no MSR for TjMax */
277 if (c
->x86_model
== 0xf && c
->x86_mask
< 4)
280 if (c
->x86_model
> 0xe && usemsr_ee
) {
284 * Now we can detect the mobile CPU using Intel provided table
285 * http://softwarecommunity.intel.com/Wiki/Mobility/720.htm
286 * For Core2 cores, check MSR 0x17, bit 28 1 = Mobile CPU
288 err
= rdmsr_safe_on_cpu(id
, 0x17, &eax
, &edx
);
291 "Unable to access MSR 0x17, assuming desktop"
294 } else if (c
->x86_model
< 0x17 && !(eax
& 0x10000000)) {
296 * Trust bit 28 up to Penryn, I could not find any
297 * documentation on that; if you happen to know
298 * someone at Intel please ask
302 /* Platform ID bits 52:50 (EDX starts at bit 32) */
303 platform_id
= (edx
>> 18) & 0x7;
306 * Mobile Penryn CPU seems to be platform ID 7 or 5
309 if (c
->x86_model
== 0x17 &&
310 (platform_id
== 5 || platform_id
== 7)) {
312 * If MSR EE bit is set, set it to 90 degrees C,
313 * otherwise 105 degrees C
322 err
= rdmsr_safe_on_cpu(id
, 0xee, &eax
, &edx
);
325 "Unable to access MSR 0xEE, for Tjmax, left"
327 } else if (eax
& 0x40000000) {
330 } else if (tjmax
== 100000) {
332 * If we don't use msr EE it means we are desktop CPU
333 * (with exeception of Atom)
335 dev_warn(dev
, "Using relative temperature scale!\n");
341 static bool cpu_has_tjmax(struct cpuinfo_x86
*c
)
343 u8 model
= c
->x86_model
;
345 return model
> 0xe &&
353 static int get_tjmax(struct cpuinfo_x86
*c
, u32 id
, struct device
*dev
)
360 * A new feature of current Intel(R) processors, the
361 * IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET contains the TjMax value
363 err
= rdmsr_safe_on_cpu(id
, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET
, &eax
, &edx
);
365 if (cpu_has_tjmax(c
))
366 dev_warn(dev
, "Unable to read TjMax from CPU %u\n", id
);
368 val
= (eax
>> 16) & 0xff;
370 * If the TjMax is not plausible, an assumption
374 dev_dbg(dev
, "TjMax is %d degrees C\n", val
);
380 dev_notice(dev
, "TjMax forced to %d degrees C by user\n",
382 return force_tjmax
* 1000;
386 * An assumption is made for early CPUs and unreadable MSR.
387 * NOTE: the calculated value may not be correct.
389 return adjust_tjmax(c
, id
, dev
);
392 static int create_core_attrs(struct temp_data
*tdata
, struct device
*dev
,
396 static ssize_t (*const rd_ptr
[TOTAL_ATTRS
]) (struct device
*dev
,
397 struct device_attribute
*devattr
, char *buf
) = {
398 show_label
, show_crit_alarm
, show_temp
, show_tjmax
,
400 static const char *const suffixes
[TOTAL_ATTRS
] = {
401 "label", "crit_alarm", "input", "crit", "max"
404 for (i
= 0; i
< tdata
->attr_size
; i
++) {
405 snprintf(tdata
->attr_name
[i
], CORETEMP_NAME_LENGTH
,
406 "temp%d_%s", attr_no
, suffixes
[i
]);
407 sysfs_attr_init(&tdata
->sd_attrs
[i
].dev_attr
.attr
);
408 tdata
->sd_attrs
[i
].dev_attr
.attr
.name
= tdata
->attr_name
[i
];
409 tdata
->sd_attrs
[i
].dev_attr
.attr
.mode
= S_IRUGO
;
410 tdata
->sd_attrs
[i
].dev_attr
.show
= rd_ptr
[i
];
411 tdata
->sd_attrs
[i
].index
= attr_no
;
412 tdata
->attrs
[i
] = &tdata
->sd_attrs
[i
].dev_attr
.attr
;
414 tdata
->attr_group
.attrs
= tdata
->attrs
;
415 return sysfs_create_group(&dev
->kobj
, &tdata
->attr_group
);
419 static int chk_ucode_version(unsigned int cpu
)
421 struct cpuinfo_x86
*c
= &cpu_data(cpu
);
424 * Check if we have problem with errata AE18 of Core processors:
425 * Readings might stop update when processor visited too deep sleep,
426 * fixed for stepping D0 (6EC).
428 if (c
->x86_model
== 0xe && c
->x86_mask
< 0xc && c
->microcode
< 0x39) {
429 pr_err("Errata AE18 not fixed, update BIOS or microcode of the CPU!\n");
435 static struct platform_device
*coretemp_get_pdev(unsigned int cpu
)
437 int pkgid
= topology_logical_package_id(cpu
);
439 if (pkgid
>= 0 && pkgid
< max_packages
)
440 return pkg_devices
[pkgid
];
444 static struct temp_data
*init_temp_data(unsigned int cpu
, int pkg_flag
)
446 struct temp_data
*tdata
;
448 tdata
= kzalloc(sizeof(struct temp_data
), GFP_KERNEL
);
452 tdata
->status_reg
= pkg_flag
? MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS
:
453 MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS
;
454 tdata
->is_pkg_data
= pkg_flag
;
456 tdata
->cpu_core_id
= TO_CORE_ID(cpu
);
457 tdata
->attr_size
= MAX_CORE_ATTRS
;
458 mutex_init(&tdata
->update_lock
);
462 static int create_core_data(struct platform_device
*pdev
, unsigned int cpu
,
465 struct temp_data
*tdata
;
466 struct platform_data
*pdata
= platform_get_drvdata(pdev
);
467 struct cpuinfo_x86
*c
= &cpu_data(cpu
);
472 * Find attr number for sysfs:
473 * We map the attr number to core id of the CPU
474 * The attr number is always core id + 2
475 * The Pkgtemp will always show up as temp1_*, if available
477 attr_no
= pkg_flag
? PKG_SYSFS_ATTR_NO
: TO_ATTR_NO(cpu
);
479 if (attr_no
> MAX_CORE_DATA
- 1)
482 tdata
= init_temp_data(cpu
, pkg_flag
);
486 /* Test if we can access the status register */
487 err
= rdmsr_safe_on_cpu(cpu
, tdata
->status_reg
, &eax
, &edx
);
491 /* We can access status register. Get Critical Temperature */
492 tdata
->tjmax
= get_tjmax(c
, cpu
, &pdev
->dev
);
495 * Read the still undocumented bits 8:15 of IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET.
496 * The target temperature is available on older CPUs but not in this
497 * register. Atoms don't have the register at all.
499 if (c
->x86_model
> 0xe && c
->x86_model
!= 0x1c) {
500 err
= rdmsr_safe_on_cpu(cpu
, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET
,
504 = tdata
->tjmax
- ((eax
>> 8) & 0xff) * 1000;
509 pdata
->core_data
[attr_no
] = tdata
;
511 /* Create sysfs interfaces */
512 err
= create_core_attrs(tdata
, pdata
->hwmon_dev
, attr_no
);
518 pdata
->core_data
[attr_no
] = NULL
;
524 coretemp_add_core(struct platform_device
*pdev
, unsigned int cpu
, int pkg_flag
)
526 if (create_core_data(pdev
, cpu
, pkg_flag
))
527 dev_err(&pdev
->dev
, "Adding Core %u failed\n", cpu
);
530 static void coretemp_remove_core(struct platform_data
*pdata
, int indx
)
532 struct temp_data
*tdata
= pdata
->core_data
[indx
];
534 /* Remove the sysfs attributes */
535 sysfs_remove_group(&pdata
->hwmon_dev
->kobj
, &tdata
->attr_group
);
537 kfree(pdata
->core_data
[indx
]);
538 pdata
->core_data
[indx
] = NULL
;
541 static int coretemp_probe(struct platform_device
*pdev
)
543 struct device
*dev
= &pdev
->dev
;
544 struct platform_data
*pdata
;
546 /* Initialize the per-package data structures */
547 pdata
= devm_kzalloc(dev
, sizeof(struct platform_data
), GFP_KERNEL
);
551 pdata
->pkg_id
= pdev
->id
;
552 platform_set_drvdata(pdev
, pdata
);
554 pdata
->hwmon_dev
= devm_hwmon_device_register_with_groups(dev
, DRVNAME
,
556 return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(pdata
->hwmon_dev
);
559 static int coretemp_remove(struct platform_device
*pdev
)
561 struct platform_data
*pdata
= platform_get_drvdata(pdev
);
564 for (i
= MAX_CORE_DATA
- 1; i
>= 0; --i
)
565 if (pdata
->core_data
[i
])
566 coretemp_remove_core(pdata
, i
);
571 static struct platform_driver coretemp_driver
= {
575 .probe
= coretemp_probe
,
576 .remove
= coretemp_remove
,
579 static struct platform_device
*coretemp_device_add(unsigned int cpu
)
581 int err
, pkgid
= topology_logical_package_id(cpu
);
582 struct platform_device
*pdev
;
585 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM
);
587 pdev
= platform_device_alloc(DRVNAME
, pkgid
);
589 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM
);
591 err
= platform_device_add(pdev
);
593 platform_device_put(pdev
);
597 pkg_devices
[pkgid
] = pdev
;
601 static int coretemp_cpu_online(unsigned int cpu
)
603 struct platform_device
*pdev
= coretemp_get_pdev(cpu
);
604 struct cpuinfo_x86
*c
= &cpu_data(cpu
);
605 struct platform_data
*pdata
;
608 * CPUID.06H.EAX[0] indicates whether the CPU has thermal
609 * sensors. We check this bit only, all the early CPUs
610 * without thermal sensors will be filtered out.
612 if (!cpu_has(c
, X86_FEATURE_DTHERM
))
616 /* Check the microcode version of the CPU */
617 if (chk_ucode_version(cpu
))
621 * Alright, we have DTS support.
622 * We are bringing the _first_ core in this pkg
623 * online. So, initialize per-pkg data structures and
624 * then bring this core online.
626 pdev
= coretemp_device_add(cpu
);
628 return PTR_ERR(pdev
);
631 * Check whether pkgtemp support is available.
632 * If so, add interfaces for pkgtemp.
634 if (cpu_has(c
, X86_FEATURE_PTS
))
635 coretemp_add_core(pdev
, cpu
, 1);
638 pdata
= platform_get_drvdata(pdev
);
640 * Check whether a thread sibling is already online. If not add the
641 * interface for this CPU core.
643 if (!cpumask_intersects(&pdata
->cpumask
, topology_sibling_cpumask(cpu
)))
644 coretemp_add_core(pdev
, cpu
, 0);
646 cpumask_set_cpu(cpu
, &pdata
->cpumask
);
650 static int coretemp_cpu_offline(unsigned int cpu
)
652 struct platform_device
*pdev
= coretemp_get_pdev(cpu
);
653 struct platform_data
*pd
;
654 struct temp_data
*tdata
;
657 /* If the physical CPU device does not exist, just return */
661 /* The core id is too big, just return */
662 indx
= TO_ATTR_NO(cpu
);
663 if (indx
> MAX_CORE_DATA
- 1)
666 pd
= platform_get_drvdata(pdev
);
667 tdata
= pd
->core_data
[indx
];
669 cpumask_clear_cpu(cpu
, &pd
->cpumask
);
672 * If this is the last thread sibling, remove the CPU core
673 * interface, If there is still a sibling online, transfer the
674 * target cpu of that core interface to it.
676 target
= cpumask_any_and(&pd
->cpumask
, topology_sibling_cpumask(cpu
));
677 if (target
>= nr_cpu_ids
) {
678 coretemp_remove_core(pd
, indx
);
679 } else if (tdata
&& tdata
->cpu
== cpu
) {
680 mutex_lock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
682 mutex_unlock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
686 * If all cores in this pkg are offline, remove the device. This
687 * will invoke the platform driver remove function, which cleans up
690 if (cpumask_empty(&pd
->cpumask
)) {
691 pkg_devices
[topology_logical_package_id(cpu
)] = NULL
;
692 platform_device_unregister(pdev
);
697 * Check whether this core is the target for the package
698 * interface. We need to assign it to some other cpu.
700 tdata
= pd
->core_data
[PKG_SYSFS_ATTR_NO
];
701 if (tdata
&& tdata
->cpu
== cpu
) {
702 target
= cpumask_first(&pd
->cpumask
);
703 mutex_lock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
705 mutex_unlock(&tdata
->update_lock
);
709 static const struct x86_cpu_id __initconst coretemp_ids
[] = {
710 { X86_VENDOR_INTEL
, X86_FAMILY_ANY
, X86_MODEL_ANY
, X86_FEATURE_DTHERM
},
713 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(x86cpu
, coretemp_ids
);
715 static enum cpuhp_state coretemp_hp_online
;
717 static int __init
coretemp_init(void)
722 * CPUID.06H.EAX[0] indicates whether the CPU has thermal
723 * sensors. We check this bit only, all the early CPUs
724 * without thermal sensors will be filtered out.
726 if (!x86_match_cpu(coretemp_ids
))
729 max_packages
= topology_max_packages();
730 pkg_devices
= kzalloc(max_packages
* sizeof(struct platform_device
*),
735 err
= platform_driver_register(&coretemp_driver
);
739 err
= cpuhp_setup_state(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN
, "hwmon/coretemp:online",
740 coretemp_cpu_online
, coretemp_cpu_offline
);
743 coretemp_hp_online
= err
;
747 platform_driver_unregister(&coretemp_driver
);
751 module_init(coretemp_init
)
753 static void __exit
coretemp_exit(void)
755 cpuhp_remove_state(coretemp_hp_online
);
756 platform_driver_unregister(&coretemp_driver
);
759 module_exit(coretemp_exit
)
761 MODULE_AUTHOR("Rudolf Marek <r.marek@assembler.cz>");
762 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Intel Core temperature monitor");
763 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");