1 Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks
2 ====================================
4 Documentation for sysrq.c
6 What is the magic SysRq key?
7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9 It is a 'magical' key combo you can hit which the kernel will respond to
10 regardless of whatever else it is doing, unless it is completely locked up.
12 How do I enable the magic SysRq key?
13 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
15 You need to say "yes" to 'Magic SysRq key (CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ)' when
16 configuring the kernel. When running a kernel with SysRq compiled in,
17 /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq controls the functions allowed to be invoked via
18 the SysRq key. The default value in this file is set by the
19 CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ_DEFAULT_ENABLE config symbol, which itself defaults
20 to 1. Here is the list of possible values in /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq:
22 - 0 - disable sysrq completely
23 - 1 - enable all functions of sysrq
24 - >1 - bitmask of allowed sysrq functions (see below for detailed function
27 2 = 0x2 - enable control of console logging level
28 4 = 0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
29 8 = 0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
30 16 = 0x10 - enable sync command
31 32 = 0x20 - enable remount read-only
32 64 = 0x40 - enable signalling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill)
33 128 = 0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff
34 256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks
36 You can set the value in the file by the following command::
38 echo "number" >/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
40 The number may be written here either as decimal or as hexadecimal
41 with the 0x prefix. CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ_DEFAULT_ENABLE must always be
42 written in hexadecimal.
44 Note that the value of ``/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq`` influences only the invocation
45 via a keyboard. Invocation of any operation via ``/proc/sysrq-trigger`` is
46 always allowed (by a user with admin privileges).
48 How do I use the magic SysRq key?
49 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
51 On x86 - You press the key combo :kbd:`ALT-SysRq-<command key>`.
55 keyboards may not have a key labeled 'SysRq'. The 'SysRq' key is
56 also known as the 'Print Screen' key. Also some keyboards cannot
57 handle so many keys being pressed at the same time, so you might
58 have better luck with press :kbd:`Alt`, press :kbd:`SysRq`,
59 release :kbd:`SysRq`, press :kbd:`<command key>`, release everything.
61 On SPARC - You press :kbd:`ALT-STOP-<command key>`, I believe.
63 On the serial console (PC style standard serial ports only)
64 You send a ``BREAK``, then within 5 seconds a command key. Sending
65 ``BREAK`` twice is interpreted as a normal BREAK.
68 Press :kbd:`ALT - Print Screen` (or :kbd:`F13`) - :kbd:`<command key>`,
69 :kbd:`Print Screen` (or :kbd:`F13`) - :kbd:`<command key>` may suffice.
72 If you know of the key combos for other architectures, please
73 let me know so I can add them to this section.
76 write a character to /proc/sysrq-trigger. e.g.::
78 echo t > /proc/sysrq-trigger
80 What are the 'command' keys?
81 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
83 =========== ===================================================================
85 =========== ===================================================================
86 ``b`` Will immediately reboot the system without syncing or unmounting
89 ``c`` Will perform a system crash by a NULL pointer dereference.
90 A crashdump will be taken if configured.
92 ``d`` Shows all locks that are held.
94 ``e`` Send a SIGTERM to all processes, except for init.
96 ``f`` Will call the oom killer to kill a memory hog process, but do not
97 panic if nothing can be killed.
99 ``g`` Used by kgdb (kernel debugger)
101 ``h`` Will display help (actually any other key than those listed
102 here will display help. but ``h`` is easy to remember :-)
104 ``i`` Send a SIGKILL to all processes, except for init.
106 ``j`` Forcibly "Just thaw it" - filesystems frozen by the FIFREEZE ioctl.
108 ``k`` Secure Access Key (SAK) Kills all programs on the current virtual
109 console. NOTE: See important comments below in SAK section.
111 ``l`` Shows a stack backtrace for all active CPUs.
113 ``m`` Will dump current memory info to your console.
115 ``n`` Used to make RT tasks nice-able
117 ``o`` Will shut your system off (if configured and supported).
119 ``p`` Will dump the current registers and flags to your console.
121 ``q`` Will dump per CPU lists of all armed hrtimers (but NOT regular
122 timer_list timers) and detailed information about all
125 ``r`` Turns off keyboard raw mode and sets it to XLATE.
127 ``s`` Will attempt to sync all mounted filesystems.
129 ``t`` Will dump a list of current tasks and their information to your
132 ``u`` Will attempt to remount all mounted filesystems read-only.
134 ``v`` Forcefully restores framebuffer console
135 ``v`` Causes ETM buffer dump [ARM-specific]
137 ``w`` Dumps tasks that are in uninterruptable (blocked) state.
139 ``x`` Used by xmon interface on ppc/powerpc platforms.
140 Show global PMU Registers on sparc64.
141 Dump all TLB entries on MIPS.
143 ``y`` Show global CPU Registers [SPARC-64 specific]
145 ``z`` Dump the ftrace buffer
147 ``0``-``9`` Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages
148 will be printed to your console. (``0``, for example would make
149 it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would
150 make it to your console.)
151 =========== ===================================================================
153 Okay, so what can I use them for?
154 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
156 Well, unraw(r) is very handy when your X server or a svgalib program crashes.
158 sak(k) (Secure Access Key) is useful when you want to be sure there is no
159 trojan program running at console which could grab your password
160 when you would try to login. It will kill all programs on given console,
161 thus letting you make sure that the login prompt you see is actually
162 the one from init, not some trojan program.
166 In its true form it is not a true SAK like the one in a
167 c2 compliant system, and it should not be mistaken as
170 It seems others find it useful as (System Attention Key) which is
171 useful when you want to exit a program that will not let you switch consoles.
172 (For example, X or a svgalib program.)
174 ``reboot(b)`` is good when you're unable to shut down. But you should also
175 ``sync(s)`` and ``umount(u)`` first.
177 ``crash(c)`` can be used to manually trigger a crashdump when the system is hung.
178 Note that this just triggers a crash if there is no dump mechanism available.
180 ``sync(s)`` is great when your system is locked up, it allows you to sync your
181 disks and will certainly lessen the chance of data loss and fscking. Note
182 that the sync hasn't taken place until you see the "OK" and "Done" appear
183 on the screen. (If the kernel is really in strife, you may not ever get the
184 OK or Done message...)
186 ``umount(u)`` is basically useful in the same ways as ``sync(s)``. I generally
187 ``sync(s)``, ``umount(u)``, then ``reboot(b)`` when my system locks. It's saved
188 me many a fsck. Again, the unmount (remount read-only) hasn't taken place until
189 you see the "OK" and "Done" message appear on the screen.
191 The loglevels ``0``-``9`` are useful when your console is being flooded with
192 kernel messages you do not want to see. Selecting ``0`` will prevent all but
193 the most urgent kernel messages from reaching your console. (They will
194 still be logged if syslogd/klogd are alive, though.)
196 ``term(e)`` and ``kill(i)`` are useful if you have some sort of runaway process
197 you are unable to kill any other way, especially if it's spawning other
200 "just thaw ``it(j)``" is useful if your system becomes unresponsive due to a
201 frozen (probably root) filesystem via the FIFREEZE ioctl.
203 Sometimes SysRq seems to get 'stuck' after using it, what can I do?
204 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
206 That happens to me, also. I've found that tapping shift, alt, and control
207 on both sides of the keyboard, and hitting an invalid sysrq sequence again
208 will fix the problem. (i.e., something like :kbd:`alt-sysrq-z`). Switching to
209 another virtual console (:kbd:`ALT+Fn`) and then back again should also help.
211 I hit SysRq, but nothing seems to happen, what's wrong?
212 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
214 There are some keyboards that produce a different keycode for SysRq than the
215 pre-defined value of 99 (see ``KEY_SYSRQ`` in ``include/linux/input.h``), or
216 which don't have a SysRq key at all. In these cases, run ``showkey -s`` to find
217 an appropriate scancode sequence, and use ``setkeycodes <sequence> 99`` to map
218 this sequence to the usual SysRq code (e.g., ``setkeycodes e05b 99``). It's
219 probably best to put this command in a boot script. Oh, and by the way, you
220 exit ``showkey`` by not typing anything for ten seconds.
222 I want to add SysRQ key events to a module, how does it work?
223 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
225 In order to register a basic function with the table, you must first include
226 the header ``include/linux/sysrq.h``, this will define everything else you need.
227 Next, you must create a ``sysrq_key_op`` struct, and populate it with A) the key
228 handler function you will use, B) a help_msg string, that will print when SysRQ
229 prints help, and C) an action_msg string, that will print right before your
230 handler is called. Your handler must conform to the prototype in 'sysrq.h'.
232 After the ``sysrq_key_op`` is created, you can call the kernel function
233 ``register_sysrq_key(int key, struct sysrq_key_op *op_p);`` this will
234 register the operation pointed to by ``op_p`` at table key 'key',
235 if that slot in the table is blank. At module unload time, you must call
236 the function ``unregister_sysrq_key(int key, struct sysrq_key_op *op_p)``, which
237 will remove the key op pointed to by 'op_p' from the key 'key', if and only if
238 it is currently registered in that slot. This is in case the slot has been
239 overwritten since you registered it.
241 The Magic SysRQ system works by registering key operations against a key op
242 lookup table, which is defined in 'drivers/tty/sysrq.c'. This key table has
243 a number of operations registered into it at compile time, but is mutable,
244 and 2 functions are exported for interface to it::
246 register_sysrq_key and unregister_sysrq_key.
248 Of course, never ever leave an invalid pointer in the table. I.e., when
249 your module that called register_sysrq_key() exits, it must call
250 unregister_sysrq_key() to clean up the sysrq key table entry that it used.
251 Null pointers in the table are always safe. :)
253 If for some reason you feel the need to call the handle_sysrq function from
254 within a function called by handle_sysrq, you must be aware that you are in
255 a lock (you are also in an interrupt handler, which means don't sleep!), so
256 you must call ``__handle_sysrq_nolock`` instead.
258 When I hit a SysRq key combination only the header appears on the console?
259 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
261 Sysrq output is subject to the same console loglevel control as all
262 other console output. This means that if the kernel was booted 'quiet'
263 as is common on distro kernels the output may not appear on the actual
264 console, even though it will appear in the dmesg buffer, and be accessible
265 via the dmesg command and to the consumers of ``/proc/kmsg``. As a specific
266 exception the header line from the sysrq command is passed to all console
267 consumers as if the current loglevel was maximum. If only the header
268 is emitted it is almost certain that the kernel loglevel is too low.
269 Should you require the output on the console channel then you will need
270 to temporarily up the console loglevel using :kbd:`alt-sysrq-8` or::
272 echo 8 > /proc/sysrq-trigger
274 Remember to return the loglevel to normal after triggering the sysrq
275 command you are interested in.
277 I have more questions, who can I ask?
278 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
280 Just ask them on the linux-kernel mailing list:
281 linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
286 Written by Mydraal <vulpyne@vulpyne.net>
287 Updated by Adam Sulmicki <adam@cfar.umd.edu>
288 Updated by Jeremy M. Dolan <jmd@turbogeek.org> 2001/01/28 10:15:59
289 Added to by Crutcher Dunnavant <crutcher+kernel@datastacks.com>