5 NTB (Non-Transparent Bridge) is a type of PCI-Express bridge chip that connects
6 the separate memory systems of two or more computers to the same PCI-Express
7 fabric. Existing NTB hardware supports a common feature set: doorbell
8 registers and memory translation windows, as well as non common features like
9 scratchpad and message registers. Scratchpad registers are read-and-writable
10 registers that are accessible from either side of the device, so that peers can
11 exchange a small amount of information at a fixed address. Message registers can
12 be utilized for the same purpose. Additionally they are provided with with
13 special status bits to make sure the information isn't rewritten by another
14 peer. Doorbell registers provide a way for peers to send interrupt events.
15 Memory windows allow translated read and write access to the peer memory.
20 The NTB core driver defines an api wrapping the common feature set, and allows
21 clients interested in NTB features to discover NTB the devices supported by
22 hardware drivers. The term "client" is used here to mean an upper layer
23 component making use of the NTB api. The term "driver," or "hardware driver,"
24 is used here to mean a driver for a specific vendor and model of NTB hardware.
29 NTB client drivers should register with the NTB core driver. After
30 registering, the client probe and remove functions will be called appropriately
31 as ntb hardware, or hardware drivers, are inserted and removed. The
32 registration uses the Linux Device framework, so it should feel familiar to
33 anyone who has written a pci driver.
35 NTB Typical client driver implementation
36 ----------------------------------------
38 Primary purpose of NTB is to share some peace of memory between at least two
39 systems. So the NTB device features like Scratchpad/Message registers are
40 mainly used to perform the proper memory window initialization. Typically
41 there are two types of memory window interfaces supported by the NTB API:
42 inbound translation configured on the local ntb port and outbound translation
43 configured by the peer, on the peer ntb port. The first type is
44 depicted on the next figure::
48 Memory: Local NTB Port: Peer NTB Port: Peer MMIO:
50 | dma-mapped |-ntb_mw_set_trans(addr) |
51 | memory | _v____________ | ______________
52 | (addr) |<======| MW xlat addr |<====| MW base addr |<== memory-mapped IO
53 |------------| |--------------| | |--------------|
55 So typical scenario of the first type memory window initialization looks:
56 1) allocate a memory region, 2) put translated address to NTB config,
57 3) somehow notify a peer device of performed initialization, 4) peer device
58 maps corresponding outbound memory window so to have access to the shared
61 The second type of interface, that implies the shared windows being
62 initialized by a peer device, is depicted on the figure::
66 Memory: Local NTB Port: Peer NTB Port: Peer MMIO:
67 ____________ ______________
68 | dma-mapped | | | MW base addr |<== memory-mapped IO
69 | memory | | |--------------|
70 | (addr) |<===================| MW xlat addr |<-ntb_peer_mw_set_trans(addr)
71 |------------| | |--------------|
73 Typical scenario of the second type interface initialization would be:
74 1) allocate a memory region, 2) somehow deliver a translated address to a peer
75 device, 3) peer puts the translated address to NTB config, 4) peer device maps
76 outbound memory window so to have access to the shared memory region.
78 As one can see the described scenarios can be combined in one portable
82 1) Allocate memory for a shared window
83 2) Initialize memory window by translated address of the allocated region
84 (it may fail if local memory window initialization is unsupported)
85 3) Send the translated address and memory window index to a peer device
88 1) Initialize memory window with retrieved address of the allocated
89 by another device memory region (it may fail if peer memory window
90 initialization is unsupported)
91 2) Map outbound memory window
93 In accordance with this scenario, the NTB Memory Window API can be used as
97 1) ntb_mw_count(pidx) - retrieve number of memory ranges, which can
98 be allocated for memory windows between local device and peer device
99 of port with specified index.
100 2) ntb_get_align(pidx, midx) - retrieve parameters restricting the
101 shared memory region alignment and size. Then memory can be properly
103 3) Allocate physically contiguous memory region in compliance with
104 restrictions retrieved in 2).
105 4) ntb_mw_set_trans(pidx, midx) - try to set translation address of
106 the memory window with specified index for the defined peer device
107 (it may fail if local translated address setting is not supported)
108 5) Send translated base address (usually together with memory window
109 number) to the peer device using, for instance, scratchpad or message
113 1) ntb_peer_mw_set_trans(pidx, midx) - try to set received from other
114 device (related to pidx) translated address for specified memory
115 window. It may fail if retrieved address, for instance, exceeds
116 maximum possible address or isn't properly aligned.
117 2) ntb_peer_mw_get_addr(widx) - retrieve MMIO address to map the memory
118 window so to have an access to the shared memory.
120 Also it is worth to note, that method ntb_mw_count(pidx) should return the
121 same value as ntb_peer_mw_count() on the peer with port index - pidx.
123 NTB Transport Client (ntb\_transport) and NTB Netdev (ntb\_netdev)
124 ------------------------------------------------------------------
126 The primary client for NTB is the Transport client, used in tandem with NTB
127 Netdev. These drivers function together to create a logical link to the peer,
128 across the ntb, to exchange packets of network data. The Transport client
129 establishes a logical link to the peer, and creates queue pairs to exchange
130 messages and data. The NTB Netdev then creates an ethernet device using a
131 Transport queue pair. Network data is copied between socket buffers and the
132 Transport queue pair buffer. The Transport client may be used for other things
133 besides Netdev, however no other applications have yet been written.
135 NTB Ping Pong Test Client (ntb\_pingpong)
136 -----------------------------------------
138 The Ping Pong test client serves as a demonstration to exercise the doorbell
139 and scratchpad registers of NTB hardware, and as an example simple NTB client.
140 Ping Pong enables the link when started, waits for the NTB link to come up, and
141 then proceeds to read and write the doorbell scratchpad registers of the NTB.
142 The peers interrupt each other using a bit mask of doorbell bits, which is
143 shifted by one in each round, to test the behavior of multiple doorbell bits
144 and interrupt vectors. The Ping Pong driver also reads the first local
145 scratchpad, and writes the value plus one to the first peer scratchpad, each
146 round before writing the peer doorbell register.
150 * unsafe - Some hardware has known issues with scratchpad and doorbell
151 registers. By default, Ping Pong will not attempt to exercise such
152 hardware. You may override this behavior at your own risk by setting
154 * delay\_ms - Specify the delay between receiving a doorbell
155 interrupt event and setting the peer doorbell register for the next
157 * init\_db - Specify the doorbell bits to start new series of rounds. A new
158 series begins once all the doorbell bits have been shifted out of
160 * dyndbg - It is suggested to specify dyndbg=+p when loading this module, and
161 then to observe debugging output on the console.
163 NTB Tool Test Client (ntb\_tool)
164 --------------------------------
166 The Tool test client serves for debugging, primarily, ntb hardware and drivers.
167 The Tool provides access through debugfs for reading, setting, and clearing the
168 NTB doorbell, and reading and writing scratchpads.
170 The Tool does not currently have any module parameters.
174 * *debugfs*/ntb\_tool/*hw*/
175 A directory in debugfs will be created for each
176 NTB device probed by the tool. This directory is shortened to *hw*
179 This file is used to read, set, and clear the local doorbell. Not
180 all operations may be supported by all hardware. To read the doorbell,
181 read the file. To set the doorbell, write `s` followed by the bits to
182 set (eg: `echo 's 0x0101' > db`). To clear the doorbell, write `c`
183 followed by the bits to clear.
185 This file is used to read, set, and clear the local doorbell mask.
186 See *db* for details.
188 This file is used to read, set, and clear the peer doorbell.
189 See *db* for details.
191 This file is used to read, set, and clear the peer doorbell
192 mask. See *db* for details.
194 This file is used to read and write local scratchpads. To read
195 the values of all scratchpads, read the file. To write values, write a
196 series of pairs of scratchpad number and value
197 (eg: `echo '4 0x123 7 0xabc' > spad`
198 # to set scratchpads `4` and `7` to `0x123` and `0xabc`, respectively).
200 This file is used to read and write peer scratchpads. See
206 NTB hardware drivers should register devices with the NTB core driver. After
207 registering, clients probe and remove functions will be called.
209 NTB Intel Hardware Driver (ntb\_hw\_intel)
210 ------------------------------------------
212 The Intel hardware driver supports NTB on Xeon and Atom CPUs.
217 If the peer ntb is to be accessed via a memory window, then use
218 this memory window to access the peer ntb. A value of zero or positive
219 starts from the first mw idx, and a negative value starts from the last
220 mw idx. Both sides MUST set the same value here! The default value is
223 If the peer ntb is to be accessed via a memory window, and if
224 the memory window is large enough, still allow the client to use the
225 second half of the memory window for address translation to the peer.
226 * xeon\_b2b\_usd\_bar2\_addr64
227 If using B2B topology on Xeon hardware, use
228 this 64 bit address on the bus between the NTB devices for the window
229 at BAR2, on the upstream side of the link.
230 * xeon\_b2b\_usd\_bar4\_addr64 - See *xeon\_b2b\_bar2\_addr64*.
231 * xeon\_b2b\_usd\_bar4\_addr32 - See *xeon\_b2b\_bar2\_addr64*.
232 * xeon\_b2b\_usd\_bar5\_addr32 - See *xeon\_b2b\_bar2\_addr64*.
233 * xeon\_b2b\_dsd\_bar2\_addr64 - See *xeon\_b2b\_bar2\_addr64*.
234 * xeon\_b2b\_dsd\_bar4\_addr64 - See *xeon\_b2b\_bar2\_addr64*.
235 * xeon\_b2b\_dsd\_bar4\_addr32 - See *xeon\_b2b\_bar2\_addr64*.
236 * xeon\_b2b\_dsd\_bar5\_addr32 - See *xeon\_b2b\_bar2\_addr64*.