1 GPIO Sysfs Interface for Userspace
2 ==================================
4 Platforms which use the "gpiolib" implementors framework may choose to
5 configure a sysfs user interface to GPIOs. This is different from the
6 debugfs interface, since it provides control over GPIO direction and
7 value instead of just showing a gpio state summary. Plus, it could be
8 present on production systems without debugging support.
10 Given appropriate hardware documentation for the system, userspace could
11 know for example that GPIO #23 controls the write protect line used to
12 protect boot loader segments in flash memory. System upgrade procedures
13 may need to temporarily remove that protection, first importing a GPIO,
14 then changing its output state, then updating the code before re-enabling
15 the write protection. In normal use, GPIO #23 would never be touched,
16 and the kernel would have no need to know about it.
18 Again depending on appropriate hardware documentation, on some systems
19 userspace GPIO can be used to determine system configuration data that
20 standard kernels won't know about. And for some tasks, simple userspace
21 GPIO drivers could be all that the system really needs.
23 DO NOT ABUSE SYSFS TO CONTROL HARDWARE THAT HAS PROPER KERNEL DRIVERS.
24 PLEASE READ THE DOCUMENT NAMED "drivers-on-gpio.txt" IN THIS DOCUMENTATION
25 DIRECTORY TO AVOID REINVENTING KERNEL WHEELS IN USERSPACE. I MEAN IT.
30 There are three kinds of entries in /sys/class/gpio:
32 - Control interfaces used to get userspace control over GPIOs;
34 - GPIOs themselves; and
36 - GPIO controllers ("gpio_chip" instances).
38 That's in addition to standard files including the "device" symlink.
40 The control interfaces are write-only:
44 "export" ... Userspace may ask the kernel to export control of
45 a GPIO to userspace by writing its number to this file.
47 Example: "echo 19 > export" will create a "gpio19" node
48 for GPIO #19, if that's not requested by kernel code.
50 "unexport" ... Reverses the effect of exporting to userspace.
52 Example: "echo 19 > unexport" will remove a "gpio19"
53 node exported using the "export" file.
55 GPIO signals have paths like /sys/class/gpio/gpio42/ (for GPIO #42)
56 and have the following read/write attributes:
58 /sys/class/gpio/gpioN/
60 "direction" ... reads as either "in" or "out". This value may
61 normally be written. Writing as "out" defaults to
62 initializing the value as low. To ensure glitch free
63 operation, values "low" and "high" may be written to
64 configure the GPIO as an output with that initial value.
66 Note that this attribute *will not exist* if the kernel
67 doesn't support changing the direction of a GPIO, or
68 it was exported by kernel code that didn't explicitly
69 allow userspace to reconfigure this GPIO's direction.
71 "value" ... reads as either 0 (low) or 1 (high). If the GPIO
72 is configured as an output, this value may be written;
73 any nonzero value is treated as high.
75 If the pin can be configured as interrupt-generating interrupt
76 and if it has been configured to generate interrupts (see the
77 description of "edge"), you can poll(2) on that file and
78 poll(2) will return whenever the interrupt was triggered. If
79 you use poll(2), set the events POLLPRI and POLLERR. If you
80 use select(2), set the file descriptor in exceptfds. After
81 poll(2) returns, either lseek(2) to the beginning of the sysfs
82 file and read the new value or close the file and re-open it
85 "edge" ... reads as either "none", "rising", "falling", or
86 "both". Write these strings to select the signal edge(s)
87 that will make poll(2) on the "value" file return.
89 This file exists only if the pin can be configured as an
90 interrupt generating input pin.
92 "active_low" ... reads as either 0 (false) or 1 (true). Write
93 any nonzero value to invert the value attribute both
94 for reading and writing. Existing and subsequent
95 poll(2) support configuration via the edge attribute
96 for "rising" and "falling" edges will follow this
99 GPIO controllers have paths like /sys/class/gpio/gpiochip42/ (for the
100 controller implementing GPIOs starting at #42) and have the following
101 read-only attributes:
103 /sys/class/gpio/gpiochipN/
105 "base" ... same as N, the first GPIO managed by this chip
107 "label" ... provided for diagnostics (not always unique)
109 "ngpio" ... how many GPIOs this manages (N to N + ngpio - 1)
111 Board documentation should in most cases cover what GPIOs are used for
112 what purposes. However, those numbers are not always stable; GPIOs on
113 a daughtercard might be different depending on the base board being used,
114 or other cards in the stack. In such cases, you may need to use the
115 gpiochip nodes (possibly in conjunction with schematics) to determine
116 the correct GPIO number to use for a given signal.
119 Exporting from Kernel code
120 --------------------------
121 Kernel code can explicitly manage exports of GPIOs which have already been
122 requested using gpio_request():
124 /* export the GPIO to userspace */
125 int gpiod_export(struct gpio_desc *desc, bool direction_may_change);
127 /* reverse gpio_export() */
128 void gpiod_unexport(struct gpio_desc *desc);
130 /* create a sysfs link to an exported GPIO node */
131 int gpiod_export_link(struct device *dev, const char *name,
132 struct gpio_desc *desc);
134 After a kernel driver requests a GPIO, it may only be made available in
135 the sysfs interface by gpiod_export(). The driver can control whether the
136 signal direction may change. This helps drivers prevent userspace code
137 from accidentally clobbering important system state.
139 This explicit exporting can help with debugging (by making some kinds
140 of experiments easier), or can provide an always-there interface that's
141 suitable for documenting as part of a board support package.
143 After the GPIO has been exported, gpiod_export_link() allows creating
144 symlinks from elsewhere in sysfs to the GPIO sysfs node. Drivers can
145 use this to provide the interface under their own device in sysfs with