8 Building with link time optimization requires cooperation from
9 the system linker. LTO support on Linux systems is available via the
10 `gold linker`_ which supports LTO via plugins. This is the same mechanism
11 used by the `GCC LTO`_ project.
13 The LLVM gold plugin implements the gold plugin interface on top of
14 :ref:`libLTO`. The same plugin can also be used by other tools such as
15 ``ar`` and ``nm``. Note that ld.bfd from binutils version 2.21.51.0.2
16 and above also supports LTO via plugins. However, usage of the LLVM
17 gold plugin with ld.bfd is not tested and therefore not officially
18 supported or recommended.
20 As of LLVM 15, the gold plugin will ignore bitcode from the ``.llvmbc``
21 section inside of ELF object files. However, LTO with bitcode files
24 .. _`gold linker`: http://sourceware.org/binutils
25 .. _`GCC LTO`: http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/LinkTimeOptimization
26 .. _`gold plugin interface`: http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/whopr/driver
33 You need to have gold with plugin support and build the LLVMgold plugin.
34 The gold linker is installed as ld.gold. To see whether gold is the default
35 on your system, run ``/usr/bin/ld -v``. It will report "GNU
36 gold" or else "GNU ld" if not. If gold is already installed at
37 ``/usr/bin/ld.gold``, one option is to simply make that the default by
38 backing up your existing ``/usr/bin/ld`` and creating a symbolic link
39 with ``ln -s /usr/bin/ld.gold /usr/bin/ld``. Alternatively, you can build
40 with clang's ``-fuse-ld=gold`` or add ``-fuse-ld=gold`` to LDFLAGS, which will
41 cause the clang driver to invoke ``/usr/bin/ld.gold`` directly.
43 If you have gold installed, check for plugin support by running
44 ``/usr/bin/ld.gold -plugin``. If it complains "missing argument" then
45 you have plugin support. If not, and you get an error such as "unknown option",
46 then you will either need to build gold or install a version with plugin
49 * Download, configure and build gold with plugin support:
53 $ git clone --depth 1 git://sourceware.org/git/binutils-gdb.git binutils
56 $ ../binutils/configure --enable-gold --enable-plugins --disable-werror
59 That should leave you with ``build/gold/ld-new`` which supports
60 the ``-plugin`` option. Running ``make`` will additionally build
61 ``build/binutils/ar`` and ``nm-new`` binaries supporting plugins.
63 Once you're ready to switch to using gold, backup your existing
64 ``/usr/bin/ld`` then replace it with ``ld-new``. Alternatively, install
65 in ``/usr/bin/ld.gold`` and use ``-fuse-ld=gold`` as described earlier.
67 Optionally, add ``--enable-gold=default`` to the above configure invocation
68 to automatically install the newly built gold as the default linker with
71 * Build the LLVMgold plugin. Run CMake with
72 ``-DLLVM_BINUTILS_INCDIR=/path/to/binutils/include``. The correct include
73 path will contain the file ``plugin-api.h``.
78 You should produce bitcode files from ``clang`` with the option
79 ``-flto``. This flag will also cause ``clang`` to look for the gold plugin in
80 the ``lib`` directory under its prefix and pass the ``-plugin`` option to
81 ``ld``. It will not look for an alternate linker without ``-fuse-ld=gold``,
82 which is why you otherwise need gold to be the installed system linker in
85 ``ar`` and ``nm`` also accept the ``-plugin`` option and it's possible to
86 to install ``LLVMgold.so`` to ``/usr/lib/bfd-plugins`` for a seamless setup.
87 If you built your own gold, be sure to install the ``ar`` and ``nm-new`` you
88 built to ``/usr/bin``.
91 Example of link time optimization
92 ---------------------------------
94 The following example shows a worked example of the gold plugin mixing LLVM
95 bitcode and native code.
102 extern void foo1(void);
103 extern void foo4(void);
120 extern void foo2(void);
132 --- command lines ---
133 $ clang -flto a.c -c -o a.o # <-- a.o is LLVM bitcode file
134 $ ar q a.a a.o # <-- a.a is an archive with LLVM bitcode
135 $ clang b.c -c -o b.o # <-- b.o is native object file
136 $ clang -flto a.a b.o -o main # <-- link with LLVMgold plugin
138 Gold informs the plugin that foo3 is never referenced outside the IR,
139 leading LLVM to delete that function. However, unlike in the :ref:`libLTO
140 example <libLTO-example>` gold does not currently eliminate foo4.
142 Quickstart for using LTO with autotooled projects
143 =================================================
145 Once your system ``ld``, ``ar``, and ``nm`` all support LLVM bitcode,
146 everything is in place for an easy to use LTO build of autotooled projects:
148 * Follow the instructions :ref:`on how to build LLVMgold.so
151 * Install the newly built binutils to ``$PREFIX``
153 * Copy ``Release/lib/LLVMgold.so`` to ``$PREFIX/lib/bfd-plugins/``
155 * Set environment variables (``$PREFIX`` is where you installed clang and
160 export CC="$PREFIX/bin/clang -flto"
161 export CXX="$PREFIX/bin/clang++ -flto"
162 export AR="$PREFIX/bin/ar"
163 export NM="$PREFIX/bin/nm"
164 export RANLIB=/bin/true #ranlib is not needed, and doesn't support .bc files in .a
166 * Or you can just set your path:
170 export PATH="$PREFIX/bin:$PATH"
171 export CC="clang -flto"
172 export CXX="clang++ -flto"
173 export RANLIB=/bin/true
174 * Configure and build the project as usual:
178 % ./configure && make && make check
180 The environment variable settings may work for non-autotooled projects too,
181 but you may need to set the ``LD`` environment variable as well.
186 Gold is licensed under the GPLv3. LLVMgold uses the interface file
187 ``plugin-api.h`` from gold which means that the resulting ``LLVMgold.so``
188 binary is also GPLv3. This can still be used to link non-GPLv3 programs
189 just as much as gold could without the plugin.