1 <!--===- docs/ModFiles.md
3 Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
4 See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
5 SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
17 Module files hold information from a module that is necessary to compile
18 program units that depend on the module.
22 Module files must be searchable by module name. They are typically named
23 `<modulename>.mod`. The advantage of using `.mod` is that it is consistent with
24 other compilers so users will know what they are. Also, makefiles and scripts
25 often use `rm *.mod` to clean up.
27 The disadvantage of using the same name as other compilers is that it is not
28 clear which compiler created a `.mod` file and files from multiple compilers
29 cannot be in the same directory. This could be solved by adding something
30 between the module name and extension, e.g. `<modulename>-f18.mod`. If this
31 is needed, Flang's fc1 accepts the option `-module-suffix` to alter the suffix
32 used for the module file.
36 Module files will be Fortran source.
37 Declarations of all visible entities will be included, along with private
38 entities that they depend on.
39 Entity declarations that span multiple statements will be collapsed into
40 a single *type-declaration-statement*.
41 Executable statements will be omitted.
45 There will be a header containing extra information that cannot be expressed
46 in Fortran. This will take the form of a comment or directive
47 at the beginning of the file.
49 If it's a comment, the module file reader would have to strip it out and
50 perform *ad hoc* parsing on it. If it's a directive the compiler could
51 parse it like other directives as part of the grammar.
52 Processing the header before parsing might result in better error messages
53 when the `.mod` file is invalid.
55 Regardless of whether the header is a comment or directive we can use the
56 same string to introduce it: `!mod$`.
58 Information in the header:
59 - Magic string to confirm it is an f18 `.mod` file
60 - Version information: to indicate the version of the file format, in case it changes,
61 and the version of the compiler that wrote the file, for diagnostics.
62 - Checksum of the body of the current file
63 - Modules we depend on and the checksum of their module file when the current
64 module file is created
65 - The source file that produced the `.mod` file? This could be used in error messages.
69 The body will consist of minimal Fortran source for the required declarations.
70 The order will match the order they first appeared in the source.
72 Some normalization will take place:
73 - extraneous spaces will be removed
74 - implicit types will be made explicit
75 - attributes will be written in a consistent order
76 - entity declarations will be combined into a single declaration
77 - function return types specified in a *prefix-spec* will be replaced by
83 All public symbols from the module need to be included.
85 In addition, some private symbols are needed:
86 - private types that appear in the public API
87 - private components of non-private derived types
88 - private parameters used in non-private declarations (initial values, kind parameters)
91 It might be possible to anonymize private names if users don't want them exposed
92 in the `.mod` file. (Currently they are readable in PGI `.mod` files.)
96 A module that contains `USE` statements needs them represented in the
98 Each use-associated symbol will be written as a separate *use-only* statement,
99 possibly with renaming.
102 - Emit a single `USE` for each module, listing all of the symbols that were
103 use-associated in the *only-list*.
104 - Detect when all of the symbols from a module are imported (either by a *use-stmt*
105 without an *only-list* or because all of the public symbols of the module
106 have been listed in *only-list*s). In that case collapse them into a single *use-stmt*.
107 - Emit the *use-stmt*s that appeared in the original source.
109 ## Reading and writing module files
113 The compiler will have command-line options to specify where to search
114 for module files and where to write them. By default it will be the current
117 For PGI, `-I` specifies directories to search for include files and module
118 files. `-module` specifics a directory to write module files in as well as to
119 search for them. gfortran is similar except it uses `-J` instead of `-module`.
121 The search order for module files is:
122 1. The `-module` directory (Note: for gfortran the `-J` directory is not searched).
123 2. The current directory
124 3. The `-I` directories in the order they appear on the command line
126 ### Writing module files
128 When writing a module file, if the existing one matches what would be written,
129 the timestamp is not updated.
131 Module files will be written after semantics, i.e. after the compiler has
132 determined the module is valid Fortran.<br>
133 **NOTE:** PGI does create `.mod` files sometimes even when the module has a
136 Question: If the compiler can get far enough to determine it is compiling a module
137 but then encounters an error, should it delete the existing `.mod` file?
138 PGI does not, gfortran does.
140 ### Reading module files
142 When the compiler finds a `.mod` file it needs to read, it firsts checks the first
143 line and verifies it is a valid module file. It can also verify checksums of
144 modules it depends on and report if they are out of date.
146 If the header is valid, the module file will be run through the parser and name
147 resolution to recreate the symbols from the module. Once the symbol table is
148 populated the parse tree can be discarded.
150 When processing `.mod` files we know they are valid Fortran with these properties:
151 1. The input (without the header) is already in the "cooked input" format.
152 2. No preprocessing is necessary.
153 3. No errors can occur.
155 ## Error messages referring to modules
157 With this design, diagnostics can refer to names in modules and can emit a
158 normalized declaration of an entity but not point to its location in the
161 If the header includes the source file it came from, that could be included in
162 a diagnostic but we still wouldn't have line numbers.
164 To provide line numbers and character positions or source lines as the user
165 wrote them we would have to save some amount of provenance information in the