2 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
4 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
5 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
6 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
15 // [print.fun], print functions
16 template<class... Args>
17 void print(format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
18 template<class... Args>
19 void print(FILE* stream, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
21 template<class... Args>
22 void println(format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
23 template<class... Args>
24 void println(FILE* stream, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
26 void vprint_unicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);
27 void vprint_unicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);
29 void vprint_nonunicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);
30 void vprint_nonunicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);
34 #include <__assert> // all public C++ headers provide the assertion handler
35 #include <__concepts/same_as.h>
37 #include <__format/buffer.h>
38 #include <__format/format_arg_store.h>
39 #include <__format/format_args.h>
40 #include <__format/format_context.h>
41 #include <__format/format_error.h>
42 #include <__format/format_functions.h>
43 #include <__format/unicode.h>
44 #include <__system_error/system_error.h>
45 #include <__utility/forward.h>
49 #include <string_view>
52 #if __has_include(<unistd.h>)
56 #if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
57 # pragma GCC system_header
60 _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
62 #ifdef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
63 _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __is_windows_terminal(FILE* __stream);
65 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
66 // A wrapper for WriteConsoleW which is used to write to the Windows
67 // console. This function is in the dylib to avoid pulling in windows.h
68 // in the library headers. The function itself uses some private parts
71 // The function does not depend on the language standard used. Guarding
72 // it with C++23 would fail since the dylib is currently built using C++20.
74 // Note the function is only implemented on the Windows platform.
75 _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __write_to_windows_console(FILE* __stream, wstring_view __view);
76 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
78 #endif // _LIBCPP_WIN32API
80 #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
82 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
83 // This is the code to transcode UTF-8 to UTF-16. This is used on
84 // Windows for the native Unicode API. The code is modeled to make it
85 // easier to extend to
87 // P2728R0 Unicode in the Library, Part 1: UTF Transcoding
89 // This paper is still under heavy development so it makes no sense yet
90 // to strictly follow the paper.
93 // The names of these concepts are modelled after P2728R0, but the
94 // implementation is not. char16_t may contain 32-bits so depending on the
95 // number of bits is an issue.
96 # ifdef _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
98 concept __utf16_code_unit =
99 same_as<_Tp, char16_t>
100 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
101 || same_as<_Tp, wchar_t>
105 concept __utf32_code_unit = same_as<_Tp, char32_t>;
106 # else // _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
108 concept __utf16_code_unit = same_as<_Tp, char16_t>;
110 concept __utf32_code_unit =
111 same_as<_Tp, char32_t>
112 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
113 || same_as<_Tp, wchar_t>
116 # endif // _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
118 // Pass by reference since an output_iterator may not be copyable.
119 template <class _OutIt>
120 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt&, char32_t) = delete;
122 template <class _OutIt>
123 requires __utf16_code_unit<iter_value_t<_OutIt>>
124 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt& __out_it, char32_t __value) {
125 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__is_scalar_value(__value), "an invalid unicode scalar value results in invalid UTF-16");
127 if (__value < 0x10000) {
128 *__out_it++ = __value;
133 *__out_it++ = 0xd800 + (__value >> 10);
134 *__out_it++ = 0xdc00 + (__value & 0x3FF);
137 template <class _OutIt>
138 requires __utf32_code_unit<iter_value_t<_OutIt>>
139 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt& __out_it, char32_t __value) {
140 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__is_scalar_value(__value), "an invalid unicode scalar value results in invalid UTF-32");
141 *__out_it++ = __value;
144 template <class _OutIt, input_iterator _InIt>
145 requires output_iterator<_OutIt, const iter_value_t<_OutIt>&> && (!same_as<iter_value_t<_OutIt>, iter_value_t<_InIt>>)
146 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _OutIt __transcode(_InIt __first, _InIt __last, _OutIt __out_it) {
147 // The __code_point_view has a basic_string_view interface.
148 // When transcoding becomes part of the standard we probably want to
149 // look at smarter algorithms.
150 // For example, when processing a code point that is encoded in
151 // 1 to 3 code units in UTF-8, the result will always be encoded
152 // in 1 code unit in UTF-16 (code points that require 4 code
153 // units in UTF-8 will require 2 code units in UTF-16).
155 // Note if P2728 is accepted types like int may become valid. In that case
156 // the __code_point_view should use a span. Libc++ will remove support for
159 // TODO PRINT Validate with clang-tidy
160 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-dangling-handle)
161 basic_string_view<iter_value_t<_InIt>> __data{__first, __last};
162 __code_point_view<iter_value_t<_InIt>> __view{__data.begin(), __data.end()};
163 while (!__view.__at_end())
164 __unicode::__encode(__out_it, __view.__consume().__code_point);
168 } // namespace __unicode
170 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
175 // Effects: If the ordinary literal encoding ([lex.charset]) is UTF-8, equivalent to:
176 // vprint_unicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args...));
177 // Otherwise, equivalent to:
178 // vprint_nonunicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args...));
180 // Based on the compiler and its compilation flags this value is or is
181 // not true. As mentioned in P2093R14 this only affects Windows. The
182 // test below could also be done for
183 // - GCC using __GNUC_EXECUTION_CHARSET_NAME
184 // https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html
185 // - Clang using __clang_literal_encoding__
186 // https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#builtin-macros
187 // (note at the time of writing Clang is hard-coded to UTF-8.)
190 # ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
191 inline constexpr bool __use_unicode = false;
192 # elif defined(_MSVC_EXECUTION_CHARACTER_SET)
193 // This is the same test MSVC STL uses in their implementation of <print>
194 // See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/code-page-identifiers
195 inline constexpr bool __use_unicode = _MSVC_EXECUTION_CHARACTER_SET == 65001;
197 inline constexpr bool __use_unicode = true;
200 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline bool __is_terminal(FILE* __stream) {
201 // The macro _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL is used to change
202 // the behavior in the test. This is not part of the public API.
203 # ifdef _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL
204 return _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL(__stream);
205 # elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
206 return std::__is_windows_terminal(__stream);
207 # elif __has_include(<unistd.h>)
208 return isatty(fileno(__stream));
210 # error "Provide a way to determine whether a FILE* is a terminal"
214 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
215 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
216 __vprint_nonunicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl) {
217 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__stream, "__stream is a valid pointer to an output C stream");
218 string __str = std::vformat(__fmt, __args);
220 __str.push_back('\n');
222 size_t __size = fwrite(__str.data(), 1, __str.size(), __stream);
223 if (__size < __str.size()) {
224 if (std::feof(__stream))
225 std::__throw_system_error(EIO, "EOF while writing the formatted output");
226 std::__throw_system_error(std::ferror(__stream), "failed to write formatted output");
230 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
232 // Note these helper functions are mainly used to aid testing.
233 // On POSIX systems and Windows the output is no longer considered a
234 // terminal when the output is redirected. Typically during testing the
235 // output is redirected to be able to capture it. This makes it hard to
236 // test this code path.
237 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
238 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
239 __vprint_unicode_posix(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl, bool __is_terminal) {
240 // TODO PRINT Should flush errors throw too?
242 std::fflush(__stream);
244 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
247 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
248 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
249 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
250 __vprint_unicode_windows(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl, bool __is_terminal) {
252 return __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
254 // TODO PRINT Should flush errors throw too?
255 std::fflush(__stream);
257 string __str = std::vformat(__fmt, __args);
258 // UTF-16 uses the same number or less code units than UTF-8.
259 // However the size of the code unit is 16 bits instead of 8 bits.
261 // The buffer uses the worst-case estimate and should never resize.
262 // However when the string is large this could lead to OOM. Using a
263 // smaller size might work, but since the buffer uses a grow factor
264 // the final size might be larger when the estimate is wrong.
266 // TODO PRINT profile and improve the speed of this code.
267 __format::__retarget_buffer<wchar_t> __buffer{__str.size()};
268 __unicode::__transcode(__str.begin(), __str.end(), __buffer.__make_output_iterator());
270 __buffer.push_back(L'\n');
272 [[maybe_unused]] wstring_view __view = __buffer.__view();
274 // The macro _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION is used to change
275 // the behavior in the test. This is not part of the public API.
276 # ifdef _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION
277 _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION(__stream, __view);
278 # elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
279 std::__write_to_windows_console(__stream, __view);
281 std::__throw_runtime_error("No defintion of _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION and "
282 "__write_to_windows_console is not available.");
285 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
287 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
288 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
289 __vprint_unicode([[maybe_unused]] FILE* __stream,
290 [[maybe_unused]] string_view __fmt,
291 [[maybe_unused]] format_args __args,
292 [[maybe_unused]] bool __write_nl) {
293 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__stream, "__stream is a valid pointer to an output C stream");
296 // 7 - Effects: If stream refers to a terminal capable of displaying
297 // Unicode, writes out to the terminal using the native Unicode
298 // API; if out contains invalid code units, the behavior is
299 // undefined and implementations are encouraged to diagnose it.
300 // Otherwise writes out to stream unchanged. If the native
301 // Unicode API is used, the function flushes stream before
303 // 8 - Throws: Any exception thrown by the call to vformat
304 // ([format.err.report]). system_error if writing to the terminal
305 // or stream fails. May throw bad_alloc.
306 // 9 - Recommended practice: If invoking the native Unicode API
307 // requires transcoding, implementations should substitute
308 // invalid code units with U+FFFD replacement character per the
309 // Unicode Standard, Chapter 3.9 U+FFFD Substitution in
312 // On non-Windows platforms the Unicode API is the normal file I/O API
313 // so there the call can be forwarded to the non_unicode API. On
314 // Windows there is a different API. This API requires transcoding.
316 # ifndef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
317 __print::__vprint_unicode_posix(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, __print::__is_terminal(__stream));
318 # elif !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
319 __print::__vprint_unicode_windows(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, __print::__is_terminal(__stream));
321 # error "Windows builds with wchar_t disabled are not supported."
325 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
327 } // namespace __print
329 template <class... _Args>
330 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void print(FILE* __stream, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
331 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
332 if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode)
333 __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
335 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
336 # else // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
337 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
338 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
341 template <class... _Args>
342 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void print(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
343 std::print(stdout, __fmt, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
346 template <class... _Args>
347 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void println(FILE* __stream, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
348 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
349 // Note the wording in the Standard is inefficient. The output of
350 // std::format is a std::string which is then copied. This solution
351 // just appends a newline at the end of the output.
352 if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode)
353 __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
355 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
356 # else // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
357 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
358 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
361 template <class... _Args>
362 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void println(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
363 std::println(stdout, __fmt, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
366 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
367 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
368 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_unicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
369 __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, false);
372 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
373 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_unicode(string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
374 std::vprint_unicode(stdout, __fmt, __args);
377 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
379 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
380 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_nonunicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
381 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, false);
384 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
385 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_nonunicode(string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
386 std::vprint_nonunicode(stdout, __fmt, __args);
389 #endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
391 _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
393 #endif // _LIBCPP_PRINT