4 Tests for the powerseries() function
19 /* Check that we get an error if the variable is a non-symbol atom */
20 errcatch(powerseries(x, 0, 0));
23 errcatch(powerseries(x, "foo", 0));
26 /* Check we distribute over bags */
27 niceindices(powerseries([sin(x), cos(x)], x, 0));
28 ''(niceindices([powerseries(sin(x), x, 0), powerseries(cos(x), x, 0)]))$
30 /* Check we distribute over sum() and product() */
31 niceindices(powerseries(sum(f(x,i), i, 0, inf), x, 0));
32 ''(niceindices(sum(powerseries(f(x,i), x, 0), i, 0, inf)));
34 niceindices(powerseries(product(f(x,i), i, 0, inf), x, 0));
35 ''(niceindices(product(powerseries(f(x,i), x, 0), i, 0, inf)));
38 /* Check that we can expand with respect to a non-atomic expression
39 (or at least check that we do something vaguely sensible) */
40 niceindices(powerseries(sin(x^2), x^2, 0) - powerseries(sin(x^2), x, 0));
43 /* Check that sums get expanded sanely (in SP1) */
44 niceindices(powerseries(a + sin(x), x, 0) - powerseries(sin(x), x, 0));
47 /* An element of the transformation dictionary for special trig sums in SP1 */
48 niceindices(powerseries (1+tan(x)^2, x, 0) - powerseries(sec(x)^2, x, 0));
51 /* Check that constant factors get pulled out (in SP1TIMES) */
52 niceindices(powerseries(a*sin(x), x, 0) - a*powerseries(sin(x), x, 0));
55 /* ... even if they aren't atoms. */
56 niceindices(powerseries((a+b)*sin(x), x, 0) - (a+b)*powerseries(sin(x), x, 0));
59 /* "Atomic" factors also get pulled out */
60 niceindices(powerseries(x*sin(x), x, 0) - x*powerseries(sin(x), x, 0));
63 /* Check that we evaluate powerseries at inf and minf sensibly */
64 powerseries(1/x, x, inf);
67 powerseries(1/x, x, minf);
71 Exponentiation of a sum is dealt with in SRBINEXPAND, which has to
72 cope with various possibilities depending on how much we know about
73 which terms are nonzero.
75 powerseries(x^y^z, x, 0);
78 (declare([int, posint], integer),
81 assume(notequal(nz, 0)),
82 assume(equal(zero, 0)), 0);
85 powerseries((x^y+1)^zero, x, 0);
88 powerseries((zero*x + 2)^y, x, 0);
91 powerseries((x + zero)^y, x, 0);
94 niceindices(powerseries((nz + 1)^n, nz, 0));
95 'sum(nz^i/beta(i+1, n-i+1), i, 0, inf)/(n+1)$
97 niceindices(powerseries((nz + 1)^posint, nz, 0));
98 'sum(nz^i/beta(i+1, posint-i+1), i, 0, posint)/(posint+1)$
100 niceindices(powerseries((nz + 1)^k, nz, 0));
101 'sum(nz^i/beta(i+1, k-i+1), i, 0, inf)/(k+1)$
103 niceindices(powerseries((x + 1)^k, x, 0));
104 1 + 'sum(x^i/beta(i+1, k-i+1), i, 1, inf)/(k+1)$
106 niceindices(powerseries((x + u)^posint, x, 0));
107 ('sum(x^i*u^(posint-i)/beta(i+1, posint-i+1),
108 i, 0, posint-1) / (posint+1)) + x^posint$
110 powerseries((x + y)^k, x, 0);
111 'powerseries((x + y)^k, x, 0)$
113 /* Some more white-box tests, based on the structure of SRATEXPND */
115 /* If the numerator is monomial, factor it out and recurse */
116 niceindices(powerseries(a*x^u/(1+x), x, 0) - a*x^u*powerseries(1/(1+x), x, 0));
119 /* If the denominator is free of x and the numerator is a polynomial,
120 return the quotient */
121 powerseries((x^2 + x + 1)/(a + b + c), x, 0);
122 (x^2 + x + 1)/(a + b + c)$
125 If the denominator is free of y, but the numerator is sufficiently
126 gnarly, we give up. (Obviously, it would be nice to do better here!)
128 powerseries((x+x^(1+y)+1)/(2+y), x, 0);
129 powerseries((x+x^(1+y)+1)/(2+y), x, 0)$
132 Another gnarly example we can't deal with. We can't use partial
133 fraction expansion because we don't know that k < 2 (and, even if we
134 did, I don't know how we'd parametrise the result on k).
136 powerseries((x+1)^k/((x+2)*(x+3)), x, 0);
137 powerseries((x+1)^k/((x+2)*(x+3)), x, 0)$
139 /* The only way of getting a monomial denominator in sratexpnd is if
140 the numerator is a polynomial. If the denominator is a sum, we return the
142 powerseries((x^2 + x + 1)/(a*x^2), x, 0);
143 1/a + 1/(a*x) + 1/(a*x^2)$
145 /* If the denominator isn't a sum, we just return the quotient of the
147 powerseries((1+x)^n/(a*x^2), x, 0);
150 /* (I haven't yet managed to find an example that triggers the
151 SRATSUBST clause and doesn't yield a noun form) */
153 /* Partial fraction expansion */
154 niceindices(powerseries(1/((1-2*x)*(1-3*x)), x, 0));
155 'sum((3^(i+1) - 2^(i+1))*x^i, i, 0, inf)$
158 Make sure we give up (rather than possibly recursing infinitely) in
159 the general case at the bottom of SRATEXPND.
161 powerseries((x+2)*(x+3)^k/(x*(x+4)), x, 0);
162 powerseries((x+2)*(x+3)^k/(x*(x+4)), x, 0)$
165 A complicated example of a partial fraction expansion. The expansion
166 into partial fractions is 1 + 2/(x+3) - 6/(x+4), and the terms then
167 expand into two infinite series and one constant term. This test
168 makes sure that we coalesce the two series properly (in PSP2FOLDSUM).
170 factor(niceindices(powerseries((x+1)*(x+2)/((x+3)*(x+4)), x, 0)));
171 (sum(3^(-i-1)*(-1)^i*(4^(i+1)-3^(i+2))*x^i/4^i,i,0,inf)+2)/2$
174 Make sure we successfully remove zero roots from the denominator
175 before trying to expand partial fractions.
177 niceindices(powerseries((x+2)*(x+3)/(x^2*(x+1)^k), x, 0)*x^2 -
178 powerseries((x+2)*(x+3)/(x+1)^k, x, 0));
181 /* Fixed in series.lisp rev 1.5, 04 Feb 2004.
182 First case returned second result */
183 niceindices(powerseries(1/sqrt(1 + x), x, 0));
184 1 + 2*'sum(x^i/beta(1/2-i,i+1),i,1,inf);
185 niceindices (powerseries(sqrt(1+x),x,0));
186 1 + 2*('sum(x^i/beta(3/2-i,i+1),i,1,inf))/3;
188 /* sf bug 1730044 - powerseries(1+x^n,x,0) wrong; see also #2764 power series of 1 + x^n */
189 powerseries(1+x^n, x, 0);
192 (gensumnum : 0, declare(n, integer), powerseries(1/(1+x^n), x, 0));
193 'sum((-1)^i1*x^(i1*n),i1,0,inf)$
195 /* #2756 powerseries of constant plus power of linear */
196 (gensumnum : 0, powerseries(1 + (1-x)^(1/3),x,0));
197 (3*sum(((-1)^i1*x^i1)/beta(4/3-i1,i1+1),i1,1,inf))/4+2$
199 /* Examples from SF bug report [ 1722156 ] powerseries((x+1)/(1-2*x^2), x, 0);
206 /* two simple roots */
207 powerseries((1)/((1-2*x)*(1-3*x)), x, 0);
208 'sum((3^(i1+1)+(-2*2^i1))*x^i1,i1,0,inf);
211 powerseries((1)/(1-x-x^2), x, 0);
212 -'sum((-2*(sqrt(5)-1)^(-i2-1)*2^i2/sqrt(5)
213 -2*(sqrt(5)+1)^(-i2-1)*(-2)^i2/sqrt(5))
216 /* 1 1 2 2 4 4 8 8 */
217 factor(powerseries((1+x)/(1-2*x^2), x, 0));
219 'sum( (-1*(1/-(1/sqrt(2)))*(1/sqrt(2)-1)*(1/-(4/sqrt(2)))*(1/-(1/sqrt(2)))^i3 +
220 -1*(1/(1/sqrt(2)))*(-1/sqrt(2)-1)*(1/(4/sqrt(2)))*(1/(1/sqrt(2)))^i3 ) * x^i3,i3,0,inf);
223 'sum(2^(i3/2-3/2)*((sqrt(2)-1)*(-1)^i3+sqrt(2)+1)*x^i3,i3,0,inf);
226 powerseries((1+x)/(1-x)^2, x, 0);
227 'sum(2*(i4+1)*x^i4-x^i4,i4,0,inf);
229 /* numerator higher order poly than denom */
230 powerseries((1+x^3)/(1-x-x^2), x, 0);
232 *'sum((-2*(sqrt(5)-1)^(-i5-1)*2^i5/sqrt(5)
233 -2*(sqrt(5)+1)^(-i5-1)*(-2)^i5/sqrt(5))
237 /* zero root in denom */
238 powerseries((1)/((1-2*x)*(x)), x, 0);
239 ('sum(2^i6*x^i6,i6,0,inf))/x;
241 /* one simple and one repeated root in denom */
242 powerseries((1+x+x^2)/((1-2*x)*(1+x)^2), x, 0);
243 'sum(7*2^i7*x^i7/9+(i7+1)*(-1)^i7*x^i7/3-(-1)^i7*x^i7/9,i7,0,inf);
245 /* gcd of exps is two */
246 powerseries((1-x^2)/(1-4*x^2+x^4), x, 0);
247 'sum((-1*(1/(2-sqrt(3)))*(sqrt(3)-1)*(1/(2*(2-sqrt(3))-4))*(1/(2-sqrt(3)))^i8 +
248 -1*(1/(sqrt(3)+2))*(-sqrt(3)-1)*(1/(2*(sqrt(3)+2)-4))*(1/(sqrt(3)+2))^i8 )*x^(2*i8),
251 /* #2750 powerseries(x^x,x,0) gives Lisp error */
252 powerseries(x^x, x, 0);
253 'powerseries(x^x, x, 0)$
255 sumcontract(intosum(powerseries(1+ (1-x)^(a),x,0) - powerseries((1-x)^(a),x,0)));
259 #2775: Don't expand a powerseries with log(ab)=log(a)+log(b) if a
264 (gensumnum : 0, powerseries (log(2-x), x, 0));
265 log(2) - sum (2^(-i2-1)*x^(i2+1)/(i2+1), i2, 0, inf)$
268 #2760: powerseries at minf
270 For an analytic function like this, the power series at minf should
271 match the power series at inf.
273 block([inf_exp, minf_exp],
275 inf_exp: powerseries (1/(1+x), x, inf),
277 minf_exp: powerseries (1/(1+x), x, inf),
281 /* #2765: powerseries with non-integer order */
282 powerseries (diff (f(x), x, biggles), x, 0);
283 'powerseries (diff (f(x), x, biggles), x, 0)$
285 /* #2755: powerseries of natural exponential */
286 niceindices (powerseries (%e^x, x, 1));
287 sum (1/i!, i, 0, inf) * sum((x-1)^i/i!, i, 0, inf)$
292 Make sure that we give up rather than trying to substitute an
293 arbitrary expression for an integration / differentiation variable
296 powerseries(f(x), x, inf);
297 'powerseries(f(x), x, inf)$
300 The test above gives up when it sees either an integral or a
301 derivative wrt the expansion variable as it's trying to substitute
302 answers back in. Make sure that we still allow either with respect
303 to some other variable. (Expand somewhere other than zero, otherwise
304 we skip the substitution step)
306 factor(powerseries(integrate(f(x), x)*y, y, 1));
307 'integrate(f(x), x)*y$
309 niceindices(powerseries(log(sin(x)/x),x,0));
310 /*('sum((-1)^i1*2^(2*i1)*bern(2*i1)*x^(2*i1)/(i1*(2*i1)!),i1,1,inf))/2$*/
311 'sum((-1)^i*2^(2*i-1)*bern(2*i)*x^(2*i)/(i*(2*i)!),i,1,inf);
314 Check that we don't substitute blindly into the bound variables in
317 The powerseries expands the integral of f(x) by computing an
318 antiderivative of the power series of f(x). Since we don't know
319 anything about f, this contains terms like "at(diff(f(x), x, n),
320 x=0)". If we then substituted the endpoints blindly, we'd get an
321 error from substituting in a number as a differentiation variable.
323 op(niceindices(powerseries(integrate(f(x), x, 0, y), y, 0)));
327 Check we get a noun form (rather than something exploding) when
328 expanding a known power series and then trying to substitute in some
329 arbitrary function. At the moment, we only support arguments that
330 are monomials (see SP2SUB in series.lisp).
332 powerseries(sin(f(x)), x, 0);
333 powerseries(sin(f(x)), x, 0)$
335 /* Basic support for expanding log(1+x) */
336 factor(sumcontract(intosum(powerseries(log(x+1), x, 0) -
337 sum((-1)^(i+1)*x^i/i, i, 1, inf))));
340 /* Check that we can expand log(1+a*x^k) for various a and k. */
341 niceindices(powerseries(log(1+a*x), x, 0));
342 -sum((-1)^i * a^i * x^i / i, i, 1, inf)$
344 niceindices(powerseries(log(1-a*x), x, 0));
345 -sum(a^i * x^i / i, i, 1, inf)$
348 A particular example of a log expansion that didn't work when you
349 only allowed contents that SMONO accepted
351 niceindices(powerseries(log(1-z*exp(-4)), z, 0));
352 -sum(exp(-4*i)*z^i/i, i, 1, inf)$
354 /* verify power series for lambert_w */
356 ps: niceindices (powerseries (lambert_w(x), x, 0));
357 -'sum(i^(i - 1)*(-1)^i*x^i/i!, i, 1, inf);
359 (subst (inf = 5, ps), ev (%%, nouns));
360 x - x^2 + 3*x^3/2 - 8*x^4/3 + 125*x^5/24;