1 ===========================================
2 QEMU Firmware Configuration (fw_cfg) Device
3 ===========================================
5 Guest-side Hardware Interface
6 =============================
8 This hardware interface allows the guest to retrieve various data items
9 (blobs) that can influence how the firmware configures itself, or may
10 contain tables to be installed for the guest OS. Examples include device
11 boot order, ACPI and SMBIOS tables, virtual machine UUID, SMP and NUMA
12 information, kernel/initrd images for direct (Linux) kernel booting, etc.
14 Selector (Control) Register
15 ---------------------------
18 * Location: platform dependent (IOport or MMIO)
20 * Endianness: little-endian (if IOport), or big-endian (if MMIO)
22 A write to this register sets the index of a firmware configuration
23 item which can subsequently be accessed via the data register.
25 Setting the selector register will cause the data offset to be set
26 to zero. The data offset impacts which data is accessed via the data
27 register, and is explained below.
29 Bit14 of the selector register indicates whether the configuration
30 setting is being written. A value of 0 means the item is only being
31 read, and all write access to the data port will be ignored. A value
32 of 1 means the item's data can be overwritten by writes to the data
33 register. In other words, configuration write mode is enabled when
34 the selector value is between 0x4000-0x7fff or 0xc000-0xffff.
37 As of QEMU v2.4, writes to the fw_cfg data register are no
38 longer supported, and will be ignored (treated as no-ops)!
41 As of QEMU v2.9, writes are reinstated, but only through the DMA
42 interface (see below). Furthermore, writeability of any specific item is
43 governed independently of Bit14 in the selector key value.
45 Bit15 of the selector register indicates whether the configuration
46 setting is architecture specific. A value of 0 means the item is a
47 generic configuration item. A value of 1 means the item is specific
48 to a particular architecture. In other words, generic configuration
49 items are accessed with a selector value between 0x0000-0x7fff, and
50 architecture specific configuration items are accessed with a selector
51 value between 0x8000-0xffff.
56 * Read/Write (writes ignored as of QEMU v2.4, but see the DMA interface)
57 * Location: platform dependent (IOport\ [#placement]_ or MMIO)
58 * Width: 8-bit (if IOport), 8/16/32/64-bit (if MMIO)
59 * Endianness: string-preserving
62 On platforms where the data register is exposed as an IOport, its
63 port number will always be one greater than the port number of the
64 selector register. In other words, the two ports overlap, and can not
67 The data register allows access to an array of bytes for each firmware
68 configuration data item. The specific item is selected by writing to
69 the selector register, as described above.
71 Initially following a write to the selector register, the data offset
72 will be set to zero. Each successful access to the data register will
73 increment the data offset by the appropriate access width.
75 Each firmware configuration item has a maximum length of data
76 associated with the item. After the data offset has passed the
77 end of this maximum data length, then any reads will return a data
78 value of 0x00, and all writes will be ignored.
80 An N-byte wide read of the data register will return the next available
81 N bytes of the selected firmware configuration item, as a substring, in
82 increasing address order, similar to memcpy().
88 * Selector Register IOport: 0x510
89 * Data Register IOport: 0x511
90 * DMA Address IOport: 0x514
93 * Selector Register address: Base + 8 (2 bytes)
94 * Data Register address: Base + 0 (8 bytes)
95 * DMA Address address: Base + 16 (8 bytes)
100 The fw_cfg device is defined with ACPI ID ``QEMU0002``. Since we expect
101 ACPI tables to be passed into the guest through the fw_cfg device itself,
102 the guest-side firmware can not use ACPI to find fw_cfg. However, once the
103 firmware is finished setting up ACPI tables and hands control over to the
104 guest kernel, the latter can use the fw_cfg ACPI node for a more accurate
105 inventory of in-use IOport or MMIO regions.
107 Firmware Configuration Items
108 ----------------------------
110 Signature (Key 0x0000, ``FW_CFG_SIGNATURE``)
111 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
113 The presence of the fw_cfg selector and data registers can be verified
114 by selecting the "signature" item using key 0x0000 (``FW_CFG_SIGNATURE``),
115 and reading four bytes from the data register. If the fw_cfg device is
116 present, the four bytes read will contain the characters ``QEMU``.
118 If the DMA interface is available, then reading the DMA Address
119 Register returns 0x51454d5520434647 (``QEMU CFG`` in big-endian format).
121 Revision / feature bitmap (Key 0x0001, ``FW_CFG_ID``)
122 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
124 A 32-bit little-endian unsigned int, this item is used to check for enabled
127 - Bit 0: traditional interface. Always set.
128 - Bit 1: DMA interface.
130 File Directory (Key 0x0019, ``FW_CFG_FILE_DIR``)
131 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
135 Firmware configuration items stored at selector keys 0x0020 or higher
136 (``FW_CFG_FILE_FIRST`` or higher) have an associated entry in a directory
137 structure, which makes it easier for guest-side firmware to identify
138 and retrieve them. The format of this file directory (from ``fw_cfg.h`` in
139 the QEMU source tree) is shown here, slightly annotated for clarity::
141 struct FWCfgFiles { /* the entire file directory fw_cfg item */
142 uint32_t count; /* number of entries, in big-endian format */
143 struct FWCfgFile f[]; /* array of file entries, see below */
146 struct FWCfgFile { /* an individual file entry, 64 bytes total */
147 uint32_t size; /* size of referenced fw_cfg item, big-endian */
148 uint16_t select; /* selector key of fw_cfg item, big-endian */
150 char name[56]; /* fw_cfg item name, NUL-terminated ascii */
156 Please consult the QEMU source for the most up-to-date and authoritative list
157 of selector keys and their respective items' purpose, format and writeability.
162 Theoretically, there may be up to 0x4000 generic firmware configuration
163 items, and up to 0x4000 architecturally specific ones.
165 =============== ===========
166 Selector Reg. Range Usage
167 =============== ===========
168 0x0000 - 0x3fff Generic (0x0000 - 0x3fff, generally RO, possibly RW through
169 the DMA interface in QEMU v2.9+)
170 0x4000 - 0x7fff Generic (0x0000 - 0x3fff, RW, ignored in QEMU v2.4+)
171 0x8000 - 0xbfff Arch. Specific (0x0000 - 0x3fff, generally RO, possibly RW
172 through the DMA interface in QEMU v2.9+)
173 0xc000 - 0xffff Arch. Specific (0x0000 - 0x3fff, RW, ignored in v2.4+)
174 =============== ===========
176 In practice, the number of allowed firmware configuration items depends on the
177 machine type/version.
179 Guest-side DMA Interface
180 ========================
182 If bit 1 of the feature bitmap is set, the DMA interface is present. This does
183 not replace the existing fw_cfg interface, it is an add-on. This interface
184 can be used through the 64-bit wide address register.
186 The address register is in big-endian format. The value for the register is 0
187 at startup and after an operation. A write to the least significant half (at
188 offset 4) triggers an operation. This means that operations with 32-bit
189 addresses can be triggered with just one write, whereas operations with
190 64-bit addresses can be triggered with one 64-bit write or two 32-bit writes,
191 starting with the most significant half (at offset 0).
193 In this register, the physical address of a ``FWCfgDmaAccess`` structure in RAM
194 should be written. This is the format of the ``FWCfgDmaAccess`` structure::
196 typedef struct FWCfgDmaAccess {
202 The fields of the structure are in big endian mode, and the field at the lowest
203 address is the ``control`` field.
205 The ``control`` field has the following bits:
210 - Bit 3: Select. The upper 16 bits are the selected index.
213 When an operation is triggered, if the ``control`` field has bit 3 set, the
214 upper 16 bits are interpreted as an index of a firmware configuration item.
215 This has the same effect as writing the selector register.
217 If the ``control`` field has bit 1 set, a read operation will be performed.
218 ``length`` bytes for the current selector and offset will be copied into the
219 physical RAM address specified by the ``address`` field.
221 If the ``control`` field has bit 4 set (and not bit 1), a write operation will be
222 performed. ``length`` bytes will be copied from the physical RAM address
223 specified by the ``address`` field to the current selector and offset. QEMU
224 prevents starting or finishing the write beyond the end of the item associated
225 with the current selector (i.e., the item cannot be resized). Truncated writes
226 are dropped entirely. Writes to read-only items are also rejected. All of these
227 write errors set bit 0 (the error bit) in the ``control`` field.
229 If the ``control`` field has bit 2 set (and neither bit 1 nor bit 4), a skip
230 operation will be performed. The offset for the current selector will be
231 advanced ``length`` bytes.
233 To check the result, read the ``control`` field:
236 Something went wrong.
238 Transfer finished successfully.
240 Transfer still in progress
241 (doesn't happen today due to implementation not being async,
242 but may in the future).
244 Externally Provided Items
245 =========================
247 Since v2.4, "file" fw_cfg items (i.e., items with selector keys above
248 ``FW_CFG_FILE_FIRST``, and with a corresponding entry in the fw_cfg file
249 directory structure) may be inserted via the QEMU command line, using
250 the following syntax::
252 -fw_cfg [name=]<item_name>,file=<path>
256 -fw_cfg [name=]<item_name>,string=<string>
258 Since v5.1, QEMU allows some objects to generate fw_cfg-specific content,
259 the content is then associated with a "file" item using the 'gen_id' option
260 in the command line, using the following syntax::
262 -object <generator-type>,id=<generated_id>,[generator-specific-options] \
263 -fw_cfg [name=]<item_name>,gen_id=<generated_id>
265 See QEMU man page for more documentation.
267 Using item_name with plain ASCII characters only is recommended.
269 Item names beginning with ``opt/`` are reserved for users. QEMU will
270 never create entries with such names unless explicitly ordered by the
273 To avoid clashes among different users, it is strongly recommended
274 that you use names beginning with ``opt/RFQDN/``, where RFQDN is a reverse
275 fully qualified domain name you control. For instance, if SeaBIOS
276 wanted to define additional names, the prefix ``opt/org.seabios/`` would
279 For historical reasons, ``opt/ovmf/`` is reserved for OVMF firmware.
281 Prefix ``opt/org.qemu/`` is reserved for QEMU itself.
283 Use of names not beginning with ``opt/`` is potentially dangerous and
284 entirely unsupported. QEMU will warn if you try.
286 Use of names not beginning with ``opt/`` is tolerated with 'gen_id' (that
287 is, the warning is suppressed), but you must know exactly what you're
290 All externally provided fw_cfg items are read-only to the guest.