join.c

   1 /*-
   2  * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993, 1994
   3  *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
   4  *
   5  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
   6  * Steve Hayman of the Computer Science Department, Indiana University,
   7  * Michiro Hikida and David Goodenough.
   8  *
   9  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  10  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  11  * are met:
  12  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  14  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  15  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  16  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  17  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
  18  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  19  *    without specific prior written permission.
  20  *
  21  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
  22  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  23  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  24  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
  25  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
  26  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
  27  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
  28  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
  29  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
  30  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
  31  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  32  */
  33
  34 #include <sys/param.h>
  35 #include <sys/types.h>
  36 #include <err.h>
  37 #include <errno.h>
  38 #include <limits.h>
  39 #include <locale.h>
  40 #include <stdio.h>
  41 #include <stdlib.h>
  42 #include <string.h>
  43 #include <unistd.h>
  44 #include <wchar.h>
  45
  46 /*
  47  * There's a structure per input file which encapsulates the state of the
  48  * file.  We repeatedly read lines from each file until we've read in all
  49  * the consecutive lines from the file with a common join field.  Then we
  50  * compare the set of lines with an equivalent set from the other file.
  51  */
  52 typedef struct {
  53         char *line;             /* line */
  54         u_long linealloc;       /* line allocated count */
  55         char **fields;          /* line field(s) */
  56         u_long fieldcnt;        /* line field(s) count */
  57         u_long fieldalloc;      /* line field(s) allocated count */
  58 } LINE;
  59
  60 typedef struct {
  61         FILE *fp;               /* file descriptor */
  62         u_long joinf;           /* join field (-1, -2, -j) */
  63         int unpair;             /* output unpairable lines (-a) */
  64         u_long number;          /* 1 for file 1, 2 for file 2 */
  65
  66         LINE *set;              /* set of lines with same field */
  67         int pushbool;           /* if pushback is set */
  68         u_long pushback;        /* line on the stack */
  69         u_long setcnt;          /* set count */
  70         u_long setalloc;        /* set allocated count */
  71 } INPUT;
  72 static INPUT input1 = { NULL, 0, 0, 1, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
  73     input2 = { NULL, 0, 0, 2, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  74
  75 typedef struct {
  76         u_long  filenum;        /* file number */
  77         u_long  fieldno;        /* field number */
  78 } OLIST;
  79 static OLIST *olist;            /* output field list */
  80 static u_long olistcnt;         /* output field list count */
  81 static u_long olistalloc;       /* output field allocated count */
  82
  83 static int joinout = 1;         /* show lines with matched join fields (-v) */
  84 static int needsep;             /* need separator character */
  85 static int spans = 1;           /* span multiple delimiters (-t) */
  86 static char *empty;             /* empty field replacement string (-e) */
  87 static wchar_t default_tabchar[] = L" \t";
  88 static wchar_t *tabchar = default_tabchar; /* delimiter characters (-t) */
  89
  90 static int  cmp(LINE *, u_long, LINE *, u_long);
  91 static void fieldarg(char *);
  92 static void joinlines(INPUT *, INPUT *);
  93 static int  mbscoll(const char *, const char *);
  94 static char *mbssep(char **, const wchar_t *);
  95 static void obsolete(char **);
  96 static void outfield(LINE *, u_long, int);
  97 static void outoneline(INPUT *, LINE *);
  98 static void outtwoline(INPUT *, LINE *, INPUT *, LINE *);
  99 static void slurp(INPUT *);
 100 static wchar_t *towcs(const char *);
 101 static void usage(void);
 102
 103 int
 104 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 105 {
 106         INPUT *F1, *F2;
 107         int aflag, ch, cval, vflag;
 108         char *end;
 109
 110         setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
 111
 112         F1 = &input1;
 113         F2 = &input2;
 114
 115         aflag = vflag = 0;
 116         obsolete(argv);
 117         while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "\01a:e:j:1:2:o:t:v:")) != -1) {
 118                 switch (ch) {
 119                 case '\01':             /* See comment in obsolete(). */
 120                         aflag = 1;
 121                         F1->unpair = F2->unpair = 1;
 122                         break;
 123                 case '1':
 124                         if ((F1->joinf = strtol(optarg, &end, 10)) < 1)
 125                                 errx(1, "-1 option field number less than 1");
 126                         if (*end)
 127                                 errx(1, "illegal field number -- %s", optarg);
 128                         --F1->joinf;
 129                         break;
 130                 case '2':
 131                         if ((F2->joinf = strtol(optarg, &end, 10)) < 1)
 132                                 errx(1, "-2 option field number less than 1");
 133                         if (*end)
 134                                 errx(1, "illegal field number -- %s", optarg);
 135                         --F2->joinf;
 136                         break;
 137                 case 'a':
 138                         aflag = 1;
 139                         switch(strtol(optarg, &end, 10)) {
 140                         case 1:
 141                                 F1->unpair = 1;
 142                                 break;
 143                         case 2:
 144                                 F2->unpair = 1;
 145                                 break;
 146                         default:
 147                                 errx(1, "-a option file number not 1 or 2");
 148                                 break;
 149                         }
 150                         if (*end)
 151                                 errx(1, "illegal file number -- %s", optarg);
 152                         break;
 153                 case 'e':
 154                         empty = optarg;
 155                         break;
 156                 case 'j':
 157                         if ((F1->joinf = F2->joinf =
 158                             strtol(optarg, &end, 10)) < 1)
 159                                 errx(1, "-j option field number less than 1");
 160                         if (*end)
 161                                 errx(1, "illegal field number -- %s", optarg);
 162                         --F1->joinf;
 163                         --F2->joinf;
 164                         break;
 165                 case 'o':
 166                         fieldarg(optarg);
 167                         break;
 168                 case 't':
 169                         spans = 0;
 170                         if (mbrtowc(&tabchar[0], optarg, MB_LEN_MAX, NULL) !=
 171                             strlen(optarg))
 172                                 errx(1, "illegal tab character specification");
 173                         tabchar[1] = L'\0';
 174                         break;
 175                 case 'v':
 176                         vflag = 1;
 177                         joinout = 0;
 178                         switch (strtol(optarg, &end, 10)) {
 179                         case 1:
 180                                 F1->unpair = 1;
 181                                 break;
 182                         case 2:
 183                                 F2->unpair = 1;
 184                                 break;
 185                         default:
 186                                 errx(1, "-v option file number not 1 or 2");
 187                                 break;
 188                         }
 189                         if (*end)
 190                                 errx(1, "illegal file number -- %s", optarg);
 191                         break;
 192                 case '?':
 193                 default:
 194                         usage();
 195                 }
 196         }
 197         argc -= optind;
 198         argv += optind;
 199
 200         if (aflag && vflag)
 201                 errx(1, "the -a and -v options are mutually exclusive");
 202
 203         if (argc != 2)
 204                 usage();
 205
 206         /* Open the files; "-" means stdin. */
 207         if (!strcmp(*argv, "-"))
 208                 F1->fp = stdin;
 209         else if ((F1->fp = fopen(*argv, "r")) == NULL)
 210                 err(1, "%s", *argv);
 211         ++argv;
 212         if (!strcmp(*argv, "-"))
 213                 F2->fp = stdin;
 214         else if ((F2->fp = fopen(*argv, "r")) == NULL)
 215                 err(1, "%s", *argv);
 216         if (F1->fp == stdin && F2->fp == stdin)
 217                 errx(1, "only one input file may be stdin");
 218
 219         slurp(F1);
 220         slurp(F2);
 221         while (F1->setcnt && F2->setcnt) {
 222                 cval = cmp(F1->set, F1->joinf, F2->set, F2->joinf);
 223                 if (cval == 0) {
 224                         /* Oh joy, oh rapture, oh beauty divine! */
 225                         if (joinout)
 226                                 joinlines(F1, F2);
 227                         slurp(F1);
 228                         slurp(F2);
 229                 } else if (cval < 0) {
 230                         /* File 1 takes the lead... */
 231                         if (F1->unpair)
 232                                 joinlines(F1, NULL);
 233                         slurp(F1);
 234                 } else {
 235                         /* File 2 takes the lead... */
 236                         if (F2->unpair)
 237                                 joinlines(F2, NULL);
 238                         slurp(F2);
 239                 }
 240         }
 241
 242         /*
 243          * Now that one of the files is used up, optionally output any
 244          * remaining lines from the other file.
 245          */
 246         if (F1->unpair)
 247                 while (F1->setcnt) {
 248                         joinlines(F1, NULL);
 249                         slurp(F1);
 250                 }
 251         if (F2->unpair)
 252                 while (F2->setcnt) {
 253                         joinlines(F2, NULL);
 254                         slurp(F2);
 255                 }
 256         exit(0);
 257 }
 258
 259 static void
 260 slurp(INPUT *F)
 261 {
 262         LINE *lp, *lastlp, tmp;
 263         size_t len;
 264         int cnt;
 265         char *bp, *fieldp;
 266
 267         /*
 268          * Read all of the lines from an input file that have the same
 269          * join field.
 270          */
 271         F->setcnt = 0;
 272         for (lastlp = NULL;; ++F->setcnt) {
 273                 /*
 274                  * If we're out of space to hold line structures, allocate
 275                  * more.  Initialize the structure so that we know that this
 276                  * is new space.
 277                  */
 278                 if (F->setcnt == F->setalloc) {
 279                         cnt = F->setalloc;
 280                         F->setalloc += 50;
 281                         if ((F->set = realloc(F->set,
 282                             F->setalloc * sizeof(LINE))) == NULL)
 283                                 err(1, NULL);
 284                         memset(F->set + cnt, 0, 50 * sizeof(LINE));
 285
 286                         /* re-set lastlp in case it moved */
 287                         if (lastlp != NULL)
 288                                 lastlp = &F->set[F->setcnt - 1];
 289                 }
 290
 291                 /*
 292                  * Get any pushed back line, else get the next line.  Allocate
 293                  * space as necessary.  If taking the line from the stack swap
 294                  * the two structures so that we don't lose space allocated to
 295                  * either structure.  This could be avoided by doing another
 296                  * level of indirection, but it's probably okay as is.
 297                  */
 298                 lp = &F->set[F->setcnt];
 299                 if (F->setcnt)
 300                         lastlp = &F->set[F->setcnt - 1];
 301                 if (F->pushbool) {
 302                         tmp = F->set[F->setcnt];
 303                         F->set[F->setcnt] = F->set[F->pushback];
 304                         F->set[F->pushback] = tmp;
 305                         F->pushbool = 0;
 306                         continue;
 307                 }
 308                 if ((bp = fgetln(F->fp, &len)) == NULL)
 309                         return;
 310                 if (lp->linealloc <= len + 1) {
 311                         lp->linealloc += MAX(100, len + 1 - lp->linealloc);
 312                         if ((lp->line =
 313                             realloc(lp->line, lp->linealloc)) == NULL)
 314                                 err(1, NULL);
 315                 }
 316                 memmove(lp->line, bp, len);
 317
 318                 /* Replace trailing newline, if it exists. */
 319                 if (bp[len - 1] == '\n')
 320                         lp->line[len - 1] = '\0';
 321                 else
 322                         lp->line[len] = '\0';
 323                 bp = lp->line;
 324
 325                 /* Split the line into fields, allocate space as necessary. */
 326                 lp->fieldcnt = 0;
 327                 while ((fieldp = mbssep(&bp, tabchar)) != NULL) {
 328                         if (spans && *fieldp == '\0')
 329                                 continue;
 330                         if (lp->fieldcnt == lp->fieldalloc) {
 331                                 lp->fieldalloc += 50;
 332                                 if ((lp->fields = realloc(lp->fields,
 333                                     lp->fieldalloc * sizeof(char *))) == NULL)
 334                                         err(1, NULL);
 335                         }
 336                         lp->fields[lp->fieldcnt++] = fieldp;
 337                 }
 338
 339                 /* See if the join field value has changed. */
 340                 if (lastlp != NULL && cmp(lp, F->joinf, lastlp, F->joinf)) {
 341                         F->pushbool = 1;
 342                         F->pushback = F->setcnt;
 343                         break;
 344                 }
 345         }
 346 }
 347
 348 static char *
 349 mbssep(char **stringp, const wchar_t *delim)
 350 {
 351         char *s, *tok;
 352         const wchar_t *spanp;
 353         wchar_t c, sc;
 354         size_t n;
 355
 356         if ((s = *stringp) == NULL)
 357                 return (NULL);
 358         for (tok = s;;) {
 359                 n = mbrtowc(&c, s, MB_LEN_MAX, NULL);
 360                 if (n == (size_t)-1 || n == (size_t)-2) {
 361                         errno = EILSEQ;
 362                         err(1, NULL);   /* XXX */
 363                 }
 364                 s += n;
 365                 spanp = delim;
 366                 do {
 367                         if ((sc = *spanp++) == c) {
 368                                 if (c == 0)
 369                                         s = NULL;
 370                                 else
 371                                         s[-n] = '\0';
 372                                 *stringp = s;
 373                                 return (tok);
 374                         }
 375                 } while (sc != 0);
 376         }
 377 }
 378
 379 static int
 380 cmp(LINE *lp1, u_long fieldno1, LINE *lp2, u_long fieldno2)
 381 {
 382         if (lp1->fieldcnt <= fieldno1)
 383                 return (lp2->fieldcnt <= fieldno2 ? 0 : 1);
 384         if (lp2->fieldcnt <= fieldno2)
 385                 return (-1);
 386         return (mbscoll(lp1->fields[fieldno1], lp2->fields[fieldno2]));
 387 }
 388
 389 static int
 390 mbscoll(const char *s1, const char *s2)
 391 {
 392         wchar_t *w1, *w2;
 393         int ret;
 394
 395         if (MB_CUR_MAX == 1)
 396                 return (strcoll(s1, s2));
 397         if ((w1 = towcs(s1)) == NULL || (w2 = towcs(s2)) == NULL)
 398                 err(1, NULL);   /* XXX */
 399         ret = wcscoll(w1, w2);
 400         free(w1);
 401         free(w2);
 402         return (ret);
 403 }
 404
 405 static wchar_t *
 406 towcs(const char *s)
 407 {
 408         wchar_t *wcs;
 409         size_t n;
 410
 411         if ((n = mbsrtowcs(NULL, &s, 0, NULL)) == (size_t)-1)
 412                 return (NULL);
 413         if ((wcs = malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(*wcs))) == NULL)
 414                 return (NULL);
 415         mbsrtowcs(wcs, &s, n + 1, NULL);
 416         return (wcs);
 417 }
 418
 419 static void
 420 joinlines(INPUT *F1, INPUT *F2)
 421 {
 422         u_long cnt1, cnt2;
 423
 424         /*
 425          * Output the results of a join comparison.  The output may be from
 426          * either file 1 or file 2 (in which case the first argument is the
 427          * file from which to output) or from both.
 428          */
 429         if (F2 == NULL) {
 430                 for (cnt1 = 0; cnt1 < F1->setcnt; ++cnt1)
 431                         outoneline(F1, &F1->set[cnt1]);
 432                 return;
 433         }
 434         for (cnt1 = 0; cnt1 < F1->setcnt; ++cnt1)
 435                 for (cnt2 = 0; cnt2 < F2->setcnt; ++cnt2)
 436                         outtwoline(F1, &F1->set[cnt1], F2, &F2->set[cnt2]);
 437 }
 438
 439 static void
 440 outoneline(INPUT *F, LINE *lp)
 441 {
 442         u_long cnt;
 443
 444         /*
 445          * Output a single line from one of the files, according to the
 446          * join rules.  This happens when we are writing unmatched single
 447          * lines.  Output empty fields in the right places.
 448          */
 449         if (olist)
 450                 for (cnt = 0; cnt < olistcnt; ++cnt) {
 451                         if (olist[cnt].filenum == (unsigned)F->number)
 452                                 outfield(lp, olist[cnt].fieldno, 0);
 453                         else if (olist[cnt].filenum == 0)
 454                                 outfield(lp, F->joinf, 0);
 455                         else
 456                                 outfield(lp, 0, 1);
 457                 }
 458         else
 459                 for (cnt = 0; cnt < lp->fieldcnt; ++cnt)
 460                         outfield(lp, cnt, 0);
 461         (void)printf("\n");
 462         if (ferror(stdout))
 463                 err(1, "stdout");
 464         needsep = 0;
 465 }
 466
 467 static void
 468 outtwoline(INPUT *F1, LINE *lp1, INPUT *F2, LINE *lp2)
 469 {
 470         u_long cnt;
 471
 472         /* Output a pair of lines according to the join list (if any). */
 473         if (olist)
 474                 for (cnt = 0; cnt < olistcnt; ++cnt)
 475                         if (olist[cnt].filenum == 0) {
 476                                 if (lp1->fieldcnt >= F1->joinf)
 477                                         outfield(lp1, F1->joinf, 0);
 478                                 else
 479                                         outfield(lp2, F2->joinf, 0);
 480                         } else if (olist[cnt].filenum == 1)
 481                                 outfield(lp1, olist[cnt].fieldno, 0);
 482                         else /* if (olist[cnt].filenum == 2) */
 483                                 outfield(lp2, olist[cnt].fieldno, 0);
 484         else {
 485                 /*
 486                  * Output the join field, then the remaining fields from F1
 487                  * and F2.
 488                  */
 489                 outfield(lp1, F1->joinf, 0);
 490                 for (cnt = 0; cnt < lp1->fieldcnt; ++cnt)
 491                         if (F1->joinf != cnt)
 492                                 outfield(lp1, cnt, 0);
 493                 for (cnt = 0; cnt < lp2->fieldcnt; ++cnt)
 494                         if (F2->joinf != cnt)
 495                                 outfield(lp2, cnt, 0);
 496         }
 497         (void)printf("\n");
 498         if (ferror(stdout))
 499                 err(1, "stdout");
 500         needsep = 0;
 501 }
 502
 503 static void
 504 outfield(LINE *lp, u_long fieldno, int out_empty)
 505 {
 506         if (needsep++)
 507                 (void)printf("%lc", (wint_t)*tabchar);
 508         if (!ferror(stdout)) {
 509                 if (lp->fieldcnt <= fieldno || out_empty) {
 510                         if (empty != NULL)
 511                                 (void)printf("%s", empty);
 512                 } else {
 513                         if (*lp->fields[fieldno] == '\0')
 514                                 return;
 515                         (void)printf("%s", lp->fields[fieldno]);
 516                 }
 517         }
 518         if (ferror(stdout))
 519                 err(1, "stdout");
 520 }
 521
 522 /*
 523  * Convert an output list argument "2.1, 1.3, 2.4" into an array of output
 524  * fields.
 525  */
 526 static void
 527 fieldarg(char *option)
 528 {
 529         u_long fieldno, filenum;
 530         char *end, *token;
 531
 532         while ((token = strsep(&option, ", \t")) != NULL) {
 533                 if (*token == '\0')
 534                         continue;
 535                 if (token[0] == '0')
 536                         filenum = fieldno = 0;
 537                 else if ((token[0] == '1' || token[0] == '2') &&
 538                     token[1] == '.') {
 539                         filenum = token[0] - '0';
 540                         fieldno = strtol(token + 2, &end, 10);
 541                         if (*end)
 542                                 errx(1, "malformed -o option field");
 543                         if (fieldno == 0)
 544                                 errx(1, "field numbers are 1 based");
 545                         --fieldno;
 546                 } else
 547                         errx(1, "malformed -o option field");
 548                 if (olistcnt == olistalloc) {
 549                         olistalloc += 50;
 550                         if ((olist = realloc(olist,
 551                             olistalloc * sizeof(OLIST))) == NULL)
 552                                 err(1, NULL);
 553                 }
 554                 olist[olistcnt].filenum = filenum;
 555                 olist[olistcnt].fieldno = fieldno;
 556                 ++olistcnt;
 557         }
 558 }
 559
 560 static void
 561 obsolete(char **argv)
 562 {
 563         size_t len;
 564         char **p, *ap, *t;
 565
 566         while ((ap = *++argv) != NULL) {
 567                 /* Return if "--". */
 568                 if (ap[0] == '-' && ap[1] == '-')
 569                         return;
 570                 /* skip if not an option */
 571                 if (ap[0] != '-')
 572                         continue;
 573                 switch (ap[1]) {
 574                 case 'a':
 575                         /*
 576                          * The original join allowed "-a", which meant the
 577                          * same as -a1 plus -a2.  POSIX 1003.2, Draft 11.2
 578                          * only specifies this as "-a 1" and "a -2", so we
 579                          * have to use another option flag, one that is
 580                          * unlikely to ever be used or accidentally entered
 581                          * on the command line.  (Well, we could reallocate
 582                          * the argv array, but that hardly seems worthwhile.)
 583                          */
 584                         if (ap[2] == '\0' && (argv[1] == NULL ||
 585                             (strcmp(argv[1], "1") != 0 &&
 586                             strcmp(argv[1], "2") != 0))) {
 587                                 ap[1] = '\01';
 588                                 warnx("-a option used without an argument; "
 589                                     "reverting to historical behavior");
 590                         }
 591                         break;
 592                 case 'j':
 593                         /*
 594                          * The original join allowed "-j[12] arg" and "-j arg".
 595                          * Convert the former to "-[12] arg".  Don't convert
 596                          * the latter since getopt(3) can handle it.
 597                          */
 598                         switch(ap[2]) {
 599                         case '1':
 600                                 if (ap[3] != '\0')
 601                                         goto jbad;
 602                                 ap[1] = '1';
 603                                 ap[2] = '\0';
 604                                 break;
 605                         case '2':
 606                                 if (ap[3] != '\0')
 607                                         goto jbad;
 608                                 ap[1] = '2';
 609                                 ap[2] = '\0';
 610                                 break;
 611                         case '\0':
 612                                 break;
 613                         default:
 614 jbad:                           errx(1, "illegal option -- %s", ap);
 615                                 usage();
 616                         }
 617                         break;
 618                 case 'o':
 619                         /*
 620                          * The original join allowed "-o arg arg".
 621                          * Convert to "-o arg -o arg".
 622                          */
 623                         if (ap[2] != '\0')
 624                                 break;
 625                         for (p = argv + 2; *p; ++p) {
 626                                 if (p[0][0] == '0' || ((p[0][0] != '1' &&
 627                                     p[0][0] != '2') || p[0][1] != '.'))
 628                                         break;
 629                                 len = strlen(*p);
 630                                 if (len - 2 != strspn(*p + 2, "0123456789"))
 631                                         break;
 632                                 if ((t = malloc(len + 3)) == NULL)
 633                                         err(1, NULL);
 634                                 t[0] = '-';
 635                                 t[1] = 'o';
 636                                 memmove(t + 2, *p, len + 1);
 637                                 *p = t;
 638                         }
 639                         argv = p - 1;
 640                         break;
 641                 }
 642         }
 643 }
 644
 645 static void
 646 usage(void)
 647 {
 648         (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s %s\n%s\n",
 649             "usage: join [-a fileno | -v fileno ] [-e string] [-1 field]",
 650             "[-2 field]",
 651                 "            [-o list] [-t char] file1 file2");
 652         exit(1);
 653 }