4 image::./images/uicontroller.png[]
9 * *ModWh*: Modulation Wheel depth
10 * *Exp MWh*: Exponential Modulation Wheel (changes modulation scale to
12 * *BwDpth*: Bandwidth Depth
13 * *Exp BW*: Exponential Bandwidth (changes bandwidth scale to exponential)
14 * *PanDpth*: Panning Depth
15 * *FltQ*: Filter Q (resonance) depth
16 * *FltCut* Filter Cutoff frequency depth
17 * *Expr*: enable/disable expression
18 * *Vol*: enable/disable receiving volume controller
19 * *FMamp*: enable/disable receiving Modulation Amplitude controller (76)
20 * *Sustain*: enable/disable sustain pedal
21 * *PWheelB.Rng (cents)*: Pitch Wheel Bend Range (cents; 100 cents = 1 halftone)
26 The modulation wheel (MIDI CC #1) controls the amount of modulation applied
27 by the Amplitude, Frequency and Filter LFOs in all voices. The amount
28 of control is governed by the Modulation Wheel depth parameter. When this
29 parameter is set to 0, the modulation wheel has no control over the modulation
30 amount, and it is always the value set by the *Depth* setting in the
31 respective LFO. The default value for the Modulation Wheel depth parameter
34 When the modulation depth parameter is advanced above 0, the modulation wheel
35 starts to influence the amount of modulation. When the modulation wheel
36 is it its center position (control value 64), the modulation amount will
37 always be at the value set by the *Depth* setting in LFO. Smaller modulation
38 wheel values than 64 will decrease the amount of modulation, and larger
39 modulation values will increase it, the amount of decrease or increase being
40 governed by the modulation depth parameter. The modulation amount does not
41 necessarily drop to zero just because the modulation wheel is at zero,
42 depending on the setting of the depth parameter. For the modulation amount
43 to drop to zero, the modulation wheel depth value must be 64 (half way
46 Note that in any case, when the modulation depth is set such that modulation
47 wheel does have control over the modulation amount, the maximum amount of
48 modulation applied (when the modulation wheel has a value of 127), will be
49 higher than the base setting in the LFO depth parameters.
51 When the *Exp Mwh* parameter is enabled, the modulation scale becomes
52 exponential. Pragmatically, this has two effects:
54 * The amount of modulation as the modulation wheel is advanced becomes more
55 gradual, or put another way, the modulation wheel must be advanced further to
56 get the same amount of modulation when the scale is exponential compared to
57 when it is not. This gives more precise control over the onset of modulation.
58 * When the modulation wheel is advanced past its center position (value 64),
59 the maximum attainable modulation amount is much higher.
61 Note that even when modulation scale is set to exponential, a center modulation
62 wheel value (64) still corresponds to the modulation depth set in the
67 * The Modulation Wheel depth parameter must be larger 0 for the modulation
68 wheel to have any effect on the modulation amount.
69 * A center modulation wheel position (value 64) corresponds to the modulation
70 depth setting in the LFOs.
71 * Decreasing the modulation wheel value towards 0 will reduce the amount of
72 modulation, and advancing it towards the maximum value (127) will increase
73 the amount of modulation, as governed by the Modulation Wheel depth
74 parameter, with the amount of modulation set by the LFO depth parameters
76 * For a modulation wheel value of 0 to completely inhibit any modulation,
77 the Modulation Wheel depth control must be 64 (half way) or higher.
78 * Enabling Exponential Modulation Wheel will provide finer control of
79 the onset of modulation, as well as higher achievable maximum modulation
85 * *Prt.Rcv*: If the part receives portamento On/Off (65) controller
86 * *Enable*: If portamento is enabled for the part
87 * *Auto*: If portamento is applied only when playing legato
88 * *Time*: The duration of the portamento
89 * *Up/down*: Sets ratio of portamento time between up- and down-going pitch
91 * *Tr.type*: The threshold type.
92 Checked means that the portamento activates when the difference of frequencies
93 is above the threshold ("Thresh"); not checked is for below the threshold.
94 * *Thresh*: The threshold of the portamento.
95 It represents the minimum or the maximum number of halftones
96 (or hundred cents) required to start the portamento.
97 The difference is computed between the last note and current note.
99 NOTE: The threshold refers to the frequencies and not to MIDI notes
100 (you should consider this if you use microtonal scales).
102 Proportional Portamento
103 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
105 TODO: add graphs to explain prp.rate and prp. depth
108 * *Prop.*: If the portamento time is proportional to ratio of frequencies
109 * *Prp. Scale*: Ratio needed to double the time of portamento
110 * *Prp. Depth*: The divergence from constant portamento time
112 Detailed portamento description
113 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
115 The basis for the portamento function is the corresponding function in a
116 monophonic analog synthesizer. In an analog synthesizer, portamento is
117 implemented as a lag circuit on the CV from the keyboard to the oscillators,
118 providing a smooth glide of the pitch rather than jumping to the new pitch when
119 a new note is played. Thus, a key feature of portamento is that whenever a new
120 note is played, regardless of whether the target pitch of the previous note had
121 been reached or not, the journey to the new pitch starts at whatever pitch
122 prevailed at the time.
124 In a polyphonic analog synthesizer, a trivial implementation of portamento is
125 using separate lag circuits at the keyboard CV inputs of each voice. This does
126 create a bit of a chaotic portamento behavior however, because the glide for a
127 played voice will start at whatever pitch the individual voice had previously,
128 which is not necessarily the same as the previously played note, as it would be
129 in the case of monophonic portamento. Nevertheless, this is the most common
130 implementation of portamento on a polyphonic analog synthesizer, and the mild
131 chaos that ensues when portamento is enabled is still musically useful.
133 Many analog synthesizers implement an optional so-called auto mode for the
134 portamento, whereby portamento is only applied when notes are played
135 legato (i.e. one one key is pressed without releasing the previously played
136 key). This way, the player has direct control over the application of
137 portamento directly in the playing style, without having to resort to a
138 separate controller (button or pedal) to enable/disable portamento.
140 In a digital synthesizer, it is possible to emulate the behavior of an analog
141 polyphonic synthesizer, especially if the implementation models the behavior
142 in terms of a fixed set of voices which are allocated much in the same way as
143 the analog voices would be. However, in synthesizers such as ZynAddSubFx,
144 voices are allocated on an as-needed basis, and deallocated afterwards, so when
145 triggering a new voice, it has no "previous pitch". Unless we purposely want to
146 emulate the behavior of a voice allocated analog synthesizer, we can explore
147 other portamento models.
149 Indeed, in a digital synthesizer, it is possible to use the monophonic
150 portamento behavior as the basis also for polyphonic portamento. This means
151 that when triggering a new note, the pitch of the note should start at the
152 pitch of the previously played note, which may not actually be the target pitch
153 of that note if there was an ongoing portamento at the time the new note was
156 For example, assume C1 is played, and then C2. C2 starts its pitch at C1 and
157 glides upwards. Half way, say when the to-be-C2 voice has reached G1 during its
158 glide, C3 is played. The portamento for C3 should then start at G1, i.e. the
159 pitch that the second played note had reached at that time, rather than for
160 instance at the target pitch of C2, which would give the impression of a C2
161 suddenly being played from nowhere, before gliding up to C3. This mimics the
162 smooth new-notes-start-at-the-current-pitch behavior of a monophonic
163 portamento implementation, which is both logical and consistent.
165 Portamento operation in ZynAddSubFx
166 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
168 For each note played, the portamento controller makes a decision as to whether
169 the note should have portamento or not, governed by the *Auto*, *Enable*,
170 *Tr.Type* and *Thresh* parameters. Whenever a note is played which should have
171 portamento, the portamento starts at the pitch that the previously played note
172 was at when the new note was played. This slightly long-winded explanation
173 encompasses the case of the previous note being in the process of gliding due
174 to portamento, in which case the new note should start precisely at that pitch.
175 This behavior is the same in all key assignment modes (polyphonic, monophonic
178 In poly mode, each note will have its own portamento, i.e. each note will glide
179 individually from its initial pitch (see previous section) to the target pitch
182 Regardless of the key assign mode, portamento can be enabled for every note, or
183 only when notes are played legato. This is governed by the *Auto* parameter.
184 This parameter is enabled by default. When loading patches created prior to
185 Zynaddsubfx version 3.0.7, the *Auto* parameter is set according to the key
186 assign mode: Auto is disabled in poly mode, and enabled in mono and legato
192 * *CFdpth*: resonance center controller depth
193 * *BWdpth*: resonance bandwidth controller depth