1 Date: February 11, 2007
2 Author: Daniel Stenberg <daniel@haxx.se>
3 URL: http://curl.haxx.se/legal/distro-dilemma.html
7 This document is written to describe the situation as it is right now.
8 libcurl 7.16.1 is currently the latest version available. Things may of
9 course change in the future.
11 This document reflects my view and understanding of these things. Please tell
12 me where and how you think I'm wrong, and I'll try to correct my mistakes.
16 The Free Software Foundation has deemed the Original BSD license[1] to be
17 "incompatible"[2] with GPL[3]. I'd rather say it is the other way around, but
18 the point is the same: if you distribute a binary version of a GPL program,
19 it MUST NOT be linked with any Original BSD-licensed parts or libraries.
20 Doing so will violate the GPL license. For a long time, very many GPL
21 licensed programs have avoided this license mess by adding an exception[8] to
22 their license. And many others have just closed their eyes for this problem.
24 libcurl is MIT-style[4] licensed - how on earth did this dilemma fall onto
27 libcurl is only a little library. libcurl can be built to use OpenSSL for its
28 SSL/TLS capabilities. OpenSSL is basically Original BSD licensed[5].
30 If libcurl built to use OpenSSL is used by a GPL-licensed application and you
31 decide to distribute a binary version of it (Linux distros - for example -
32 tend to), you have a clash. GPL vs Original BSD.
34 This dilemma is not libcurl-specific nor is it specific to any particular
35 Linux distro. (This article mentions and refers to Debian several times, but
36 only because Debian seems to be the only Linux distro to have faced this
37 issue yet since no other distro is shipping libcurl built with two SSL
40 Part of the Operating System
42 This would not be a problem if the used lib would be considered part of the
43 underlying operating system, as then the GPL license has an exception
44 clause[6] that allows applications to use such libs without having to be
45 allowed to distribute it or its sources. Possibly some distros will claim
46 that OpenSSL is part of their operating system.
48 Debian does however not take this stance and has officially(?) claimed that
49 OpenSSL is not a required part of the Debian operating system
51 Some people claim that this paragraph cannot be exploited this way by a Linux
52 distro, but I am not a lawyer and that is a discussion left outside of this
57 Since May 2005 libcurl can get built to use GnuTLS instead of OpenSSL. GnuTLS
58 is an LGPL[7] licensed library that offers a matching set of features as
59 OpenSSL does. Now, you can build and distribute an TLS/SSL capable libcurl
60 without including any Original BSD licensed code.
62 I believe Debian is the first (only?) distro that provides libcurl/GnutTLS
67 libcurl can get also get built to use yassl for the TLS/SSL layer. yassl is a
68 GPL[3] licensed library.
71 GnuTLS vs OpenSSL vs yassl
73 While these three libraries offer similar features, they are not equal.
74 libcurl does not (yet) offer a standardized stable ABI if you decide to
75 switch from using libcurl-openssl to libcurl-gnutls or vice versa. The GnuTLS
76 and yassl support is very recent in libcurl and it has not been tested nor
77 used very extensively, while the OpenSSL equivalent code has been used and
78 thus matured since 1999.
84 - lacks MD2 support (used by at least some CA certs)
85 - lacks the crypto functions libcurl uses for NTLM
88 - Original BSD licensened
91 - older and more widely used
92 - provides crypto functions libcurl uses for NTLM
93 - libcurl can do non-blocking connects with it in 7.15.4 and later
97 - much untested and unproven in the real work by (lib)curl users so we don't
98 know a lot about restrictions or benefits from using this
100 The Better License, Original BSD, GPL or LGPL?
102 It isn't obvious or without debate to any objective interested party that
103 either of these licenses are the "better" or even the "preferred" one in a
106 Instead, I think we should accept the fact that the SSL/TLS libraries and
107 their different licenses will fit different applications and their authors
108 differently depending on the applications' licenses and their general usage
109 pattern (considering how GPL and LGPL libraries for example can be burdensome
110 for embedded systems usage).
112 In Debian land, there seems to be a common opinion that LGPL is "maximally
113 compatible" with apps while Original BSD is not. Like this:
115 http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2005/09/msg01417.html
119 In libcurl, there's no stopping us here. There are more Open Source/Free
120 SSL/TLS libraries out there and we would very much like to support them as
121 well, to offer application authors an even wider scope of choice.
123 Application Angle of this Problem
125 libcurl is built to use one SSL/TLS library. It uses a single fixed name (by
126 default) on the built/created lib file, and applications are built/linked to
127 use that single lib. Replacing one libcurl instance with another one that
128 uses the other SSL/TLS library might break one or more applications (due to
129 ABI differences and/or different feature set). You want your application to
130 use the libcurl it was built for.
132 Project cURL Angle of this Problem
134 We distribute libcurl and everyone may build libcurl with either library at
135 their choice. This problem is not directly a problem of ours. It merely
136 affects users - GPL application authors only - of our lib as it comes
137 included and delivered on some distros.
139 libcurl has different ABI when built with different SSL/TLS libraries due to
142 1. No one has worked on fixing this. The mutex/lock callbacks should be set
143 with a generic libcurl function that should use the proper underlying
146 2. The CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_FUNCTION option is not possible to "emulate" on GnuTLS
147 but simply requires OpenSSL.
149 3. There might be some other subtle differences just because nobody has yet
150 tried to make a fixed ABI like this.
152 Distro Angle of this Problem
154 To my knowledge there is only one distro that ships libcurl built with either
157 Debian Linux is now (since mid September 2005) providing two different
158 libcurl packages, one for libcurl built with OpenSSL and one built with
159 GnuTLS. They use different .so names and can this both be installed in a
160 single system simultaneously. This has been said to be a transitional system
161 not desired to keep in the long run.
165 [1] = http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/COPYRIGHT2.html#6
166 [2] = http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/bsd.html
167 [3] = http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl.html
168 [4] = http://curl.haxx.se/docs/copyright.html
169 [5] = http://www.openssl.org/source/license.html
170 [6] = http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl.html end of section 3
171 [7] = http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/lgpl.html
172 [8] = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSL_exception
174 Feedback/Updates provided by