3 Objects are user-defined types which are associated with user-
4 defined functions to manipulate them. Object types are defined
5 similarly to structures in C, and consist of one or more elements.
6 The advantage of an object is that the user-defined routines are
7 automatically called by the calculator for various operations,
8 such as addition, multiplication, and printing. Thus they can be
9 manipulated by the user as if they were just another kind of number.
11 An example object type is "surd", which represents numbers of the form
15 where D is a fixed integer, and 'a' and 'b' are arbitrary rational
16 numbers. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be
17 performed on such numbers, and the result can be put unambiguously
18 into the same form. (Complex numbers are an example of surds, where
21 The "obj" statement defines either an object type or an actual
22 variable of that type. When defining the object type, the names of
23 its elements are specified inside of a pair of braces. To define
24 the surd object type, the following could be used:
28 Here a and b are the element names for the two components of the
29 surd object. An object type can be defined more than once as long
30 as the number of elements and their names are the same.
32 When an object is created, the elements are all defined with zero
33 values. A user-defined routine should be provided which will place
34 useful values in the elements. For example, for an object of type
35 'surd', a function called 'surd' can be defined to set the two
36 components as follows:
48 When an operation is attempted for an object, user functions with
49 particular names are automatically called to perform the operation.
50 These names are created by concatenating the object type name and
51 the operation name together with an underscore. For example, when
52 multiplying two objects of type surd, the function "surd_mul" is
55 The user function is called with the necessary arguments for that
56 operation. For example, for "surd_mul", there are two arguments,
57 which are the two numbers. The order of the arguments is always
58 the order of the binary operands. If only one of the operands to
59 a binary operator is an object, then the user function for that
60 object type is still called. If the two operands are of different
61 object types, then the user function that is called is the one for
64 The above rules mean that for full generality, user functions
65 should detect that one of their arguments is not of its own object
66 type by using the 'istype' function, and then handle these cases
67 specially. In this way, users can mix normal numbers with object
68 types. (Functions which only have one operand don't have to worry
69 about this.) The following example of "surd_mul" demonstrates how
70 to handle regular numbers when used together with surds:
78 /* a not of type surd */
81 } else if (!istype(b, x)) {
82 /* b not of type surd */
87 x.a = a.a * b.a + D * a.b * b.b;
88 x.b = a.a * b.b + a.b * b.a;
91 return x.a; /* normal number */
92 return x; /* return surd */
95 In order to print the value of an object nicely, a user defined
96 routine can be provided. For small amounts of output, the print
97 routine should not print a newline. Also, it is most convenient
98 if the printed object looks like the call to the creation routine.
99 For output to be correctly collected within nested output calls,
100 output should only go to stdout. This means use the 'print'
101 statement, the 'printf' function, or the 'fprintf' function with
102 'files(1)' as the output file. For example, for the "surd" object:
106 print "surd(" : a.a : "," : a.b : ")" : ;
109 It is not necessary to provide routines for all possible operations
110 for an object, if those operations can be defaulted or do not make
111 sense for the object. The calculator will attempt meaningful
112 defaults for many operations if they are not defined. For example,
113 if 'surd_square' is not defined to square a number, then 'surd_mul'
114 will be called to perform the squaring. When a default is not
115 possible, then an error will be generated.
117 Please note: Arguments to object functions are always passed by
118 reference (as if an '&' was specified for each variable in the call).
119 Therefore, the function should not modify the parameters, but should
120 copy them into local variables before modifying them. This is done
121 in order to make object calls quicker in general.
123 The double-bracket operator can be used to reference the elements
124 of any object in a generic manner. When this is done, index 0
125 corresponds to the first element name, index 1 to the second name,
126 and so on. The 'size' function will return the number of elements
129 The following is a list of the operations possible for objects.
130 The 'xx' in each function name is replaced with the actual object
131 type name. This table is displayed by the 'show objfunctions' command.
135 xx_print 1 print value, default prints elements
136 xx_one 1 multiplicative identity, default is 1
137 xx_test 1 logical test (false,true => 0,1),
138 default tests elements
143 xx_div 2 non-integral division
144 xx_inv 1 multiplicative inverse
145 xx_abs 2 absolute value within given error
146 xx_norm 1 square of absolute value
148 xx_pow 2 integer power, default does multiply,
150 xx_sgn 1 sign of value (-1, 0, 1)
151 xx_cmp 2 equality (equal,nonequal => 0,1),
152 default tests elements
153 xx_rel 2 relative order, positive for >, etc.
154 xx_quo 3 integer quotient
155 xx_mod 3 remainder of division
156 xx_int 1 integer part
157 xx_frac 1 fractional part
158 xx_inc 1 increment, default adds 1
159 xx_dec 1 decrement, default subtracts 1
160 xx_square 1 default multiplies by itself
161 xx_scale 2 multiply by power of 2
162 xx_shift 2 shift left by n bits (right if negative)
163 xx_round 3 round to given number of decimal places
164 xx_bround 3 round to given number of binary places
165 xx_root 3 root of value within given error
166 xx_sqrt 3 square root within given error
170 xx_fact 1 factorial or postfix !
171 xx_min 1 value for min(...)
172 xx_max 1 value for max(...)
173 xx_sum 1 value for sum(...)
174 xx_assign 2 assign, defaults to a = b
175 xx_xor 2 value for binary ~
176 xx_comp 1 value for unary ~
177 xx_content 1 unary hash op
178 xx_hashop 2 binary hash op
179 xx_backslash 1 unary backslash op
180 xx_setminus 2 binary backslash op
183 Also see the standard resource files:
199 ## Copyright (C) 1999,2010 Landon Curt Noll
201 ## Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
202 ## the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
203 ## as published by the Free Software Foundation.
205 ## Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
206 ## ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
207 ## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General
208 ## Public License for more details.
210 ## A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
211 ## distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL. You should have
212 ## received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
213 ## 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
215 ## @(#) $Revision: 30.4 $
216 ## @(#) $Id: obj.file,v 30.4 2013/08/11 08:41:38 chongo Exp $
217 ## @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/bin/calc/help/RCS/obj.file,v $
219 ## Under source code control: 1991/07/21 04:37:22
220 ## File existed as early as: 1991
222 ## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
223 ## Share and enjoy! :-) http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/