2 rcin - encode for REDC algorithms
11 return integer v, 0 <= v < m.
14 Let B be the base calc uses for representing integers internally
15 (B = 2^16 for 32-bit machines, 2^32 for 64-bit machines) and N the
16 number of words (base-B digits) in the representation of m. Then
17 rcin(x,m) returns the value of B^N * x % m, where the modulus
18 operator % here gives the least nonnegative residue.
20 If y = rcin(x,m), x % m may be evaluated by x % m = rcout(y, m).
22 The "encoding" method of using rcmul(), rcsq(), and rcpow() for
23 evaluating products, squares and powers modulo m correspond to the
26 rcin(x * y, m) = rcmul(rcin(x,m), rcin(y,m), m);
28 rcin(x^2, m) = rcsq(rcin(x,m), m);
30 rcin(x^k, m) = rcpow(rcin(x,m), k, m).
32 Here k is any nonnegative integer. Using these formulae may be
33 faster than direct evaluation of x * y % m, x^2 % m, x^k % m.
34 Some encoding and decoding may be bypassed by formulae like:
36 x * y % m = rcin(rcmul(x, y, m), m).
38 If m is a divisor of B^N - h for some integer h, rcin(x,m) may be
39 computed by using rcin(x,m) = h * x % m. In particular, if
40 m is a divisor of B^N - 1 and 0 <= x < m, then rcin(x,m) = x.
41 For example if B = 2^16 or 2^32, this is so for m = (B^N - 1)/d
42 for the divisors d = 3, 5, 15, 17, ...
45 The first time a particular value for m is used in rcin(x, m),
46 the information required for the REDC algorithms is
47 calculated and stored for future use in a table covering up to
48 5 (i.e. MAXREDC) values of m. The runtime required for this is about
49 two that required for multiplying two N-word integers.
51 Two algorithms are available for evaluating rcin(x, m), the one
52 which is usually faster for small N is used when N <
53 config("pow2"); the other is usually faster for larger N. If
54 config("pow2") is set at about 200 and x has both been reduced
55 modulo m, the runtime required for rcin(x, m) is at most about f
56 times the runtime required for an N-word by N-word multiplication,
57 where f increases from about 1.3 for N = 1 to near 2 for N > 200.
58 More runtime may be required if x has to be reduced modulo m.
61 Using a 64-bit machine with B = 2^32:
63 ; for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) print rcin(x, 9),:; print;
70 void zredcencode(REDC *rp, ZVALUE z1, ZVALUE *res)
73 rcout, rcmul, rcsq, rcpow
75 ## Copyright (C) 1999 Landon Curt Noll
77 ## Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
78 ## the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
79 ## as published by the Free Software Foundation.
81 ## Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
82 ## ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
83 ## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General
84 ## Public License for more details.
86 ## A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
87 ## distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL. You should have
88 ## received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
89 ## 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
91 ## @(#) $Revision: 30.1 $
92 ## @(#) $Id: rcin,v 30.1 2007/03/16 11:10:42 chongo Exp $
93 ## @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/cmd/calc/help/RCS/rcin,v $
95 ## Under source code control: 1996/02/25 02:22:21
96 ## File existed as early as: 1996
98 ## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
99 ## Share and enjoy! :-) http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/