2 rcout - decode for REDC algorithms
11 return integer v, 0 <= v < m.
14 Let B be the base calc uses for representing integers internally
15 (B = 2^16 for 32-bit machines, 2^32 for 64-bit machines) and N the
16 number of words (base-B digits) in the representation of m. Then
17 rcout(x,m) returns the value of B^-N * x % m, where the inverse
18 implicit in B^-N is modulo m and the modulus operator % gives the
19 least non-negative residue. The functions rcin() and rcout() are
20 inverses of each other for all x:
22 rcout(rcin(x,m), m) = rcin(rcout(x,m),m) = x % m.
24 The normal use of rcout() may be said to be that of decoding
25 values encoded by rcin() and REDC functions, as in:
27 x * y % m = rcout(rcmul(rcin(x,m),rcin(y,m),m),m),
29 x^2 % m = rcout(rcsq(rcin(x,m),m),m),
31 x ^ k % m = rcout(rcpow(rcin(x,m),k,m),m).
34 If the value of m in rcout(x,m) is being used for the first time in
35 a REDC function, the information required for the REDC algorithms
36 is calculated and stored for future use, possibly replacing an
37 already stored valued, in a table covering up to 5 (i.e. MAXREDC)
38 values of m. The runtime required for this is about two times that
39 required for multiplying two N-word integers.
41 Two algorithms are available for evaluating rcout(x, m), the one
42 which is usually faster for small N is used when N <
43 config("pow2"); the other is usually faster for larger N. If
44 config("pow2") is set at about 200, and x has been reduced modulo
45 m, the runtime required for rcout(x, m) is at most about f times
46 the runtime required for an N-word by N-word multiplication, where
47 f increases from about 1 for N = 1 to near 2 for N >
48 config("pow2"). More runtime may be required if x has to be
52 Using a 64-bit machine with B = 2^32:
54 ; for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) print rcout(i,9),:; print;
61 void zredcdecode(REDC *rp, ZVALUE z1, ZVALUE *res)
64 rcout, rcmul, rcsq, rcpow
66 ## Copyright (C) 1999 Landon Curt Noll
68 ## Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
69 ## the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
70 ## as published by the Free Software Foundation.
72 ## Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
73 ## ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
74 ## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General
75 ## Public License for more details.
77 ## A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
78 ## distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL. You should have
79 ## received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
80 ## 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
82 ## @(#) $Revision: 30.1 $
83 ## @(#) $Id: rcout,v 30.1 2007/03/16 11:10:42 chongo Exp $
84 ## @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/cmd/calc/help/RCS/rcout,v $
86 ## Under source code control: 1996/02/25 02:22:21
87 ## File existed as early as: 1996
89 ## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
90 ## Share and enjoy! :-) http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/