2 <!-- This anchor is here for backwards compatibility -->
5 The [`lib.fileset`](#sec-functions-library-fileset) library allows you to work with _file sets_.
6 A file set is a (mathematical) set of local files that can be added to the Nix store for use in Nix derivations.
7 File sets are easy and safe to use, providing obvious and composable semantics with good error messages to prevent mistakes.
9 # Overview {#sec-fileset-overview}
12 - [Implicit coercion from paths to file sets](#sec-fileset-path-coercion)
14 - [`lib.fileset.maybeMissing`](#function-library-lib.fileset.maybeMissing):
16 Create a file set from a path that may be missing.
18 - [`lib.fileset.trace`](#function-library-lib.fileset.trace)/[`lib.fileset.traceVal`](#function-library-lib.fileset.trace):
20 Pretty-print file sets for debugging.
22 - [`lib.fileset.toSource`](#function-library-lib.fileset.toSource):
24 Add files in file sets to the store to use as derivation sources.
26 - [`lib.fileset.toList`](#function-library-lib.fileset.toList):
28 The list of files contained in a file set.
31 - [`lib.fileset.union`](#function-library-lib.fileset.union)/[`lib.fileset.unions`](#function-library-lib.fileset.unions):
33 Create a larger file set from all the files in multiple file sets.
35 - [`lib.fileset.intersection`](#function-library-lib.fileset.intersection):
37 Create a smaller file set from only the files in both file sets.
39 - [`lib.fileset.difference`](#function-library-lib.fileset.difference):
41 Create a smaller file set containing all files that are in one file set, but not another one.
44 - [`lib.fileset.fileFilter`](#function-library-lib.fileset.fileFilter):
46 Create a file set from all files that satisisfy a predicate in a directory.
49 - [`lib.fileset.fromSource`](#function-library-lib.fileset.fromSource):
51 Create a file set from a `lib.sources`-based value.
53 - [`lib.fileset.gitTracked`](#function-library-lib.fileset.gitTracked)/[`lib.fileset.gitTrackedWith`](#function-library-lib.fileset.gitTrackedWith):
55 Create a file set from all tracked files in a local Git repository.
57 If you need more file set functions,
58 see [this issue](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/266356) to request it.
60 # Implicit coercion from paths to file sets {#sec-fileset-path-coercion}
62 All functions accepting file sets as arguments can also accept [paths](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/values.html#type-path) as arguments.
63 Such path arguments are implicitly coerced to file sets containing all files under that path:
64 - A path to a file turns into a file set containing that single file.
65 - A path to a directory turns into a file set containing all files _recursively_ in that directory.
67 If the path points to a non-existent location, an error is thrown.
70 Just like in Git, file sets cannot represent empty directories.
71 Because of this, a path to a directory that contains no files (recursively) will turn into a file set containing no files.
75 File set coercion does _not_ add any of the files under the coerced paths to the store.
76 Only the [`toSource`](#function-library-lib.fileset.toSource) function adds files to the Nix store, and only those files contained in the `fileset` argument.
77 This is in contrast to using [paths in string interpolation](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/values.html#type-path), which does add the entire referenced path to the store.
80 ## Example {#sec-fileset-path-coercion-example}
82 Assume we are in a local directory with a file hierarchy like this:
92 Here's a listing of which files get included when different path expressions get coerced to file sets:
93 - `./.` as a file set contains both `a/x` and `a/b/y` (`c/` does not contain any files and is therefore omitted).
94 - `./a` as a file set contains both `a/x` and `a/b/y`.
95 - `./a/x` as a file set contains only `a/x`.
96 - `./a/b` as a file set contains only `a/b/y`.
97 - `./c` as a file set is empty, since neither `c` nor `c/d` contain any files.
102 inherit (import ./internal.nix { inherit lib; })
115 _fetchGitSubmodulesMinver
139 inherit (lib.strings)
144 inherit (lib.filesystem)
148 inherit (lib.sources)
152 inherit (lib.trivial)
161 Create a file set from a path that may or may not exist:
162 - If the path does exist, the path is [coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
163 - If the path does not exist, a file set containing no files is returned.
169 : 1\. Function argument
174 maybeMissing :: Path -> FileSet
179 ## `lib.fileset.maybeMissing` usage example
182 # All files in the current directory, but excluding main.o if it exists
183 difference ./. (maybeMissing ./main.o)
191 if isStringLike path then
192 throw ''lib.fileset.maybeMissing: Argument ("${toString path}") is a string-like value, but it should be a path instead.''
194 throw ''lib.fileset.maybeMissing: Argument is of type ${typeOf path}, but it should be a path instead.''
195 else if !pathExists path then
201 Incrementally evaluate and trace a file set in a pretty way.
202 This function is only intended for debugging purposes.
203 The exact tracing format is unspecified and may change.
205 This function takes a final argument to return.
206 In comparison, [`traceVal`](#function-library-lib.fileset.traceVal) returns
207 the given file set argument.
209 This variant is useful for tracing file sets in the Nix repl.
215 : The file set to trace.
217 This argument can also be a path,
218 which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
222 : The value to return.
227 trace :: FileSet -> Any -> Any
232 ## `lib.fileset.trace` usage example
235 trace (unions [ ./Makefile ./src ./tests/run.sh ]) null
237 trace: /home/user/src/myProject
238 trace: - Makefile (regular)
239 trace: - src (all files in directory)
241 trace: - run.sh (regular)
250 # "fileset" would be a better name, but that would clash with the argument name,
251 # and we cannot change that because of https://github.com/nix-community/nixdoc/issues/76
252 actualFileset = _coerce "lib.fileset.trace: Argument" fileset;
254 seq (_printFileset actualFileset) (x: x);
257 Incrementally evaluate and trace a file set in a pretty way.
258 This function is only intended for debugging purposes.
259 The exact tracing format is unspecified and may change.
261 This function returns the given file set.
262 In comparison, [`trace`](#function-library-lib.fileset.trace) takes another argument to return.
264 This variant is useful for tracing file sets passed as arguments to other functions.
270 : The file set to trace and return.
272 This argument can also be a path,
273 which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
278 traceVal :: FileSet -> FileSet
283 ## `lib.fileset.traceVal` usage example
288 fileset = traceVal (unions [
295 trace: /home/user/src/myProject
296 trace: - Makefile (regular)
297 trace: - src (all files in directory)
299 trace: - run.sh (regular)
300 "/nix/store/...-source"
308 # "fileset" would be a better name, but that would clash with the argument name,
309 # and we cannot change that because of https://github.com/nix-community/nixdoc/issues/76
310 actualFileset = _coerce "lib.fileset.traceVal: Argument" fileset;
312 seq (_printFileset actualFileset)
313 # We could also return the original fileset argument here,
314 # but that would then duplicate work for consumers of the fileset, because then they have to coerce it again
318 Add the local files contained in `fileset` to the store as a single [store path](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/glossary#gloss-store-path) rooted at `root`.
320 The result is the store path as a string-like value, making it usable e.g. as the `src` of a derivation, or in string interpolation:
322 stdenv.mkDerivation {
323 src = lib.fileset.toSource { ... };
328 The name of the store path is always `source`.
332 Takes an attribute set with the following attributes
334 `root` (Path; _required_)
336 : The local directory [path](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/values.html#type-path) that will correspond to the root of the resulting store path.
337 Paths in [strings](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/values.html#type-string), including Nix store paths, cannot be passed as `root`.
338 `root` has to be a directory.
341 Changing `root` only affects the directory structure of the resulting store path, it does not change which files are added to the store.
342 The only way to change which files get added to the store is by changing the `fileset` attribute.
345 `fileset` (FileSet; _required_)
347 : The file set whose files to import into the store.
348 File sets can be created using other functions in this library.
349 This argument can also be a path,
350 which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
353 If a directory does not recursively contain any file, it is omitted from the store path contents.
367 ## `lib.fileset.toSource` usage example
370 # Import the current directory into the store
371 # but only include files under ./src
376 => "/nix/store/...-source"
378 # Import the current directory into the store
379 # but only include ./Makefile and all files under ./src
386 => "/nix/store/...-source"
388 # Trying to include a file outside the root will fail
399 # The root needs to point to a directory that contains all the files
408 => "/nix/store/...-source"
410 # The root has to be a local filesystem path
412 root = "/nix/store/...-source";
426 # We cannot rename matched attribute arguments, so let's work around it with an extra `let in` statement
427 filesetArg = fileset;
430 fileset = _coerce "lib.fileset.toSource: `fileset`" filesetArg;
431 rootFilesystemRoot = (splitRoot root).root;
432 filesetFilesystemRoot = (splitRoot fileset._internalBase).root;
433 sourceFilter = _toSourceFilter fileset;
436 if root ? _isLibCleanSourceWith then
438 lib.fileset.toSource: `root` is a `lib.sources`-based value, but it should be a path instead.
439 To use a `lib.sources`-based value, convert it to a file set using `lib.fileset.fromSource` and pass it as `fileset`.
440 Note that this only works for sources created from paths.''
441 else if isStringLike root then
443 lib.fileset.toSource: `root` (${toString root}) is a string-like value, but it should be a path instead.
444 Paths in strings are not supported by `lib.fileset`, use `lib.sources` or derivations instead.''
446 throw ''lib.fileset.toSource: `root` is of type ${typeOf root}, but it should be a path instead.''
447 # Currently all Nix paths have the same filesystem root, but this could change in the future.
448 # See also ../path/README.md
449 else if !fileset._internalIsEmptyWithoutBase && rootFilesystemRoot != filesetFilesystemRoot then
451 lib.fileset.toSource: Filesystem roots are not the same for `fileset` and `root` (${toString root}):
452 `root`: Filesystem root is "${toString rootFilesystemRoot}"
453 `fileset`: Filesystem root is "${toString filesetFilesystemRoot}"
454 Different filesystem roots are not supported.''
455 else if !pathExists root then
456 throw ''lib.fileset.toSource: `root` (${toString root}) is a path that does not exist.''
457 else if pathType root != "directory" then
459 lib.fileset.toSource: `root` (${toString root}) is a file, but it should be a directory instead. Potential solutions:
460 - If you want to import the file into the store _without_ a containing directory, use string interpolation or `builtins.path` instead of this function.
461 - If you want to import the file into the store _with_ a containing directory, set `root` to the containing directory, such as ${toString (dirOf root)}, and set `fileset` to the file path.''
462 else if !fileset._internalIsEmptyWithoutBase && !hasPrefix root fileset._internalBase then
464 lib.fileset.toSource: `fileset` could contain files in ${toString fileset._internalBase}, which is not under the `root` (${toString root}). Potential solutions:
465 - Set `root` to ${toString fileset._internalBase} or any directory higher up. This changes the layout of the resulting store path.
466 - Set `fileset` to a file set that cannot contain files outside the `root` (${toString root}). This could change the files included in the result.''
468 seq sourceFilter cleanSourceWith {
471 filter = sourceFilter;
475 The list of file paths contained in the given file set.
478 This function is strict in the entire file set.
479 This is in contrast with combinators [`lib.fileset.union`](#function-library-lib.fileset.union),
480 [`lib.fileset.intersection`](#function-library-lib.fileset.intersection) and [`lib.fileset.difference`](#function-library-lib.fileset.difference).
482 Thus it is recommended to call `toList` on file sets created using the combinators,
483 instead of doing list processing on the result of `toList`.
486 The resulting list of files can be turned back into a file set using [`lib.fileset.unions`](#function-library-lib.fileset.unions).
492 : The file set whose file paths to return. This argument can also be a path, which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
497 toList :: FileSet -> [ Path ]
502 ## `lib.fileset.toList` usage example
506 [ ./README.md ./Makefile ./src/main.c ./src/main.h ]
508 toList (difference ./. ./src)
509 [ ./README.md ./Makefile ]
514 toList = fileset: _toList (_coerce "lib.fileset.toList: Argument" fileset);
517 The file set containing all files that are in either of two given file sets.
518 This is the same as [`unions`](#function-library-lib.fileset.unions),
519 but takes just two file sets instead of a list.
520 See also [Union (set theory)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)).
522 The given file sets are evaluated as lazily as possible,
523 with the first argument being evaluated first if needed.
529 : The first file set. This argument can also be a path, which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
533 : The second file set. This argument can also be a path, which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
538 union :: FileSet -> FileSet -> FileSet
543 ## `lib.fileset.union` usage example
546 # Create a file set containing the file `Makefile`
547 # and all files recursively in the `src` directory
548 union ./Makefile ./src
550 # Create a file set containing the file `Makefile`
551 # and the LICENSE file from the parent directory
552 union ./Makefile ../LICENSE
560 _coerceMany "lib.fileset.union" [
562 context = "First argument";
566 context = "Second argument";
573 The file set containing all files that are in any of the given file sets.
574 This is the same as [`union`](#function-library-lib.fileset.unions),
575 but takes a list of file sets instead of just two.
576 See also [Union (set theory)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)).
578 The given file sets are evaluated as lazily as possible,
579 with earlier elements being evaluated first if needed.
585 : A list of file sets. The elements can also be paths, which get [implicitly coerced to file sets](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
590 unions :: [ FileSet ] -> FileSet
595 ## `lib.fileset.unions` usage example
598 # Create a file set containing selected files
600 # Include the single file `Makefile` in the current directory
601 # This errors if the file doesn't exist
604 # Recursively include all files in the `src/code` directory
605 # If this directory is empty this has no effect
608 # Include the files `run.sh` and `unit.c` from the `tests` directory
612 # Include the `LICENSE` file from the parent directory
621 if !isList filesets then
622 throw ''lib.fileset.unions: Argument is of type ${typeOf filesets}, but it should be a list instead.''
625 # Annotate the elements with context, used by _coerceMany for better errors
628 context = "Element ${toString i}";
632 (_coerceMany "lib.fileset.unions")
637 The file set containing all files that are in both of two given file sets.
638 See also [Intersection (set theory)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)).
640 The given file sets are evaluated as lazily as possible,
641 with the first argument being evaluated first if needed.
647 : The first file set. This argument can also be a path, which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
651 : The second file set. This argument can also be a path, which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
656 intersection :: FileSet -> FileSet -> FileSet
661 ## `lib.fileset.intersection` usage example
664 # Limit the selected files to the ones in ./., so only ./src and ./Makefile
665 intersection ./. (unions [ ../LICENSE ./src ./Makefile ])
673 filesets = _coerceMany "lib.fileset.intersection" [
675 context = "First argument";
679 context = "Second argument";
684 _intersection (elemAt filesets 0) (elemAt filesets 1);
687 The file set containing all files from the first file set that are not in the second file set.
688 See also [Difference (set theory)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)#Relative_complement).
690 The given file sets are evaluated as lazily as possible,
691 with the first argument being evaluated first if needed.
697 : The positive file set. The result can only contain files that are also in this file set. This argument can also be a path, which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
701 : The negative file set. The result will never contain files that are also in this file set. This argument can also be a path, which gets [implicitly coerced to a file set](#sec-fileset-path-coercion).
706 union :: FileSet -> FileSet -> FileSet
711 ## `lib.fileset.difference` usage example
714 # Create a file set containing all files from the current directory,
715 # except ones under ./tests
716 difference ./. ./tests
719 # A set of Nix-related files
720 nixFiles = unions [ ./default.nix ./nix ./tests/default.nix ];
722 # Create a file set containing all files under ./tests, except ones in `nixFiles`,
723 # meaning only without ./tests/default.nix
724 difference ./tests nixFiles
732 filesets = _coerceMany "lib.fileset.difference" [
734 context = "First argument (positive set)";
738 context = "Second argument (negative set)";
743 _difference (elemAt filesets 0) (elemAt filesets 1);
746 Filter a file set to only contain files matching some predicate.
752 : The predicate function to call on all files contained in given file set.
753 A file is included in the resulting file set if this function returns true for it.
755 This function is called with an attribute set containing these attributes:
757 - `name` (String): The name of the file
759 - `type` (String, one of `"regular"`, `"symlink"` or `"unknown"`): The type of the file.
760 This matches result of calling [`builtins.readFileType`](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/builtins.html#builtins-readFileType) on the file's path.
762 - `hasExt` (String -> Bool): Whether the file has a certain file extension.
763 `hasExt ext` is true only if `hasSuffix ".${ext}" name`.
765 This also means that e.g. for a file with name `.gitignore`,
766 `hasExt "gitignore"` is true.
768 Other attributes may be added in the future.
772 : The path whose files to filter
781 hasExt :: String -> Bool,
790 ## `lib.fileset.fileFilter` usage example
793 # Include all regular `default.nix` files in the current directory
794 fileFilter (file: file.name == "default.nix") ./.
796 # Include all non-Nix files from the current directory
797 fileFilter (file: ! file.hasExt "nix") ./.
799 # Include all files that start with a "." in the current directory
800 fileFilter (file: hasPrefix "." file.name) ./.
802 # Include all regular files (not symlinks or others) in the current directory
803 fileFilter (file: file.type == "regular") ./.
810 if !isFunction predicate then
811 throw ''lib.fileset.fileFilter: First argument is of type ${typeOf predicate}, but it should be a function instead.''
812 else if !isPath path then
813 if path._type or "" == "fileset" then
815 lib.fileset.fileFilter: Second argument is a file set, but it should be a path instead.
816 If you need to filter files in a file set, use `intersection fileset (fileFilter pred ./.)` instead.''
818 throw ''lib.fileset.fileFilter: Second argument is of type ${typeOf path}, but it should be a path instead.''
819 else if !pathExists path then
820 throw ''lib.fileset.fileFilter: Second argument (${toString path}) is a path that does not exist.''
822 _fileFilter predicate path;
825 Create a file set with the same files as a `lib.sources`-based value.
826 This does not import any of the files into the store.
828 This can be used to gradually migrate from `lib.sources`-based filtering to `lib.fileset`.
830 A file set can be turned back into a source using [`toSource`](#function-library-lib.fileset.toSource).
833 File sets cannot represent empty directories.
834 Turning the result of this function back into a source using `toSource` will therefore not preserve empty directories.
841 : 1\. Function argument
846 fromSource :: SourceLike -> FileSet
851 ## `lib.fileset.fromSource` usage example
854 # There's no cleanSource-like function for file sets yet,
855 # but we can just convert cleanSource to a file set and use it that way
858 fileset = fromSource (lib.sources.cleanSource ./.);
861 # Keeping a previous sourceByRegex (which could be migrated to `lib.fileset.unions`),
862 # but removing a subdirectory using file set functions
864 (fromSource (lib.sources.sourceByRegex ./. [
866 # This regex includes everything in ./doc
871 # Use cleanSource, but limit it to only include ./Makefile and files under ./src
873 (fromSource (lib.sources.cleanSource ./.))
885 # This function uses `._isLibCleanSourceWith`, `.origSrc` and `.filter`,
886 # which are technically internal to lib.sources,
887 # but we'll allow this since both libraries are in the same code base
888 # and this function is a bridge between them.
889 isFiltered = source ? _isLibCleanSourceWith;
890 path = if isFiltered then source.origSrc else source;
892 # We can only support sources created from paths
894 if isStringLike path then
896 lib.fileset.fromSource: The source origin of the argument is a string-like value ("${toString path}"), but it should be a path instead.
897 Sources created from paths in strings cannot be turned into file sets, use `lib.sources` or derivations instead.''
899 throw ''lib.fileset.fromSource: The source origin of the argument is of type ${typeOf path}, but it should be a path instead.''
900 else if !pathExists path then
901 throw ''lib.fileset.fromSource: The source origin (${toString path}) of the argument is a path that does not exist.''
902 else if isFiltered then
903 _fromSourceFilter path source.filter
905 # If there's no filter, no need to run the expensive conversion, all subpaths will be included
909 Create a file set containing all [Git-tracked files](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Recording-Changes-to-the-Repository) in a repository.
911 This function behaves like [`gitTrackedWith { }`](#function-library-lib.fileset.gitTrackedWith) - using the defaults.
917 : The [path](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/values#type-path) to the working directory of a local Git repository.
918 This directory must contain a `.git` file or subdirectory.
923 gitTracked :: Path -> FileSet
928 ## `lib.fileset.gitTracked` usage example
931 # Include all files tracked by the Git repository in the current directory
934 # Include only files tracked by the Git repository in the parent directory
935 # that are also in the current directory
936 intersection ./. (gitTracked ../.)
941 gitTracked = path: _fromFetchGit "gitTracked" "argument" path { };
944 Create a file set containing all [Git-tracked files](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Recording-Changes-to-the-Repository) in a repository.
945 The first argument allows configuration with an attribute set,
946 while the second argument is the path to the Git working tree.
948 `gitTrackedWith` does not perform any filtering when the path is a [Nix store path](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/store/store-path.html#store-path) and not a repository.
949 In this way, it accommodates the use case where the expression that makes the `gitTracked` call does not reside in an actual git repository anymore,
950 and has presumably already been fetched in a way that excludes untracked files.
951 Fetchers with such equivalent behavior include `builtins.fetchGit`, `builtins.fetchTree` (experimental), and `pkgs.fetchgit` when used without `leaveDotGit`.
953 If you don't need the configuration,
954 you can use [`gitTracked`](#function-library-lib.fileset.gitTracked) instead.
956 This is equivalent to the result of [`unions`](#function-library-lib.fileset.unions) on all files returned by [`git ls-files`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-ls-files)
957 (which uses [`--cached`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-ls-files#Documentation/git-ls-files.txt--c) by default).
960 Currently this function is based on [`builtins.fetchGit`](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/builtins.html#builtins-fetchGit)
961 As such, this function causes all Git-tracked files to be unnecessarily added to the Nix store,
962 without being re-usable by [`toSource`](#function-library-lib.fileset.toSource).
964 This may change in the future.
969 `options` (attribute set)
970 : `recurseSubmodules` (optional, default: `false`)
971 : Whether to recurse into [Git submodules](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Submodules) to also include their tracked files.
972 If `true`, this is equivalent to passing the [--recurse-submodules](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-ls-files#Documentation/git-ls-files.txt---recurse-submodules) flag to `git ls-files`.
975 : The [path](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/values#type-path) to the working directory of a local Git repository.
976 This directory must contain a `.git` file or subdirectory.
981 gitTrackedWith :: { recurseSubmodules :: Bool ? false } -> Path -> FileSet
986 ## `lib.fileset.gitTrackedWith` usage example
989 # Include all files tracked by the Git repository in the current directory
990 # and any submodules under it
991 gitTracked { recurseSubmodules = true; } ./.
998 recurseSubmodules ? false,
1001 if !isBool recurseSubmodules then
1002 throw "lib.fileset.gitTrackedWith: Expected the attribute `recurseSubmodules` of the first argument to be a boolean, but it's a ${typeOf recurseSubmodules} instead."
1003 else if recurseSubmodules && versionOlder nixVersion _fetchGitSubmodulesMinver then
1004 throw "lib.fileset.gitTrackedWith: Setting the attribute `recurseSubmodules` to `true` is only supported for Nix version ${_fetchGitSubmodulesMinver} and after, but Nix version ${nixVersion} is used."
1006 _fromFetchGit "gitTrackedWith" "second argument" path
1007 # This is the only `fetchGit` parameter that makes sense in this context.
1008 # We can't just pass `submodules = recurseSubmodules` here because
1009 # this would fail for Nix versions that don't support `submodules`.
1011 lib.optionalAttrs recurseSubmodules {