1 # `<nixpkgs/nixos/lib/make-disk-image.nix>` {#sec-make-disk-image}
3 `<nixpkgs/nixos/lib/make-disk-image.nix>` is a function to create _disk images_ in multiple formats: raw, QCOW2 (QEMU), QCOW2-Compressed (compressed version), VDI (VirtualBox), VPC (VirtualPC).
5 This function can create images in two ways:
7 - using `cptofs` without any virtual machine to create a Nix store disk image,
8 - using a virtual machine to create a full NixOS installation.
10 When testing early-boot or lifecycle parts of NixOS such as a bootloader or multiple generations, it is necessary to opt for a full NixOS system installation.
11 Whereas for many web servers, applications, it is possible to work with a Nix store only disk image and is faster to build.
13 NixOS tests also use this function when preparing the VM. The `cptofs` method is used when `virtualisation.useBootLoader` is false (the default). Otherwise the second method is used.
15 ## Features {#sec-make-disk-image-features}
17 For reference, read the function signature source code for documentation on arguments: <https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/nixos/lib/make-disk-image.nix>.
18 Features are separated in various sections depending on if you opt for a Nix-store only image or a full NixOS image.
20 ### Common {#sec-make-disk-image-features-common}
22 - arbitrary NixOS configuration
23 - automatic or bound disk size: `diskSize` parameter, `additionalSpace` can be set when `diskSize` is `auto` to add a constant of disk space
24 - multiple partition table layouts: EFI, legacy, legacy + GPT, hybrid, none through `partitionTableType` parameter
25 - OVMF or EFI firmwares and variables templates can be customized
26 - root filesystem `fsType` can be customized to whatever `mkfs.${fsType}` exist during operations
27 - root filesystem label can be customized, defaults to `nix-store` if it's a Nix store image, otherwise `nixpkgs/nixos`
28 - arbitrary code can be executed after disk image was produced with `postVM`
29 - the current nixpkgs can be realized as a channel in the disk image, which will change the hash of the image when the sources are updated
30 - additional store paths can be provided through `additionalPaths`
32 ### Full NixOS image {#sec-make-disk-image-features-full-image}
34 - arbitrary contents with permissions can be placed in the target filesystem using `contents`
35 - a `/etc/nixpkgs/nixos/configuration.nix` can be provided through `configFile`
36 - bootloaders are supported
37 - EFI variables can be mutated during image production and the result is exposed in `$out`
38 - boot partition size when partition table is `efi` or `hybrid`
40 ### On bit-to-bit reproducibility {#sec-make-disk-image-features-reproducibility}
42 Images are **NOT** deterministic, please do not hesitate to try to fix this, source of determinisms are (not exhaustive) :
44 - bootloader installation have timestamps
45 - SQLite Nix store database contain registration times
46 - `/etc/shadow` is in a non-deterministic order
48 A `deterministic` flag is available for best efforts determinism.
50 ## Usage {#sec-make-disk-image-usage}
52 To produce a Nix-store only image:
55 pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {};
57 make-disk-image = import <nixpkgs/nixos/lib/make-disk-image.nix>;
62 additionalPaths = [ ];
65 partitionTableType = "none";
66 installBootLoader = false;
69 additionalSpace = "0M"; # Defaults to 512M.
74 Some arguments can be left out, they are shown explicitly for the sake of the example.
76 Building this derivation will provide a QCOW2 disk image containing only the Nix store and its registration information.
78 To produce a NixOS installation image disk with UEFI and bootloader installed:
81 pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {};
83 make-disk-image = import <nixpkgs/nixos/lib/make-disk-image.nix>;
84 evalConfig = import <nixpkgs/nixos/lib/eval-config.nix>;
91 fileSystems."/" = { device = "/dev/vda"; fsType = "ext4"; autoFormat = true; };
92 boot.grub.device = "/dev/vda";
98 partitionTableType = "legacy+gpt";
99 installBootLoader = true;
102 additionalSpace = "0M"; # Defaults to 512M.
104 memSize = 2048; # Qemu VM memory size in megabytes. Defaults to 1024M.