1 MODULE module_sf_noahlsm_glacial_only
3 use mpas_atmphys_constants
4 use mpas_atmphys_utilities, only: physics_error_fatal
5 #define FATAL_ERROR(M) call physics_error_fatal( M )
7 use module_model_constants
9 #define FATAL_ERROR(M) call wrf_error_fatal( M )
12 USE module_sf_noahlsm, ONLY : RD, SIGMA, CPH2O, CPICE, LSUBF, EMISSI_S, ROSR12
13 USE module_sf_noahlsm, ONLY : LVCOEF_DATA
26 integer, private :: iloc, jloc
27 !$omp threadprivate(iloc, jloc)
31 SUBROUTINE SFLX_GLACIAL (IILOC,JJLOC,ISICE,FFROZP,DT,ZLVL,NSOIL,SLDPTH, & !C
32 & LWDN,SOLNET,SFCPRS,PRCP,SFCTMP,Q2, & !F
33 & TH2,Q2SAT,DQSDT2, & !I
34 & ALB, SNOALB,TBOT, Z0BRD, Z0, EMISSI, EMBRD, & !S
35 & T1,STC,SNOWH,SNEQV,ALBEDO,CH, & !H
36 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
37 ! OUTPUTS, DIAGNOSTICS, PARAMETERS BELOW GENERALLY NOT NECESSARY WHEN
38 ! COUPLED WITH E.G. A NWP MODEL (SUCH AS THE NOAA/NWS/NCEP MESOSCALE ETA
39 ! MODEL). OTHER APPLICATIONS MAY REQUIRE DIFFERENT OUTPUT VARIABLES.
40 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
41 & ETA,SHEAT, ETA_KINEMATIC,FDOWN, & !O
44 & FLX1,FLX2,FLX3, & !O
50 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
51 ! SUB-DRIVER FOR "Noah LSM" FAMILY OF PHYSICS SUBROUTINES FOR A
52 ! SOIL/VEG/SNOWPACK LAND-SURFACE MODEL TO UPDATE ICE TEMPERATURE, SKIN
53 ! TEMPERATURE, SNOWPACK WATER CONTENT, SNOWDEPTH, AND ALL TERMS OF THE
54 ! SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE (EXCLUDING INPUT ATMOSPHERIC FORCINGS OF
55 ! DOWNWARD RADIATION AND PRECIP)
56 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
57 ! SFLX ARGUMENT LIST KEY:
58 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
59 ! C CONFIGURATION INFORMATION
61 ! I OTHER (INPUT) FORCING DATA
62 ! S SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS
63 ! H HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES
66 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
67 ! 1. CONFIGURATION INFORMATION (C):
68 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
69 ! DT TIMESTEP (SEC) (DT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 3600 SECS, RECOMMEND
71 ! ZLVL HEIGHT (M) ABOVE GROUND OF ATMOSPHERIC FORCING VARIABLES
72 ! NSOIL NUMBER OF SOIL LAYERS (AT LEAST 2, AND NOT GREATER THAN
73 ! PARAMETER NSOLD SET BELOW)
74 ! SLDPTH THE THICKNESS OF EACH SOIL LAYER (M)
75 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
76 ! 3. FORCING DATA (F):
77 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
78 ! LWDN LW DOWNWARD RADIATION (W M-2; POSITIVE, NOT NET LONGWAVE)
79 ! SOLNET NET DOWNWARD SOLAR RADIATION ((W M-2; POSITIVE)
80 ! SFCPRS PRESSURE AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (PASCALS)
81 ! PRCP PRECIP RATE (KG M-2 S-1) (NOTE, THIS IS A RATE)
82 ! SFCTMP AIR TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND
83 ! TH2 AIR POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND
84 ! Q2 MIXING RATIO AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)
85 ! FFROZP FRACTION OF FROZEN PRECIPITATION
86 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
87 ! 4. OTHER FORCING (INPUT) DATA (I):
88 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
89 ! Q2SAT SAT SPECIFIC HUMIDITY AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)
90 ! DQSDT2 SLOPE OF SAT SPECIFIC HUMIDITY CURVE AT T=SFCTMP
92 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
93 ! 5. CANOPY/SOIL CHARACTERISTICS (S):
94 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
95 ! ALB BACKROUND SNOW-FREE SURFACE ALBEDO (FRACTION), FOR JULIAN
96 ! DAY OF YEAR (USUALLY FROM TEMPORAL INTERPOLATION OF
97 ! MONTHLY MEAN VALUES' CALLING PROG MAY OR MAY NOT
98 ! INCLUDE DIURNAL SUN ANGLE EFFECT)
99 ! SNOALB UPPER BOUND ON MAXIMUM ALBEDO OVER DEEP SNOW (E.G. FROM
100 ! ROBINSON AND KUKLA, 1985, J. CLIM. & APPL. METEOR.)
101 ! TBOT BOTTOM SOIL TEMPERATURE (LOCAL YEARLY-MEAN SFC AIR
103 ! Z0BRD Background fixed roughness length (M)
104 ! Z0 Time varying roughness length (M) as function of snow depth
105 ! EMBRD Background surface emissivity (between 0 and 1)
106 ! EMISSI Surface emissivity (between 0 and 1)
107 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
108 ! 6. HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES (H):
109 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
110 ! T1 GROUND/CANOPY/SNOWPACK) EFFECTIVE SKIN TEMPERATURE (K)
111 ! STC(NSOIL) SOIL TEMP (K)
112 ! SNOWH ACTUAL SNOW DEPTH (M)
113 ! SNEQV LIQUID WATER-EQUIVALENT SNOW DEPTH (M)
114 ! NOTE: SNOW DENSITY = SNEQV/SNOWH
115 ! ALBEDO SURFACE ALBEDO INCLUDING SNOW EFFECT (UNITLESS FRACTION)
116 ! =SNOW-FREE ALBEDO (ALB) WHEN SNEQV=0, OR
117 ! =FCT(MSNOALB,ALB,SHDFAC,SHDMIN) WHEN SNEQV>0
118 ! CH SURFACE EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE
119 ! (M S-1); NOTE: CH IS TECHNICALLY A CONDUCTANCE SINCE
120 ! IT HAS BEEN MULTIPLIED BY WIND SPEED.
121 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
123 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
124 ! OUTPUT VARIABLES NECESSARY FOR A COUPLED NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION
125 ! MODEL, E.G. NOAA/NWS/NCEP MESOSCALE ETA MODEL. FOR THIS APPLICATION,
126 ! THE REMAINING OUTPUT/DIAGNOSTIC/PARAMETER BLOCKS BELOW ARE NOT
127 ! NECESSARY. OTHER APPLICATIONS MAY REQUIRE DIFFERENT OUTPUT VARIABLES.
128 ! ETA ACTUAL LATENT HEAT FLUX (W m-2: NEGATIVE, IF UP FROM
130 ! ETA_KINEMATIC atctual latent heat flux in Kg m-2 s-1
131 ! SHEAT SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE, IF UPWARD FROM
133 ! FDOWN Radiation forcing at the surface (W m-2) = SOLDN*(1-alb)+LWDN
134 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
135 ! ESNOW SUBLIMATION FROM (OR DEPOSITION TO IF <0) SNOWPACK
137 ! DEW DEWFALL (OR FROSTFALL FOR T<273.15) (M)
138 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
139 ! ETP POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (W m-2)
140 ! SSOIL SOIL HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE IF DOWNWARD FROM SURFACE)
141 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
142 ! FLX1 PRECIP-SNOW SFC (W M-2)
143 ! FLX2 FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX (W M-2)
144 ! FLX3 PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT (W M-2)
145 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
146 ! SNOMLT SNOW MELT (M) (WATER EQUIVALENT)
147 ! SNCOVR FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER (UNITLESS FRACTION, 0-1)
148 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
149 ! RUNOFF1 SURFACE RUNOFF (M S-1), NOT INFILTRATING THE SURFACE
150 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
151 ! 8. DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT (D):
152 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
153 ! Q1 Effective mixing ratio at surface (kg kg-1), used for
154 ! diagnosing the mixing ratio at 2 meter for coupled model
155 ! Documentation for SNOTIME1 and SNOABL2 ?????
156 ! What categories of arguments do these variables fall into ????
157 ! Documentation for RIBB ?????
158 ! What category of argument does RIBB fall into ?????
159 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
162 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
163 integer, intent(in) :: iiloc, jjloc
164 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: ISICE
165 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
166 LOGICAL :: FRZGRA, SNOWNG
168 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
169 ! 1. CONFIGURATION INFORMATION (C):
170 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
171 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
174 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
176 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
178 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DT,DQSDT2,LWDN,PRCP, &
179 & Q2,Q2SAT,SFCPRS,SFCTMP, SNOALB, &
180 & SOLNET,TBOT,TH2,ZLVL,FFROZP
181 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: EMBRD, ALBEDO
182 REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: CH,SNEQV,SNCOVR,SNOWH,T1,Z0BRD,EMISSI,ALB
183 REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: SNOTIME1
184 REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: RIBB
185 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: SLDPTH
186 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
187 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: ZSOIL
189 REAL,INTENT(OUT) :: ETA_KINEMATIC,DEW,ESNOW,ETA, &
190 & ETP,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,SHEAT,RUNOFF1, &
191 & SSOIL,SNOMLT,FDOWN,Q1
192 REAL :: DF1,DSOIL,DTOT,FRCSNO,FRCSOI, &
193 & PRCP1,RCH,RR,RSNOW,SNDENS,SNCOND,SN_NEW, &
194 & T1V,T24,T2V,TH2V,TSNOW,Z0,PRCPF,RHO
196 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
197 ! DECLARATIONS - PARAMETERS
198 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
199 REAL, PARAMETER :: TFREEZ = 273.15
200 REAL, PARAMETER :: LVH2O = 2.501E+6
201 REAL, PARAMETER :: LSUBS = 2.83E+6
202 REAL, PARAMETER :: R = 287.04
204 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
207 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
208 ZSOIL (1) = - SLDPTH (1)
210 ZSOIL (KZ) = - SLDPTH (KZ) + ZSOIL (KZ -1)
213 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
214 ! IF S.W.E. (SNEQV) BELOW THRESHOLD LOWER BOUND (0.10 M FOR GLACIAL
215 ! ICE), THEN SET AT LOWER BOUND
216 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
217 IF ( SNEQV < 0.10 ) THEN
221 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
222 ! IF INPUT SNOWPACK IS NONZERO, THEN COMPUTE SNOW DENSITY "SNDENS" AND
223 ! SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY "SNCOND"
224 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
225 SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH
226 IF(SNDENS > 1.0) THEN
227 FATAL_ERROR( 'Physical snow depth is less than snow water equiv.' )
230 CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)
231 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
232 ! DETERMINE IF IT'S PRECIPITATING AND WHAT KIND OF PRECIP IT IS.
233 ! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, IT'S SNOWING!
234 ! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS WARMER THAN 0 C, BUT THE GRND
235 ! TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, FREEZING RAIN IS PRESUMED TO BE FALLING.
236 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
241 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
242 ! Snow defined when fraction of frozen precip (FFROZP) > 0.5,
243 ! passed in from model microphysics.
244 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
245 IF (FFROZP .GT. 0.5) THEN
248 IF (T1 <= TFREEZ) FRZGRA = .TRUE.
251 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
252 ! IF EITHER PRCP FLAG IS SET, DETERMINE NEW SNOWFALL (CONVERTING PRCP
253 ! RATE FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO A LIQUID EQUIV SNOW DEPTH IN METERS) AND ADD
254 ! IT TO THE EXISTING SNOWPACK.
255 ! NOTE THAT SINCE ALL PRECIP IS ADDED TO SNOWPACK, NO PRECIP INFILTRATES
256 ! INTO THE SOIL SO THAT PRCP1 IS SET TO ZERO.
257 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
258 IF ( (SNOWNG) .OR. (FRZGRA) ) THEN
259 SN_NEW = PRCP * DT * 0.001
260 SNEQV = SNEQV + SN_NEW
263 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
264 ! UPDATE SNOW DENSITY BASED ON NEW SNOWFALL, USING OLD AND NEW SNOW.
265 ! UPDATE SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
266 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
267 CALL SNOW_NEW (SFCTMP,SN_NEW,SNOWH,SNDENS)
269 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
270 ! kmh 09/04/2006 set Snow Density at 0.2 g/cm**3
271 ! for "cold permanent ice" or new "dry" snow
272 ! if soil temperature less than 268.15 K, treat as typical
273 ! Antarctic/Greenland snow firn
274 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
275 IF ( SNCOVR .GT. 0.99 ) THEN
276 IF ( STC(1) .LT. (TFREEZ - 5.) ) SNDENS = 0.2
277 IF ( SNOWNG .AND. (T1.LT.273.) .AND. (SFCTMP.LT.273.) ) SNDENS=0.2
280 CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)
282 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
283 ! PRECIP IS LIQUID (RAIN), HENCE SAVE IN THE PRECIP VARIABLE THAT
284 ! LATER CAN WHOLELY OR PARTIALLY INFILTRATE THE SOIL
285 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
290 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
291 ! DETERMINE SNOW FRACTIONAL COVERAGE.
292 ! KWM: Set SNCOVR to 1.0 because SNUP is set small in VEGPARM.TBL,
293 ! and SNEQV is at least 0.1 (as set above)
294 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
297 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
298 ! DETERMINE SURFACE ALBEDO MODIFICATION DUE TO SNOWDEPTH STATE.
299 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
301 CALL ALCALC (ALB,SNOALB,EMBRD,T1,ALBEDO,EMISSI, &
302 & DT,SNOWNG,SNOTIME1)
304 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
305 ! THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
306 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
309 DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))
311 FRCSNO = SNOWH / DTOT
313 ! 1. HARMONIC MEAN (SERIES FLOW)
314 ! DF1 = (SNCOND*DF1)/(FRCSOI*SNCOND+FRCSNO*DF1)
315 FRCSOI = DSOIL / DTOT
317 ! 3. GEOMETRIC MEAN (INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN HARMONIC AND ARITHMETIC MEAN)
318 ! DF1 = (SNCOND**FRCSNO)*(DF1**FRCSOI)
319 DF1 = FRCSNO * SNCOND + FRCSOI * DF1
321 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
322 ! CALCULATE SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX, SSOIL, FROM FINAL THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
323 ! OF SURFACE MEDIUMS, DF1 ABOVE, AND SKIN TEMPERATURE AND TOP
324 ! MID-LAYER SOIL TEMPERATURE
325 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
326 IF ( DTOT .GT. 2.*DSOIL ) then
329 SSOIL = DF1 * ( T1 - STC(1) ) / DTOT
331 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
332 ! DETERMINE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OVER SNOWPACK USING SNOW CONDITION FROM
333 ! THE PREVIOUS TIMESTEP.
334 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
336 CALL SNOWZ0 (Z0,Z0BRD,SNOWH)
338 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
339 ! CALCULATE TOTAL DOWNWARD RADIATION (SOLAR PLUS LONGWAVE) NEEDED IN
340 ! PENMAN EP SUBROUTINE THAT FOLLOWS
341 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
343 FDOWN = SOLNET + LWDN
345 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
346 ! CALC VIRTUAL TEMPS AND VIRTUAL POTENTIAL TEMPS NEEDED BY SUBROUTINES
348 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
350 T2V = SFCTMP * (1.0+ 0.61 * Q2 )
351 RHO = SFCPRS / (RD * T2V)
352 RCH = RHO * 1004.6 * CH
353 T24 = SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP
355 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
356 ! CALL PENMAN SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (ETP), AND
357 ! OTHER PARTIAL PRODUCTS AND SUMS SAVE IN COMMON/RITE FOR LATER
359 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
361 ! PENMAN returns ETP, FLX2, and RR
362 CALL PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL, &
363 & Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA, &
364 & DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI,T1)
366 CALL SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,PRCPF,SNOWNG,NSOIL,DT,DF1, &
367 & Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,SSOIL,STC, &
368 & SFCPRS,RCH,RR,SNEQV,SNDENS,SNOWH,ZSOIL,TBOT, &
369 & SNOMLT,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,EMISSI,RIBB)
371 ! ETA_KINEMATIC = ESNOW
374 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
375 ! Effective mixing ratio at grnd level (skin)
376 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
377 Q1=Q2+ETA_KINEMATIC*CP/RCH
379 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
380 ! DETERMINE SENSIBLE HEAT (H) IN ENERGY UNITS (W M-2)
381 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
382 SHEAT = - (CH * CP * SFCPRS)/ (R * T2V) * ( TH2- T1 )
384 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
385 ! CONVERT EVAP TERMS FROM KINEMATIC (KG M-2 S-1) TO ENERGY UNITS (W M-2)
386 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
387 ESNOW = ESNOW * LSUBS
389 IF (ETP .GT. 0.) THEN
395 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
396 ! CONVERT THE SIGN OF SOIL HEAT FLUX SO THAT:
397 ! SSOIL>0: WARM THE SURFACE (NIGHT TIME)
398 ! SSOIL<0: COOL THE SURFACE (DAY TIME)
399 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
402 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
403 ! FOR THE CASE OF GLACIAL-ICE, ADD ANY SNOWMELT DIRECTLY TO SURFACE
404 ! RUNOFF (RUNOFF1) SINCE THERE IS NO SOIL MEDIUM
405 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
406 RUNOFF1 = SNOMLT / DT
408 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
409 END SUBROUTINE SFLX_GLACIAL
410 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
412 SUBROUTINE ALCALC (ALB,SNOALB,EMBRD,TSNOW,ALBEDO,EMISSI, &
413 & DT,SNOWNG,SNOTIME1)
415 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
416 ! CALCULATE ALBEDO INCLUDING SNOW EFFECT (0 -> 1)
417 ! ALB SNOWFREE ALBEDO
418 ! SNOALB MAXIMUM (DEEP) SNOW ALBEDO
419 ! ALBEDO SURFACE ALBEDO INCLUDING SNOW EFFECT
420 ! TSNOW SNOW SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)
421 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
424 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
425 ! SNOALB IS ARGUMENT REPRESENTING MAXIMUM ALBEDO OVER DEEP SNOW,
426 ! AS PASSED INTO SFLX, AND ADAPTED FROM THE SATELLITE-BASED MAXIMUM
427 ! SNOW ALBEDO FIELDS PROVIDED BY D. ROBINSON AND G. KUKLA
428 ! (1985, JCAM, VOL 24, 402-411)
429 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
430 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: ALB, SNOALB, EMBRD, TSNOW
431 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DT
432 LOGICAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWNG
433 REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: SNOTIME1
434 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: ALBEDO, EMISSI
437 REAL, PARAMETER :: SNACCA=0.94,SNACCB=0.58,SNTHWA=0.82,SNTHWB=0.46
438 ! turn off vegetation effect
439 ! ALBEDO = ALB + (1.0- (SHDFAC - SHDMIN))* SNCOVR * (SNOALB - ALB)
440 ! ALBEDO = (1.0-SNCOVR)*ALB + SNCOVR*SNOALB !this is equivalent to below
441 ALBEDO = ALB + (SNOALB-ALB)
442 EMISSI = EMBRD + (EMISSI_S - EMBRD)
444 ! BASE FORMULATION (DICKINSON ET AL., 1986, COGLEY ET AL., 1990)
445 ! IF (TSNOW.LE.263.16) THEN
448 ! IF (TSNOW.LT.273.16) THEN
449 ! TM=0.1*(TSNOW-263.16)
450 ! SNOALB1=0.5*((0.9-0.2*(TM**3))+(0.8-0.16*(TM**3)))
453 ! IF(SNCOVR.GT.0.95) SNOALB1= 0.6
454 ! SNOALB1 = ALB + SNCOVR*(SNOALB-ALB)
457 ! ALBEDO = ALB + SNCOVR*(SNOALB1-ALB)
459 ! ISBA FORMULATION (VERSEGHY, 1991; BAKER ET AL., 1990)
460 ! SNOALB1 = SNOALB+COEF*(0.85-SNOALB)
463 ! SNOTIME1 = SNOTIME1 + DT
469 ! IF (TSNOW.LT.273.16) THEN
470 !! SNOALB2=SNOALB-0.008*LSTSNW*DT/86400
471 !!m SNOALB2=SNOALB-0.008*SNOTIME1/86400
472 ! SNOALB2=(SNOALB2-0.65)*EXP(-0.05*DT/3600)+0.65
473 !! SNOALB2=(ALBEDO-0.65)*EXP(-0.01*DT/3600)+0.65
475 ! SNOALB2=(SNOALB2-0.5)*EXP(-0.0005*DT/3600)+0.5
476 !! SNOALB2=(SNOALB-0.5)*EXP(-0.24*LSTSNW*DT/86400)+0.5
477 !!m SNOALB2=(SNOALB-0.5)*EXP(-0.24*SNOTIME1/86400)+0.5
481 !! print*,'SNOALB2',SNOALB2,'ALBEDO',ALBEDO,'DT',DT
482 ! ALBEDO = ALB + SNCOVR*(SNOALB2-ALB)
483 ! IF (ALBEDO .GT. SNOALB2) ALBEDO=SNOALB2
485 !! SNOTIME = SNOTIME1
487 ! formulation by Livneh
488 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
489 ! SNOALB IS CONSIDERED AS THE MAXIMUM SNOW ALBEDO FOR NEW SNOW, AT
490 ! A VALUE OF 85%. SNOW ALBEDO CURVE DEFAULTS ARE FROM BRAS P.263. SHOULD
491 ! NOT BE CHANGED EXCEPT FOR SERIOUS PROBLEMS WITH SNOW MELT.
492 ! TO IMPLEMENT ACCUMULATIN PARAMETERS, SNACCA AND SNACCB, ASSERT THAT IT
493 ! IS INDEED ACCUMULATION SEASON. I.E. THAT SNOW SURFACE TEMP IS BELOW
494 ! ZERO AND THE DATE FALLS BETWEEN OCTOBER AND FEBRUARY
495 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
496 SNOALB1 = SNOALB+LVCOEF_DATA*(0.85-SNOALB)
498 ! ---------------- Initial LSTSNW --------------------------------------
503 ! IF (TSNOW.LT.273.16) THEN
504 SNOALB2=SNOALB1*(SNACCA**((SNOTIME1/86400.0)**SNACCB))
506 ! SNOALB2 =SNOALB1*(SNTHWA**((SNOTIME1/86400.0)**SNTHWB))
510 SNOALB2 = MAX ( SNOALB2, ALB )
511 ALBEDO = ALB + (SNOALB2-ALB)
512 IF (ALBEDO .GT. SNOALB2) ALBEDO=SNOALB2
514 ! IF (TSNOW.LT.273.16) THEN
515 ! ALBEDO=SNOALB-0.008*DT/86400
517 ! ALBEDO=(SNOALB-0.5)*EXP(-0.24*DT/86400)+0.5
520 ! IF (ALBEDO > SNOALB) ALBEDO = SNOALB
522 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
523 END SUBROUTINE ALCALC
524 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
526 SUBROUTINE CSNOW (SNCOND,DSNOW)
528 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
529 ! CALCULATE SNOW TERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
530 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
532 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DSNOW
533 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: SNCOND
535 REAL, PARAMETER :: UNIT = 0.11631
537 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
538 ! SNCOND IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)
539 ! CSNOW IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)
540 ! BASIC VERSION IS DYACHKOVA EQUATION (1960), FOR RANGE 0.1-0.4
541 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
542 C = 0.328*10** (2.25* DSNOW)
545 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
546 ! DE VAUX EQUATION (1933), IN RANGE 0.1-0.6
547 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
548 ! SNCOND=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)
549 ! CSNOW=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)
551 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
552 ! E. ANDERSEN FROM FLERCHINGER
553 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
554 ! SNCOND=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2
555 ! CSNOW=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2
558 ! double snow thermal conductivity
559 SNCOND = 2.0 * UNIT * C
561 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
563 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
565 SUBROUTINE HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,TBOT,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)
567 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
568 ! CALCULATE THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE TIME TENDENCY TERM OF THE SOIL
569 ! THERMAL DIFFUSION EQUATION IN THE CASE OF SEA-ICE (ICE=1) OR GLACIAL
570 ! ICE (ICE=-1). COMPUTE (PREPARE) THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
571 ! TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX OF THE IMPLICIT TIME SCHEME.
573 ! (NOTE: THIS SUBROUTINE ONLY CALLED FOR SEA-ICE OR GLACIAL ICE, BUT
574 ! NOT FOR NON-GLACIAL LAND (ICE = 0).
575 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
579 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
580 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DF1,YY,ZZ1
581 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT) :: AI, BI,CI
582 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: STC, ZSOIL
583 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT) :: RHSTS
584 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: TBOT
586 REAL :: DDZ,DDZ2,DENOM,DTSDZ,DTSDZ2,SSOIL,HCPCT
589 REAL, PARAMETER :: ZBOT = -25.0
591 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
592 ! SET A NOMINAL UNIVERSAL VALUE OF GLACIAL-ICE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY,
593 ! HCPCT = 2100.0*900.0 = 1.89000E+6 (SOURCE: BOB GRUMBINE, 2005)
594 ! TBOT PASSED IN AS ARGUMENT, VALUE FROM GLOBAL DATA SET
596 ! A least-squares fit for the four points provided by
597 ! Keith Hines for the Yen (1981) values for Antarctic
600 HCPCT = 1.E6 * (0.8194 - 0.1309*0.5*ZSOIL(1))
603 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
604 ! THE INPUT ARGUMENT DF1 IS A UNIVERSALLY CONSTANT VALUE OF SEA-ICE
605 ! THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY, SET IN ROUTINE SNOPAC AS DF1 = 2.2.
606 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
607 ! SET ICE PACK DEPTH. USE TBOT AS ICE PACK LOWER BOUNDARY TEMPERATURE
608 ! (THAT OF UNFROZEN SEA WATER AT BOTTOM OF SEA ICE PACK). ASSUME ICE
609 ! PACK IS OF N=NSOIL LAYERS SPANNING A UNIFORM CONSTANT ICE PACK
610 ! THICKNESS AS DEFINED BY ZSOIL(NSOIL) IN ROUTINE SFLX.
611 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
612 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
613 ! CALC THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS AI, BI, AND CI FOR THE TOP LAYER
614 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
615 DDZ = 1.0 / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )
617 CI (1) = (DF1 * DDZ) / (ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT)
619 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
620 ! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT BTWN THE TOP AND 2ND SOIL LAYERS.
621 ! RECALC/ADJUST THE SOIL HEAT FLUX. USE THE GRADIENT AND FLUX TO CALC
622 ! RHSTS FOR THE TOP SOIL LAYER.
623 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
624 BI (1) = - CI (1) + DF1/ (0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT * &
626 DTSDZ = ( STC (1) - STC (2) ) / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )
627 SSOIL = DF1 * ( STC (1) - YY ) / ( 0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZZ1 )
629 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
631 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
632 RHSTS (1) = ( DF1 * DTSDZ - SSOIL ) / ( ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT )
634 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
635 ! LOOP THRU THE REMAINING SOIL LAYERS, REPEATING THE ABOVE PROCESS
636 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
642 ZMD = 0.5 * (ZSOIL(K)+ZSOIL(K-1))
643 ! For the land-ice case
644 ! kmh 09/03/2006 use Yen (1981)'s values for Antarctic snow firn
645 ! IF ( K .eq. 2 ) HCPCT = 0.855108E6
646 ! IF ( K .eq. 3 ) HCPCT = 0.922906E6
647 ! IF ( K .eq. 4 ) HCPCT = 1.009986E6
649 ! Least squares fit to the four points supplied by Keith Hines
650 ! from Yen (1981) for Antarctic snow firn. Not optimal, but
651 ! probably better than just a constant.
652 HCPCT = 1.E6 * ( 0.8194 - 0.1309*ZMD )
654 ! IF ( K .eq. 2 ) DF1N = 0.345356
655 ! IF ( K .eq. 3 ) DF1N = 0.398777
656 ! IF ( K .eq. 4 ) DF1N = 0.472653
658 ! Least squares fit to the three points supplied by Keith Hines
659 ! from Yen (1981) for Antarctic snow firn. Not optimal, but
660 ! probably better than just a constant.
661 DF1N = 0.32333 - ( 0.10073 * ZMD )
662 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
663 ! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THIS LAYER.
664 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
666 DENOM = 0.5 * ( ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1) )
668 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
669 ! CALC THE MATRIX COEF, CI, AFTER CALC'NG ITS PARTIAL PRODUCT.
670 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
671 DTSDZ2 = ( STC (K) - STC (K +1) ) / DENOM
672 DDZ2 = 2. / (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1))
673 CI (K) = - DF1N * DDZ2 / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))*HCPCT)
675 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
676 ! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THE LOWEST LAYER.
677 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
680 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
681 ! SET MATRIX COEF, CI TO ZERO.
682 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
683 DTSDZ2 = (STC (K) - TBOT)/ (.5 * (ZSOIL (K -1) + ZSOIL (K)) &
686 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
687 ! CALC RHSTS FOR THIS LAYER AFTER CALC'NG A PARTIAL PRODUCT.
688 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
690 DENOM = ( ZSOIL (K) - ZSOIL (K -1) ) * HCPCT
692 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
693 ! CALC MATRIX COEFS, AI, AND BI FOR THIS LAYER.
694 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
695 RHSTS (K) = ( DF1N * DTSDZ2- DF1K * DTSDZ ) / DENOM
696 AI (K) = - DF1K * DDZ / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)) * HCPCT)
698 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
699 ! RESET VALUES OF DTSDZ AND DDZ FOR LOOP TO NEXT SOIL LYR.
700 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
701 BI (K) = - (AI (K) + CI (K))
706 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
707 END SUBROUTINE HRTICE
708 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
710 SUBROUTINE HSTEP (STCOUT,STCIN,RHSTS,DT,NSOIL,AI,BI,CI)
712 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
713 ! CALCULATE/UPDATE THE SOIL TEMPERATURE FIELD.
714 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
716 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
717 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: STCIN
718 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT) :: STCOUT
719 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: RHSTS
720 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: AI,BI,CI
721 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: RHSTSin
722 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: CIin
726 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
727 ! CREATE FINITE DIFFERENCE VALUES FOR USE IN ROSR12 ROUTINE
728 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
730 RHSTS (K) = RHSTS (K) * DT
732 BI (K) = 1. + BI (K) * DT
735 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
736 ! COPY VALUES FOR INPUT VARIABLES BEFORE CALL TO ROSR12
737 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
739 RHSTSin (K) = RHSTS (K)
744 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
745 ! SOLVE THE TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX EQUATION
746 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
747 CALL ROSR12 (CI,AI,BI,CIin,RHSTSin,RHSTS,NSOIL)
748 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
749 ! CALC/UPDATE THE SOIL TEMPS USING MATRIX SOLUTION
750 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
752 STCOUT (K) = STCIN (K) + CI (K)
754 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
756 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
758 SUBROUTINE PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL, &
759 & Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA, &
760 & DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI,T1)
762 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
763 ! CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION FOR THE CURRENT POINT. VARIOUS
764 ! PARTIAL SUMS/PRODUCTS ARE ALSO CALCULATED AND PASSED BACK TO THE
765 ! CALLING ROUTINE FOR LATER USE.
766 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
768 LOGICAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWNG, FRZGRA
769 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: CH, DQSDT2,FDOWN,PRCP,Q2,Q2SAT,SSOIL,SFCPRS, &
770 & SFCTMP,TH2,EMISSI,T1,RCH,T24
771 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: ETP,FLX2,RR
773 REAL :: A, DELTA, FNET,RAD,ELCP1,LVS,EPSCA
775 REAL, PARAMETER :: ELCP = 2.4888E+3, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6
776 REAL, PARAMETER :: LSUBS = 2.83E+6
778 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
779 ! PREPARE PARTIAL QUANTITIES FOR PENMAN EQUATION.
780 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
781 IF ( T1 > 273.15 ) THEN
785 ELCP1 = ELCP*LSUBS/LSUBC
788 DELTA = ELCP1 * DQSDT2
789 A = ELCP1 * (Q2SAT - Q2)
790 RR = EMISSI*T24 * 6.48E-8 / (SFCPRS * CH) + 1.0
792 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
793 ! ADJUST THE PARTIAL SUMS / PRODUCTS WITH THE LATENT HEAT
794 ! EFFECTS CAUSED BY FALLING PRECIPITATION.
795 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
796 IF (.NOT. SNOWNG) THEN
797 IF (PRCP > 0.0) RR = RR + CPH2O * PRCP / RCH
799 RR = RR + CPICE * PRCP / RCH
802 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
803 ! INCLUDE THE LATENT HEAT EFFECTS OF FREEZING RAIN CONVERTING TO ICE ON
804 ! IMPACT IN THE CALCULATION OF FLX2 AND FNET.
805 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
807 FLX2 = - LSUBF * PRCP
811 FNET = FDOWN - ( EMISSI * SIGMA * T24 ) - SSOIL - FLX2
813 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
814 ! FINISH PENMAN EQUATION CALCULATIONS.
815 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
816 RAD = FNET / RCH + TH2 - SFCTMP
817 EPSCA = (A * RR + RAD * DELTA) / (DELTA + RR)
818 ETP = EPSCA * RCH / LVS
820 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
821 END SUBROUTINE PENMAN
822 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
824 SUBROUTINE SHFLX (STC,NSOIL,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,TBOT,DF1)
825 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
826 ! UPDATE THE TEMPERATURE STATE OF THE SOIL COLUMN BASED ON THE THERMAL
827 ! DIFFUSION EQUATION AND UPDATE THE FROZEN SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT BASED
828 ! ON THE TEMPERATURE.
829 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
832 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
833 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DF1,DT,TBOT,YY, ZZ1
834 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: ZSOIL
835 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
837 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: AI, BI, CI, STCF,RHSTS
839 REAL, PARAMETER :: T0 = 273.15
841 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
842 ! HRT ROUTINE CALCS THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE SOIL TEMP DIF EQN
843 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
845 CALL HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,TBOT, NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)
847 CALL HSTEP (STCF,STC,RHSTS,DT,NSOIL,AI,BI,CI)
852 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
854 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
856 SUBROUTINE SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,PRCPF,SNOWNG,NSOIL,DT,DF1, &
857 & Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,SSOIL,STC, &
858 & SFCPRS,RCH,RR,SNEQV,SNDENS,SNOWH,ZSOIL,TBOT, &
859 & SNOMLT,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,EMISSI,RIBB)
861 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
862 ! CALCULATE SOIL MOISTURE AND HEAT FLUX VALUES & UPDATE SOIL MOISTURE
863 ! CONTENT AND SOIL HEAT CONTENT VALUES FOR THE CASE WHEN A SNOW PACK IS
865 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
868 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
869 LOGICAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWNG
870 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DF1,DT,FDOWN,PRCP,Q2,RCH,RR,SFCPRS,SFCTMP, &
871 & T24,TBOT,TH2,EMISSI
872 REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: SNEQV,FLX2,PRCPF,SNOWH,SNDENS,T1,RIBB,ETP
873 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: DEW,ESNOW,FLX1,FLX3,SSOIL,SNOMLT
874 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(IN) :: ZSOIL
875 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
876 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: ET1
878 REAL :: DENOM,DSOIL,DTOT,ESDFLX,ETA, &
879 & ESNOW1,ESNOW2,ETA1,ETP1,ETP2, &
881 & FRCSNO,FRCSOI,PRCP1,QSAT,RSNOW,SEH, &
882 & SNCOND,T12,T12A,T12B,T14,YY,ZZ1
884 REAL, PARAMETER :: ESDMIN = 1.E-6, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6, &
885 & LSUBS = 2.83E+6, TFREEZ = 273.15, &
888 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
889 ! FOR GLACIAL-ICE, SNOWCOVER FRACTION = 1.0, AND SUBLIMATION IS AT THE
891 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
892 ! INITIALIZE EVAP TERMS.
893 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
896 ! ESDFLX [KG M-2 S-1] .le. ESNOW
902 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
909 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
910 ! CONVERT POTENTIAL EVAP (ETP) FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO ETP1 IN M S-1
911 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
913 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
914 ! IF ETP<0 (DOWNWARD) THEN DEWFALL (=FROSTFALL IN THIS CASE).
915 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
917 IF ( ( RIBB >= 0.1 ) .AND. ( FDOWN > 150.0 ) ) THEN
918 ETP=(MIN(ETP*(1.0-RIBB),0.)/0.980 + ETP*(0.980-1.0))/0.980
932 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
933 ! IF PRECIP IS FALLING, CALCULATE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOW SFC TO NEWLY
934 ! ACCUMULATING PRECIP. NOTE THAT THIS REFLECTS THE FLUX APPROPRIATE FOR
935 ! THE NOT-YET-UPDATED SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1). ASSUMES TEMPERATURE OF THE
936 ! SNOWFALL STRIKING THE GROUND IS =SFCTMP (LOWEST MODEL LEVEL AIR TEMP).
937 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
940 FLX1 = CPICE * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)
942 IF (PRCP > 0.0) FLX1 = CPH2O * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)
944 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
945 ! CALCULATE AN 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' (T12) BASED ON HEAT FLUXES
946 ! BETWEEN THE SNOW PACK AND THE SOIL AND ON NET RADIATION.
947 ! INCLUDE FLX1 (PRECIP-SNOW SFC) AND FLX2 (FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT)
948 ! FLUXES. FLX1 FROM ABOVE, FLX2 BROUGHT IN VIA COMMOM BLOCK RITE.
949 ! FLX2 REFLECTS FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX USING T1 CALCULATED IN
951 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
952 DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))
954 DENOM = 1.0+ DF1 / (DTOT * RR * RCH)
955 T12A = ( (FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- EMISSI * SIGMA * T24)/ RCH &
956 + TH2- SFCTMP - ETANRG / RCH ) / RR
957 T12B = DF1 * STC (1) / (DTOT * RR * RCH)
959 T12 = (SFCTMP + T12A + T12B) / DENOM
960 IF (T12 <= TFREEZ) THEN
961 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
963 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
964 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
965 ! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS AT OR BELOW FREEZING, NO SNOW
966 ! MELT WILL OCCUR. SET THE SKIN TEMP TO THIS EFFECTIVE TEMP. REDUCE
967 ! (BY SUBLIMINATION ) OR INCREASE (BY FROST) THE DEPTH OF THE SNOWPACK,
968 ! DEPENDING ON SIGN OF ETP.
969 ! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (SSOIL) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)
970 ! SINCE NO SNOWMELT, SET ACCUMULATED SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET 'EFFECTIVE'
971 ! PRECIP FROM SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT
973 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
975 SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT
976 SNEQV = MAX(0.0, SNEQV-ESNOW2)
981 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
982 ! ABOVE FREEZING BLOCK
983 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
984 ! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS ABOVE FREEZING, SNOW MELT
985 ! WILL OCCUR. CALL THE SNOW MELT RATE,EX AND AMT, SNOMLT. REVISE THE
986 ! EFFECTIVE SNOW DEPTH. REVISE THE SKIN TEMP BECAUSE IT WOULD HAVE CHGD
987 ! DUE TO THE LATENT HEAT RELEASED BY THE MELTING. CALC THE LATENT HEAT
988 ! RELEASED, FLX3. SET THE EFFECTIVE PRECIP, PRCP1 TO THE SNOW MELT RATE,
989 ! EX FOR USE IN SMFLX. ADJUSTMENT TO T1 TO ACCOUNT FOR SNOW PATCHES.
990 ! CALCULATE QSAT VALID AT FREEZING POINT. NOTE THAT ESAT (SATURATION
991 ! VAPOR PRESSURE) VALUE OF 6.11E+2 USED HERE IS THAT VALID AT FRZZING
992 ! POINT. NOTE THAT ETP FROM CALL PENMAN IN SFLX IS IGNORED HERE IN
993 ! FAVOR OF BULK ETP OVER 'OPEN WATER' AT FREEZING TEMP.
994 ! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (S) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)
995 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
997 IF ( DTOT .GT. 2.0*DSOIL ) THEN
1000 SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT
1001 IF (SNEQV-ESNOW2 <= ESDMIN) THEN
1006 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1007 ! SUBLIMATION LESS THAN DEPTH OF SNOWPACK
1008 ! SNOWPACK (SNEQV) REDUCED BY ESNOW2 (DEPTH OF SUBLIMATED SNOW)
1009 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1011 SNEQV = SNEQV-ESNOW2
1013 SEH = RCH * (T1- TH2)
1014 T14 = ( T1 * T1 ) * ( T1 * T1 )
1015 FLX3 = FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- EMISSI*SIGMA * T14- SSOIL - SEH - ETANRG
1016 IF (FLX3 <= 0.0) FLX3 = 0.0
1017 EX = FLX3*0.001/ LSUBF
1019 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1020 ! ESDMIN REPRESENTS A SNOWPACK DEPTH THRESHOLD VALUE BELOW WHICH WE
1021 ! CHOOSE NOT TO RETAIN ANY SNOWPACK, AND INSTEAD INCLUDE IT IN SNOWMELT.
1022 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1023 IF (SNEQV- SNOMLT >= ESDMIN) THEN
1024 SNEQV = SNEQV- SNOMLT
1026 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1027 ! SNOWMELT EXCEEDS SNOW DEPTH
1028 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1030 FLX3 = EX *1000.0* LSUBF
1037 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1038 ! FOR GLACIAL ICE, THE SNOWMELT WILL BE ADDED TO SUBSURFACE
1039 ! RUNOFF/BASEFLOW LATER NEAR THE END OF SFLX (AFTER RETURN FROM CALL TO
1040 ! SUBROUTINE SNOPAC)
1041 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1045 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1046 ! BEFORE CALL SHFLX IN THIS SNOWPACK CASE, SET ZZ1 AND YY ARGUMENTS TO
1047 ! SPECIAL VALUES THAT ENSURE THAT GROUND HEAT FLUX CALCULATED IN SHFLX
1048 ! MATCHES THAT ALREADY COMPUTED FOR BELOW THE SNOWPACK, THUS THE SFC
1049 ! HEAT FLUX TO BE COMPUTED IN SHFLX WILL EFFECTIVELY BE THE FLUX AT THE
1051 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1053 YY = STC (1) -0.5* SSOIL * ZSOIL (1)* ZZ1/ DF1
1055 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1056 ! SHFLX WILL CALC/UPDATE THE SOIL TEMPS.
1057 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1058 CALL SHFLX (STC,NSOIL,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,TBOT,DF1)
1060 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1061 ! SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SNOW COMPACTION. YY IS
1062 ! ASSUMED TO BE THE SOIL TEMPERTURE AT THE TOP OF THE SOIL COLUMN.
1063 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1064 IF (SNEQV .GE. 0.10) THEN
1065 CALL SNOWPACK (SNEQV,DT,SNOWH,SNDENS,T1,YY)
1072 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1073 END SUBROUTINE SNOPAC
1074 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1076 SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK (SNEQV,DTSEC,SNOWH,SNDENS,TSNOW,TSOIL)
1078 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1079 ! CALCULATE COMPACTION OF SNOWPACK UNDER CONDITIONS OF INCREASING SNOW
1080 ! DENSITY, AS OBTAINED FROM AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF E. ANDERSON'S
1081 ! DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (3.29), NOAA TECHNICAL REPORT NWS 19, BY VICTOR
1083 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1084 ! SNEQV WATER EQUIVALENT OF SNOW (M)
1085 ! DTSEC TIME STEP (SEC)
1086 ! SNOWH SNOW DEPTH (M)
1087 ! SNDENS SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)
1088 ! TSNOW SNOW SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)
1089 ! TSOIL SOIL SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)
1091 ! SUBROUTINE WILL RETURN NEW VALUES OF SNOWH AND SNDENS
1092 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1096 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNEQV, DTSEC,TSNOW,TSOIL
1097 REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: SNOWH, SNDENS
1098 REAL :: BFAC,DSX,DTHR,DW,SNOWHC,PEXP, &
1099 TAVGC,TSNOWC,TSOILC,ESDC,ESDCX
1100 REAL, PARAMETER :: C1 = 0.01, C2 = 21.0, G = 9.81, &
1102 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1103 ! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS
1104 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1105 SNOWHC = SNOWH *100.
1108 TSNOWC = TSNOW -273.15
1109 TSOILC = TSOIL -273.15
1111 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1112 ! CALCULATING OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF SNOW PACK
1113 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1114 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1115 ! CALCULATING OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY AS A RESULT OF COMPACTION
1116 ! SNDENS=DS0*(EXP(BFAC*SNEQV)-1.)/(BFAC*SNEQV)
1117 ! BFAC=DTHR*C1*EXP(0.08*TAVGC-C2*DS0)
1118 ! NOTE: BFAC*SNEQV IN SNDENS EQN ABOVE HAS TO BE CAREFULLY TREATED
1119 ! NUMERICALLY BELOW:
1120 ! C1 IS THE FRACTIONAL INCREASE IN DENSITY (1/(CM*HR))
1121 ! C2 IS A CONSTANT (CM3/G) KOJIMA ESTIMATED AS 21 CMS/G
1122 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1123 TAVGC = 0.5* (TSNOWC + TSOILC)
1124 IF (ESDC > 1.E-2) THEN
1130 ! DSX = SNDENS*((DEXP(BFAC*ESDC)-1.)/(BFAC*ESDC))
1131 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1132 ! THE FUNCTION OF THE FORM (e**x-1)/x IMBEDDED IN ABOVE EXPRESSION
1133 ! FOR DSX WAS CAUSING NUMERICAL DIFFICULTIES WHEN THE DENOMINATOR "x"
1134 ! (I.E. BFAC*ESDC) BECAME ZERO OR APPROACHED ZERO (DESPITE THE FACT THAT
1135 ! THE ANALYTICAL FUNCTION (e**x-1)/x HAS A WELL DEFINED LIMIT AS
1136 ! "x" APPROACHES ZERO), HENCE BELOW WE REPLACE THE (e**x-1)/x
1137 ! EXPRESSION WITH AN EQUIVALENT, NUMERICALLY WELL-BEHAVED
1138 ! POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION.
1140 ! NUMBER OF TERMS OF POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION, AND HENCE ITS ACCURACY,
1141 ! IS GOVERNED BY ITERATION LIMIT "IPOL".
1142 ! IPOL GREATER THAN 9 ONLY MAKES A DIFFERENCE ON DOUBLE
1143 ! PRECISION (RELATIVE ERRORS GIVEN IN PERCENT %).
1144 ! IPOL=9, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.6 E-6 % (8 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)
1145 ! IPOL=8, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-5 % (7 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)
1146 ! IPOL=7, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-4 % ...
1147 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1148 BFAC = DTHR * C1* EXP (0.08* TAVGC - C2* SNDENS)
1151 ! PEXP = (1. + PEXP)*BFAC*ESDC/REAL(J+1)
1153 PEXP = (1. + PEXP)* BFAC * ESDCX / REAL (J +1)
1157 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1158 ! ABOVE LINE ENDS POLYNOMIAL SUBSTITUTION
1159 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1160 ! END OF KOREAN FORMULATION
1162 ! BASE FORMULATION (COGLEY ET AL., 1990)
1163 ! CONVERT DENSITY FROM G/CM3 TO KG/M3
1166 ! DSX=DSM+DTSEC*0.5*DSM*G*SNEQV/
1167 ! & (1E7*EXP(-0.02*DSM+KN/(TAVGC+273.16)-14.643))
1169 ! & CONVERT DENSITY FROM KG/M3 TO G/CM3
1172 ! END OF COGLEY ET AL. FORMULATION
1174 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1175 ! SET UPPER/LOWER LIMIT ON SNOW DENSITY
1176 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1177 DSX = SNDENS * (PEXP)
1178 IF (DSX > 0.40) DSX = 0.40
1179 IF (DSX < 0.05) DSX = 0.05
1180 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1181 ! UPDATE OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY DEPENDING ON LIQUID WATER DURING
1182 ! SNOWMELT. ASSUMED THAT 13% OF LIQUID WATER CAN BE STORED IN SNOW PER
1183 ! DAY DURING SNOWMELT TILL SNOW DENSITY 0.40.
1184 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1186 IF (TSNOWC >= 0.) THEN
1187 DW = 0.13* DTHR /24.
1188 SNDENS = SNDENS * (1. - DW) + DW
1189 IF (SNDENS >= 0.40) SNDENS = 0.40
1190 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1191 ! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH (CM) FROM SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT AND SNOW DENSITY.
1192 ! CHANGE SNOW DEPTH UNITS TO METERS
1193 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1195 SNOWHC = ESDC / SNDENS
1196 SNOWH = SNOWHC * 0.01
1198 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1199 END SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK
1200 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1202 SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0 (Z0, Z0BRD, SNOWH)
1203 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1204 ! CALCULATE TOTAL ROUGHNESS LENGTH OVER SNOW
1205 ! Z0 ROUGHNESS LENGTH (m)
1206 ! Z0S SNOW ROUGHNESS LENGTH:=0.001 (m)
1207 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1209 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: Z0BRD
1210 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: Z0
1211 REAL, PARAMETER :: Z0S=0.001
1212 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWH
1216 BURIAL = 7.0*Z0BRD - SNOWH
1217 IF(BURIAL.LE.0.0007) THEN
1225 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1226 END SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0
1227 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1229 SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW (TEMP,NEWSN,SNOWH,SNDENS)
1231 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1232 ! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY TO ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW SNOWFALL.
1233 ! UPDATED VALUES OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY ARE RETURNED.
1235 ! TEMP AIR TEMPERATURE (K)
1236 ! NEWSN NEW SNOWFALL (M)
1237 ! SNOWH SNOW DEPTH (M)
1238 ! SNDENS SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)
1239 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1241 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: NEWSN, TEMP
1242 REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: SNDENS, SNOWH
1243 REAL :: DSNEW, HNEWC, SNOWHC,NEWSNC,TEMPC
1245 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1246 ! CALCULATING NEW SNOWFALL DENSITY DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE
1247 ! EQUATION FROM GOTTLIB L. 'A GENERAL RUNOFF MODEL FOR SNOWCOVERED
1248 ! AND GLACIERIZED BASIN', 6TH NORDIC HYDROLOGICAL CONFERENCE,
1249 ! VEMADOLEN, SWEDEN, 1980, 172-177PP.
1250 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1251 TEMPC = TEMP - 273.15
1252 IF ( TEMPC <= -15. ) THEN
1255 DSNEW = 0.05 + 0.0017 * ( TEMPC + 15. ) ** 1.5
1258 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1259 ! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS
1260 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1261 SNOWHC = SNOWH * 100.
1262 NEWSNC = NEWSN * 100.
1264 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1265 ! ADJUSTMENT OF SNOW DENSITY DEPENDING ON NEW SNOWFALL
1266 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1267 HNEWC = NEWSNC / DSNEW
1268 IF ( SNOWHC + HNEWC < 1.0E-3 ) THEN
1269 SNDENS = MAX ( DSNEW , SNDENS )
1271 SNDENS = ( SNOWHC * SNDENS + HNEWC * DSNEW ) / ( SNOWHC + HNEWC )
1273 SNOWHC = SNOWHC + HNEWC
1274 SNOWH = SNOWHC * 0.01
1276 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1277 END SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW
1278 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1280 END MODULE module_sf_noahlsm_glacial_only