1 MODULE module_sf_noah_seaice
3 use mpas_atmphys_constants,only: cp,R_D=>R_d,XLF,XLV,RHOWATER=>rho_w,STBOLT
4 use mpas_atmphys_utilities, only: physics_error_fatal
5 #define FATAL_ERROR(M) call physics_error_fatal( M )
7 use module_model_constants, only : CP, R_D, XLF, XLV, RHOWATER, STBOLT
9 #define FATAL_ERROR(M) call wrf_error_fatal( M )
11 use module_sf_noahlsm, only : RD, SIGMA, CPH2O, CPICE, LSUBF, EMISSI_S, &
24 INTEGER, PRIVATE :: ILOC
25 INTEGER, PRIVATE :: JLOC
26 !$omp threadprivate(iloc, jloc)
28 REAL, PARAMETER, PRIVATE :: TFREEZ = 273.15
32 SUBROUTINE SFLX_SEAICE (IILOC, JJLOC, SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT, SEAICE_ALBEDO_DEFAULT, & !C
33 & SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT, SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX, & !C
34 & SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN, & !C
35 & FFROZP,DT,ZLVL,NSOIL, & !C
37 & LWDN,SOLNET,SFCPRS,PRCP,SFCTMP,Q2, & !F
38 & TH2,Q2SAT,DQSDT2, & !I
39 & SNOALB,TBOT, Z0BRD, Z0, EMISSI, & !S
40 & T1,STC,SNOWH,SNEQV,ALBEDO, CH, & !H
41 & ALBEDOSI, SNOWONSI, &
42 & ETA,SHEAT,ETA_KINEMATIC,FDOWN, & !O
43 & ESNOW,DEW,ETP,SSOIL,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3, & !O
47 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
48 ! SUBROUTINE SFLX_SEAICE
49 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
50 ! SUB-DRIVER FOR "Noah LSM" FAMILY OF PHYSICS SUBROUTINES FOR A SEA-ICE
51 ! LAND-SURFACE MODEL TO UPDATE ICE TEMPERATURE, SKIN TEMPERATURE,
52 ! SNOWPACK WATER CONTENT, SNOWDEPTH, AND ALL TERMS OF THE SURFACE ENERGY
53 ! BALANCE (EXCLUDING INPUT ATMOSPHERIC FORCINGS OF DOWNWARD RADIATION
55 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
56 ! SFLX_SEAICE ARGUMENT LIST KEY:
57 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
58 ! C CONFIGURATION INFORMATION
60 ! I OTHER (INPUT) FORCING DATA
61 ! S SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS
62 ! H HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES
65 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
66 ! 1. CONFIGURATION INFORMATION (C):
67 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
68 ! DT TIMESTEP (SEC) (DT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 3600 SECS, RECOMMEND
70 ! ZLVL HEIGHT (M) ABOVE GROUND OF ATMOSPHERIC FORCING VARIABLES
71 ! NSOIL NUMBER OF SOIL LAYERS (AT LEAST 2, AND NOT GREATER THAN
72 ! PARAMETER NSOLD SET BELOW)
73 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
74 ! 3. FORCING DATA (F):
75 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
76 ! LWDN LW DOWNWARD RADIATION (W M-2; POSITIVE, NOT NET LONGWAVE)
77 ! SOLNET NET DOWNWARD SOLAR RADIATION ((W M-2; POSITIVE)
78 ! SFCPRS PRESSURE AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (PASCALS)
79 ! PRCP PRECIP RATE (KG M-2 S-1) (NOTE, THIS IS A RATE)
80 ! SFCTMP AIR TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND
81 ! TH2 AIR POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND
82 ! Q2 MIXING RATIO AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)
83 ! FFROZP FRACTION OF FROZEN PRECIPITATION
84 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
85 ! 4. OTHER FORCING (INPUT) DATA (I):
86 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
87 ! Q2SAT SAT SPECIFIC HUMIDITY AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)
88 ! DQSDT2 SLOPE OF SAT SPECIFIC HUMIDITY CURVE AT T=SFCTMP
90 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
91 ! 5. CANOPY/SOIL CHARACTERISTICS (S):
92 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
93 ! SNOALB UPPER BOUND ON MAXIMUM ALBEDO OVER DEEP SNOW (E.G. FROM
94 ! ROBINSON AND KUKLA, 1985, J. CLIM. & APPL. METEOR.)
95 ! TBOT BOTTOM SOIL TEMPERATURE (LOCAL YEARLY-MEAN SFC AIR
97 ! Z0BRD Background fixed roughness length (M)
98 ! Z0 Time varying roughness length (M) as function of snow depth
100 ! EMISSI Surface emissivity (between 0 and 1)
101 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
102 ! 6. HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES (H):
103 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
104 ! T1 GROUND/CANOPY/SNOWPACK) EFFECTIVE SKIN TEMPERATURE (K)
105 ! STC(NSOIL) SOIL TEMP (K)
106 ! SNOWH ACTUAL SNOW DEPTH (M)
107 ! SNEQV LIQUID WATER-EQUIVALENT SNOW DEPTH (M)
108 ! NOTE: SNOW DENSITY = SNEQV/SNOWH
109 ! ALBEDO SURFACE ALBEDO
110 ! CH SURFACE EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE
111 ! (M S-1); NOTE: CH IS TECHNICALLY A CONDUCTANCE SINCE
112 ! IT HAS BEEN MULTIPLIED BY WIND SPEED.
113 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
115 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
116 ! OUTPUT VARIABLES NECESSARY FOR A COUPLED NWP MODEL. FOR THIS APPLICATION,
117 ! THE REMAINING OUTPUT/DIAGNOSTIC/PARAMETER BLOCKS BELOW ARE NOT
118 ! NECESSARY. OTHER APPLICATIONS MAY REQUIRE DIFFERENT OUTPUT VARIABLES.
119 ! ETA ACTUAL LATENT HEAT FLUX (W m-2: NEGATIVE, IF UP FROM
121 ! ETA_KINEMATIC actual latent heat flux in Kg m-2 s-1
122 ! SHEAT SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE, IF UPWARD FROM
124 ! FDOWN Radiation forcing at the surface (W m-2) = SOLDN*(1-alb)+LWDN
125 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
126 ! ESNOW SUBLIMATION FROM (OR DEPOSITION TO IF <0) SNOWPACK (W m-2)
127 ! DEW DEWFALL (OR FROSTFALL FOR T<273.15) (M)
128 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
129 ! ETP POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (W m-2)
130 ! SSOIL SOIL HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE IF DOWNWARD FROM SURFACE)
131 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
132 ! FLX1 PRECIP-SNOW SFC (W M-2)
133 ! FLX2 FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX (W M-2)
134 ! FLX3 PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT (W M-2)
135 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
136 ! SNOMLT SNOW MELT (M) (WATER EQUIVALENT)
137 ! SNCOVR FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER (UNITLESS FRACTION, 0-1)
138 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
139 ! RUNOFF1 SURFACE RUNOFF (M S-1), NOT INFILTRATING THE SURFACE
140 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
141 ! 8. DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT (D):
142 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
143 ! Q1 Effective mixing ratio at surface (kg kg-1), used for
144 ! diagnosing the mixing ratio at 2 meter for coupled model
145 ! Documentation SNOABL2 ?????
146 ! What categories of arguments do these variables fall into ????
147 ! Documentation for RIBB ?????
148 ! What category of argument does RIBB fall into ?????
149 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
151 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
152 integer, intent(in) :: iiloc, jjloc
153 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT
154 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_ALBEDO_DEFAULT
155 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT
156 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX
157 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN
159 LOGICAL :: FRZGRA, SNOWNG
161 INTEGER,INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
163 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DT,DQSDT2,LWDN,PRCP, &
164 Q2,Q2SAT,SFCPRS,SFCTMP,SNOALB,ALBEDOSI, &
165 SOLNET,TBOT,TH2,ZLVL, &
167 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: ALBEDO
168 REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: CH, &
169 SNEQV,SNCOVR,SNOWH,T1,Z0BRD, &
171 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWONSI
172 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SITHICK
173 REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: RIBB
174 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
175 REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL):: ZSOIL
177 REAL,INTENT(OUT) :: ETA_KINEMATIC,DEW,ESNOW,ETA, &
178 ETP,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,SHEAT,RUNOFF1, &
183 DSOIL,DTOT,FRCSNO,FRCSOI, &
185 SNDENS,SNCOND,SN_NEW, &
196 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
197 ! DECLARATIONS - PARAMETERS
198 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
200 REAL, PARAMETER :: LVH2O = 2.501E+6
201 REAL, PARAMETER :: LSUBS = 2.83E+6
202 REAL, PARAMETER :: R = 287.04
206 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
208 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
213 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
214 ! SEA-ICE LAYERS ARE EQUAL THICKNESS AND SUM TO <SITHICK> METERS
215 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
218 ZSOIL (KZ) = -SITHICK * FLOAT (KZ) / FLOAT (NSOIL)
221 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
224 ! ALB = 0.82 ! Arctic pre-melt spring and post-melt autumn
225 ! ALB = 0.80 ! Antarctica
226 ! ALB = 0.50 ! Arctic mid-summer (ice and melt ponds)
227 ! ALB = 0.65 ! Arctic bare ice with no snow and no melt ponds
229 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
230 ! INITIALIZE PRECIPITATION LOGICALS.
231 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
236 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
237 ! OVER SEA-ICE, IF S.W.E. (SNEQV) BELOW THRESHOLD LOWER
238 ! BOUND (0.01 M FOR SEA-ICE, 0.10 M FOR GLACIAL-ICE), THEN SET AT LOWER
240 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
241 ! FOR SEA-ICE CASE, ASSIGN DEFAULT WATER-EQUIV SNOW ON TOP
242 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
244 SELECT CASE ( SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT )
248 IF ( SNEQV < 0.01 ) THEN
253 CASE ( 1 ) ! Arctic sea-ice albedo from Mills (2011)
255 IF ( SNEQV < 0.0001 ) THEN
263 IF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 0 ) THEN
266 ! Enforce bounds on snow depth, maintaining original snow density.
269 SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH
270 SNOWH = MAX ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN , MIN ( SNOWH , SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX ) )
271 SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS
273 ELSEIF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 1 ) THEN
276 ! Regardless of the assignments above, we want to enforce
277 ! a specified snow depth and density on sea ice.
282 SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS
285 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
286 ! IF INPUT SNOWPACK IS NONZERO, THEN COMPUTE SNOW DENSITY "SNDENS" AND
287 ! SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY "SNCOND"
288 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
290 SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH
291 IF(SNDENS > 1.0) THEN
292 FATAL_ERROR( 'Physical snow depth is less than snow water equiv.' )
294 CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)
296 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
297 ! DETERMINE IF IT'S PRECIPITATING AND WHAT KIND OF PRECIP IT IS.
298 ! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, IT'S SNOWING!
299 ! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS WARMER THAN 0 C, BUT THE GRND
300 ! TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, FREEZING RAIN IS PRESUMED TO BE FALLING.
301 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
304 ! snow defined when fraction of frozen precip (FFROZP) > 0.5,
305 ! passed in from model microphysics.
306 IF (FFROZP .GT. 0.5) THEN
309 IF (T1 <= TFREEZ) FRZGRA = .TRUE.
313 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
314 ! IF EITHER PRCP FLAG IS SET, DETERMINE NEW SNOWFALL (CONVERTING PRCP
315 ! RATE FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO A LIQUID EQUIV SNOW DEPTH IN METERS) AND ADD
316 ! IT TO THE EXISTING SNOWPACK.
317 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
319 IF ( SNOWNG .OR. FRZGRA ) THEN
320 SN_NEW = PRCP * DT * 0.001
321 SNEQV = SNEQV + SN_NEW
323 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
324 ! UPDATE SNOW DENSITY BASED ON NEW SNOWFALL, USING OLD AND NEW SNOW.
325 ! UPDATE SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
326 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
328 CALL SNOW_NEW ( SFCTMP , SN_NEW , SNOWH , SNDENS )
330 ! kmh 09/04/2006 set Snow Density at 0.2 g/cm**3
331 ! for "cold permanent ice" or new "dry" snow
333 IF ( SNCOVR .GT. 0.99 ) THEN
335 ! if soil temperature less than 268.15 K, treat as typical
336 ! Antarctic/Greenland snow firn
338 IF ( STC(1) .LT. (TFREEZ - 5.) ) SNDENS = 0.2
339 IF ( SNOWNG .AND. (T1.LT.273.) .AND. (SFCTMP.LT.273.) ) SNDENS=0.2
342 CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)
346 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
348 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
351 SELECT CASE ( SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT )
357 ALBEDO = SEAICE_ALBEDO_DEFAULT
358 ! ALBEDO = 0.82 ! Arctic pre-melt spring and post-melt autumn
359 ! ALBEDO = 0.80 ! Antarctica
360 ! ALBEDO = 0.50 ! Arctic mid-summer (ice and melt ponds)
361 ! ALBEDO = 0.65 ! Arctic bare ice with no snow and no melt ponds
363 CASE ( 1 ) ! Arctic sea-ice albedo from Mills (2011)
366 ! Make albedo of snow on sea-ice a function of skin temperature:
368 IF (T1 < 268.15) THEN
370 ELSEIF ( ( T1 >= 268.15 ) .AND. ( T1 < 273.15 ) ) then
371 alb_snow = 0.65 - ( 0.03 * (T1 - 273.15) )
377 ! Make albedo of snow-free sea-ice a function of air temperature
379 IF ( SFCTMP <= 273.15 ) THEN
381 ELSEIF ( ( SFCTMP > 273.15 ) .and. ( SFCTMP < 278.15 ) ) THEN
382 alb_ice = 0.65 - ( 0.04 * (SFCTMP - 273.15) )
388 ! Define a snow-cover fraction for use only with Mills sea-ice albedo
390 Z0N = 0.10 ! Approximate roughness length of snow-covered surface
391 SNCOVRR = SNOWH / ( SNOWH + Z0N )
394 ! Final albedo over sea-ice point is a combination of the snow
395 ! albedo and the snow-free ice albedo, weighted by the snow cover.
397 ALBEDO = (SNCOVRR * alb_snow ) + ( ( 1.0 - SNCOVRR) * alb_ice )
399 CASE ( 2 ) ! Seaice albedo from 2d field
407 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
408 ! THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR SEA-ICE CASE
409 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
412 DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))
415 FRCSNO = SNOWH / DTOT
417 ! 1. HARMONIC MEAN (SERIES FLOW)
418 ! DF1 = (SNCOND*DF1)/(FRCSOI*SNCOND+FRCSNO*DF1)
419 FRCSOI = DSOIL / DTOT
420 ! 2. ARITHMETIC MEAN (PARALLEL FLOW)
421 ! DF1 = FRCSNO*SNCOND + FRCSOI*DF1
423 ! 3. GEOMETRIC MEAN (INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN HARMONIC AND ARITHMETIC MEAN)
424 ! DF1 = (SNCOND**FRCSNO)*(DF1**FRCSOI)
425 ! weigh DF by snow fraction
426 DF1A = FRCSNO * SNCOND + FRCSOI * DF1
428 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
429 ! CALCULATE SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX, SSOIL, FROM FINAL THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
430 ! OF SURFACE MEDIUMS, DF1 ABOVE, AND SKIN TEMPERATURE AND TOP
431 ! MID-LAYER SOIL TEMPERATURE
432 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
433 DF1 = DF1A * SNCOVR + DF1 * ( 1.0 - SNCOVR )
435 SSOIL = DF1 * ( T1 - STC(1) ) / DTOT
437 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
438 ! DETERMINE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OVER SNOWPACK USING SNOW CONDITION FROM
439 ! THE PREVIOUS TIMESTEP.
440 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
442 CALL SNOWZ0 (SNCOVR,Z0,Z0BRD,SNOWH)
444 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
445 ! CALCULATE TOTAL DOWNWARD RADIATION (SOLAR PLUS LONGWAVE) NEEDED IN
446 ! PENMAN EP SUBROUTINE THAT FOLLOWS
447 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
448 FDOWN = SOLNET + LWDN
449 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
450 ! CALC VIRTUAL TEMPS AND VIRTUAL POTENTIAL TEMPS NEEDED BY SUBROUTINES
452 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
453 T2V = SFCTMP * (1.0+ 0.61 * Q2 )
454 T24 = SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP
455 RHO = SFCPRS / ( RD * T2V )
456 ! RCH = RHO * CP * CH
457 RCH = RHO * 1004.6 * CH ! CP is defined different in subroutine PENMAN.
458 ! Pulling this computation out of PENMAN changed
459 ! the results. So I'm hard-coding the PENMAN
460 ! value here, but perhaps this should go back
461 ! into PENMAN for now.
463 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
464 ! CALL PENMAN SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (ETP), AND
465 ! OTHER PARTIAL PRODUCTS AND SUMS FOR LATER CALCULATIONS.
466 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
468 CALL PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL, &
469 Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA, &
470 DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI,T1)
473 CALL SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,SNOWNG, &
475 Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,SSOIL,STC, &
476 SFCPRS,RCH,RR,SNCOVR,SNEQV,SNDENS, &
478 SNOMLT,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,EMISSI,RIBB, &
480 ! ETA_KINEMATIC = ESNOW
483 IF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 0 ) THEN
486 ! Set bounds on snow depth, maintaining snow density.
488 SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH
489 SNOWH = MAX ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN , MIN ( SNOWH , SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX ) )
490 SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS
492 ELSEIF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 1 ) THEN
495 ! Regardless of the results of snopac, we want to enforce
496 ! a specified snow depth and density on sea ice.
500 SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS
503 ! Calculate effective mixing ratio at ground level (skin)
504 Q1=Q2+ETA_KINEMATIC*CP/RCH
506 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
507 ! DETERMINE SENSIBLE HEAT (H) IN ENERGY UNITS (W M-2)
508 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
510 SHEAT = - (CH * CP * SFCPRS)/ (R * T2V) * ( TH2- T1 )
512 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
513 ! CONVERT EVAP TERMS FROM KINEMATIC (KG M-2 S-1) TO ENERGY UNITS (W M-2)
514 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
516 ESNOW = ESNOW * LSUBS
517 ETP = ETP*((1.-SNCOVR)*LVH2O + SNCOVR*LSUBS)
518 IF (ETP .GT. 0.) THEN
524 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
525 ! CONVERT THE SIGN OF SOIL HEAT FLUX SO THAT:
526 ! SSOIL>0: WARM THE SURFACE (NIGHT TIME)
527 ! SSOIL<0: COOL THE SURFACE (DAY TIME)
528 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
532 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
533 ! FOR THE CASE OF SEA-ICE, ADD ANY
534 ! SNOWMELT DIRECTLY TO SURFACE RUNOFF (RUNOFF1) SINCE THERE IS NO
535 ! SOIL MEDIUM, AND THUS NO CALL TO SUBROUTINE SMFLX (FOR SOIL MOISTURE
537 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
540 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
541 END SUBROUTINE SFLX_SEAICE
542 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
544 SUBROUTINE CSNOW (SNCOND,DSNOW)
546 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
549 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
550 ! CALCULATE SNOW TERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
551 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
553 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DSNOW
554 REAL, INTENT(OUT):: SNCOND
556 REAL, PARAMETER :: UNIT = 0.11631
558 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
559 ! SNCOND IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)
560 ! CSNOW IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)
561 ! BASIC VERSION IS DYACHKOVA EQUATION (1960), FOR RANGE 0.1-0.4
562 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
563 C = 0.328*10** (2.25* DSNOW)
566 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
567 ! DE VAUX EQUATION (1933), IN RANGE 0.1-0.6
568 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
569 ! SNCOND=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)
570 ! CSNOW=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)
572 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
573 ! E. ANDERSEN FROM FLERCHINGER
574 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
575 ! SNCOND=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2
576 ! CSNOW=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2
579 ! double snow thermal conductivity
580 SNCOND = 2.0 * UNIT * C
582 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
584 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
585 SUBROUTINE HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,TBOT,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)
586 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
587 ! CALCULATE THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE TIME TENDENCY TERM OF THE SOIL
588 ! THERMAL DIFFUSION EQUATION IN THE CASE OF SEA-ICE (ICE=1) OR GLACIAL
589 ! ICE (ICE=-1). COMPUTE (PREPARE) THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
590 ! TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX OF THE IMPLICIT TIME SCHEME.
592 ! (NOTE: THIS SUBROUTINE ONLY CALLED FOR SEA-ICE OR GLACIAL ICE, BUT
593 ! NOT FOR NON-GLACIAL LAND (ICE = 0).
594 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
598 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
601 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DF1,YY,ZZ1
602 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: AI, BI,CI
603 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: STC, ZSOIL
604 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: RHSTS
605 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: TBOT
606 REAL :: DDZ,DDZ2,DENOM,DTSDZ,DTSDZ2,SSOIL, &
613 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
614 ! SET A NOMINAL UNIVERSAL VALUE OF THE SEA-ICE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY,
615 ! HCPCT = 1880.0*917.0.
616 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
620 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
621 ! THE INPUT ARGUMENT DF1 IS A UNIVERSALLY CONSTANT VALUE OF SEA-ICE
622 ! THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY, SET IN ROUTINE SNOPAC AS DF1 = 2.2.
623 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
624 ! SET ICE PACK DEPTH. USE TBOT AS ICE PACK LOWER BOUNDARY TEMPERATURE
625 ! (THAT OF UNFROZEN SEA WATER AT BOTTOM OF SEA ICE PACK). ASSUME ICE
626 ! PACK IS OF N=NSOIL LAYERS SPANNING A UNIFORM CONSTANT ICE PACK
627 ! THICKNESS AS DEFINED BY ZSOIL(NSOIL) IN ROUTINE SFLX.
628 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
629 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
630 ! CALC THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS AI, BI, AND CI FOR THE TOP LAYER
631 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
633 DDZ = 1.0 / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )
635 CI (1) = (DF1 * DDZ) / (ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT)
637 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
638 ! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT BTWN THE TOP AND 2ND SOIL LAYERS.
639 ! RECALC/ADJUST THE SOIL HEAT FLUX. USE THE GRADIENT AND FLUX TO CALC
640 ! RHSTS FOR THE TOP SOIL LAYER.
641 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
642 BI (1) = - CI (1) + DF1/ (0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT * &
644 DTSDZ = ( STC (1) - STC (2) ) / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )
645 SSOIL = DF1 * ( STC (1) - YY ) / ( 0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZZ1 )
647 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
649 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
650 RHSTS (1) = ( DF1 * DTSDZ - SSOIL ) / ( ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT )
652 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
653 ! LOOP THRU THE REMAINING SOIL LAYERS, REPEATING THE ABOVE PROCESS
654 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
660 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
661 ! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THIS LAYER.
662 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
664 DENOM = 0.5 * ( ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1) )
666 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
667 ! CALC THE MATRIX COEF, CI, AFTER CALC'NG ITS PARTIAL PRODUCT.
668 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
669 DTSDZ2 = ( STC (K) - STC (K +1) ) / DENOM
670 DDZ2 = 2. / (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1))
671 CI (K) = - DF1N * DDZ2 / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))*HCPCT)
673 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
674 ! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THE LOWEST LAYER.
675 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
678 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
679 ! SET MATRIX COEF, CI TO ZERO.
680 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
681 DTSDZ2 = (STC (K) - TBOT)/ (.5 * (ZSOIL (K -1) + ZSOIL (K)) &
685 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
686 ! CALC RHSTS FOR THIS LAYER AFTER CALC'NG A PARTIAL PRODUCT.
687 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
688 DENOM = ( ZSOIL (K) - ZSOIL (K -1) ) * HCPCT
689 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
690 ! CALC MATRIX COEFS, AI, AND BI FOR THIS LAYER.
691 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
692 RHSTS (K) = ( DF1N * DTSDZ2- DF1K * DTSDZ ) / DENOM
693 AI (K) = - DF1K * DDZ / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)) * HCPCT)
694 BI (K) = - (AI (K) + CI (K))
695 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
696 ! RESET VALUES OF DTSDZ AND DDZ FOR LOOP TO NEXT SOIL LYR.
697 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
702 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
703 END SUBROUTINE HRTICE
704 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
706 SUBROUTINE PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL, &
707 & Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA, &
708 & DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI,T1)
710 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
711 ! CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION FOR THE CURRENT POINT. VARIOUS
712 ! PARTIAL SUMS/PRODUCTS ARE ALSO CALCULATED AND PASSED BACK TO THE
713 ! CALLING ROUTINE FOR LATER USE.
714 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
717 LOGICAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWNG, FRZGRA
718 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: CH, DQSDT2, FDOWN, PRCP, &
719 & Q2, Q2SAT, SSOIL, SFCPRS, SFCTMP, &
721 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: T1, T24, RCH
722 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: ETP,FLX2,RR
723 REAL :: ELCP1, LVS, EPSCA, A, DELTA, FNET, RAD
725 REAL, PARAMETER :: ELCP = 2.4888E+3, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6,CP = 1004.6
726 REAL, PARAMETER :: LSUBS = 2.83E+6
728 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
729 ! PREPARE PARTIAL QUANTITIES FOR PENMAN EQUATION.
730 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
732 IF ( T1 > 273.15 ) THEN
736 ELCP1 = ELCP*LSUBS/LSUBC
741 DELTA = ELCP1 * DQSDT2
742 RR = EMISSI * T24 * 6.48E-8 / (SFCPRS * CH) + 1.0
744 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
745 ! ADJUST THE PARTIAL SUMS / PRODUCTS WITH THE LATENT HEAT
746 ! EFFECTS CAUSED BY FALLING PRECIPITATION.
747 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
749 IF ( PRCP > 0.0 ) THEN
750 IF (.NOT. SNOWNG) THEN
751 RR = RR + CPH2O * PRCP / RCH
753 RR = RR + CPICE * PRCP / RCH
757 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
758 ! INCLUDE THE LATENT HEAT EFFECTS OF FREEZING RAIN CONVERTING TO ICE ON
759 ! IMPACT IN THE CALCULATION OF FLX2 AND FNET.
760 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
762 FNET = FDOWN - EMISSI * SIGMA * T24 - SSOIL
764 FLX2 = - LSUBF * PRCP
768 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
769 ! FINISH PENMAN EQUATION CALCULATIONS.
770 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
772 RAD = FNET / RCH + TH2 - SFCTMP
773 A = ELCP1 * (Q2SAT - Q2)
774 EPSCA = (A * RR + RAD * DELTA) / (DELTA + RR)
775 ETP = EPSCA * RCH / LVS
777 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
778 END SUBROUTINE PENMAN
779 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
781 SUBROUTINE SHFLX (STC,NSOIL,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,TBOT,DF1)
782 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
783 ! UPDATE THE TEMPERATURE STATE OF THE SOIL COLUMN BASED ON THE THERMAL
784 ! DIFFUSION EQUATION.
785 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
788 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
789 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DF1,DT,TBOT,YY, ZZ1
790 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: ZSOIL
791 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
792 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: AI, BI, CI, STCF,RHSTS
794 REAL, PARAMETER :: T0 = 273.15
796 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
797 ! HRTICE ROUTINE CALCS THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE SOIL TEMP DIF EQN
798 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
800 CALL HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,TBOT,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)
801 CALL HSTEP (STCF,STC,RHSTS,DT,NSOIL,AI,BI,CI)
807 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
809 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
811 SUBROUTINE SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,SNOWNG, &
813 Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,SSOIL,STC, &
814 SFCPRS,RCH,RR,SNCOVR,ESD,SNDENS, &
816 SNOMLT,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,EMISSI, &
817 RIBB, SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT)
819 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
821 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
822 ! CALCULATE SOIL MOISTURE AND HEAT FLUX VALUES & UPDATE SOIL MOISTURE
823 ! CONTENT AND SOIL HEAT CONTENT VALUES FOR THE CASE WHEN A SNOW PACK IS
825 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
828 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NSOIL
830 LOGICAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWNG
831 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DF1, &
834 & RCH,RR,SFCPRS, SFCTMP, &
837 REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: ESD,FLX2,SNOWH,SNCOVR, &
838 & SNDENS, T1, RIBB, ETP
839 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: DEW,ESNOW, &
840 & FLX1,FLX3, SSOIL,SNOMLT
841 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(IN) :: ZSOIL
842 REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
843 REAL :: DENOM,DSOIL,DTOT,ETA, &
844 & ESNOW1, ESNOW2, ETA1,ETP1,ETP2, &
846 & SNCOND,T12, T12A, &
848 INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT
849 REAL, PARAMETER :: ESDMIN = 1.E-6, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6, &
850 LSUBS = 2.83E+6, SNOEXP = 2.0
852 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
853 ! SNOWCOVER FRACTION = 1.0, AND SUBLIMATION IS AT THE POTENTIAL RATE.
854 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
855 ! INITIALIZE EVAP TERMS.
856 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
864 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
870 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
871 ! CONVERT POTENTIAL EVAP (ETP) FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO ETP1 IN M S-1
872 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
873 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
874 ! IF ETP<0 (DOWNWARD) THEN DEWFALL (=FROSTFALL IN THIS CASE).
875 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
877 IF ( ( RIBB >= 0.1 ) .AND. ( FDOWN > 150.0 ) ) THEN
878 ETP=(MIN(ETP*(1.0-RIBB),0.)*SNCOVR/0.980 + ETP*(0.980-SNCOVR))/0.980
883 ETANRG = ETP*((1.-SNCOVR)*LSUBC + SNCOVR*LSUBS)
896 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
897 ! IF PRECIP IS FALLING, CALCULATE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOW SFC TO NEWLY
898 ! ACCUMULATING PRECIP. NOTE THAT THIS REFLECTS THE FLUX APPROPRIATE FOR
899 ! THE NOT-YET-UPDATED SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1). ASSUMES TEMPERATURE OF THE
900 ! SNOWFALL STRIKING THE GROUND IS =SFCTMP (LOWEST MODEL LEVEL AIR TEMP).
901 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
904 FLX1 = CPICE * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)
906 IF (PRCP > 0.0) FLX1 = CPH2O * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)
907 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
908 ! CALCULATE AN 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' (T12) BASED ON HEAT FLUXES
909 ! BETWEEN THE SNOW PACK AND THE SOIL AND ON NET RADIATION.
910 ! INCLUDE FLX1 (PRECIP-SNOW SFC) AND FLX2 (FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT)
911 ! FLUXES. FLX1 FROM ABOVE, FLX2 BROUGHT IN VIA COMMOM BLOCK RITE.
912 ! FLX2 REFLECTS FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX USING T1 CALCULATED IN
914 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
916 DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))
918 DENOM = 1.0+ DF1 / (DTOT * RR * RCH)
919 ! surface emissivity weighted by snow cover fraction
920 ! T12A = ( (FDOWN - FLX1 - FLX2 - &
921 ! & ((SNCOVR*EMISSI_S)+EMISSI*(1.0-SNCOVR))*SIGMA *T24)/RCH &
922 ! & + TH2 - SFCTMP - ETANRG/RCH ) / RR
923 T12A = ( (FDOWN - FLX1 - FLX2 - EMISSI * SIGMA * T24)/ RCH &
924 + TH2 - SFCTMP - ETANRG / RCH ) / RR
926 T12B = DF1 * STC (1) / (DTOT * RR * RCH)
928 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
929 ! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS AT OR BELOW FREEZING, NO SNOW
930 ! MELT WILL OCCUR. SET THE SKIN TEMP TO THIS EFFECTIVE TEMP. REDUCE
931 ! (BY SUBLIMINATION ) OR INCREASE (BY FROST) THE DEPTH OF THE SNOWPACK,
932 ! DEPENDING ON SIGN OF ETP.
933 ! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (SSOIL) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)
934 ! SINCE NO SNOWMELT, SET ACCUMULATED SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET 'EFFECTIVE'
935 ! PRECIP FROM SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT
937 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
939 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
940 T12 = (SFCTMP + T12A + T12B) / DENOM
941 IF (T12 <= TFREEZ) THEN
943 SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT
944 ! ESD = MAX (0.0, ESD- ETP2)
945 ESD = MAX(0.0, ESD-ESNOW2)
950 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
951 ! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS ABOVE FREEZING, SNOW MELT
952 ! WILL OCCUR. CALL THE SNOW MELT RATE,EX AND AMT, SNOMLT. REVISE THE
953 ! EFFECTIVE SNOW DEPTH. REVISE THE SKIN TEMP BECAUSE IT WOULD HAVE CHGD
954 ! DUE TO THE LATENT HEAT RELEASED BY THE MELTING. CALC THE LATENT HEAT
955 ! RELEASED, FLX3. ADJUSTMENT TO T1 TO ACCOUNT FOR SNOW PATCHES.
956 ! CALCULATE QSAT VALID AT FREEZING POINT. NOTE THAT ESAT (SATURATION
957 ! VAPOR PRESSURE) VALUE OF 6.11E+2 USED HERE IS THAT VALID AT FRZZING
958 ! POINT. NOTE THAT ETP FROM CALL PENMAN IN SFLX IS IGNORED HERE IN
959 ! FAVOR OF BULK ETP OVER 'OPEN WATER' AT FREEZING TEMP.
960 ! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (S) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)
961 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
962 ! ABOVE FREEZING BLOCK
963 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
966 SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT
968 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
969 ! IF POTENTIAL EVAP (SUBLIMATION) GREATER THAN DEPTH OF SNOWPACK.
970 ! SNOWPACK HAS SUBLIMATED AWAY, SET DEPTH TO ZERO.
971 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
973 IF (ESD-ESNOW2 <= ESDMIN) THEN
978 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
979 ! SUBLIMATION LESS THAN DEPTH OF SNOWPACK
980 ! SNOWPACK (ESD) REDUCED BY ESNOW2 (DEPTH OF SUBLIMATED SNOW)
981 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
984 SEH = RCH * (T1- TH2)
985 T14 = ( T1 * T1 ) * ( T1 * T1 )
986 FLX3 = FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- EMISSI*SIGMA * T14- SSOIL - SEH - ETANRG
987 IF (FLX3 <= 0.0) FLX3 = 0.0
988 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
989 ! SNOWMELT REDUCTION DEPENDING ON SNOW COVER
990 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
991 EX = FLX3*0.001/ LSUBF
993 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
994 ! ESDMIN REPRESENTS A SNOWPACK DEPTH THRESHOLD VALUE BELOW WHICH WE
995 ! CHOOSE NOT TO RETAIN ANY SNOWPACK, AND INSTEAD INCLUDE IT IN SNOWMELT.
996 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
998 IF (ESD- SNOMLT >= ESDMIN) THEN
1002 ! SNOWMELT EXCEEDS SNOW DEPTH
1005 FLX3 = EX *1000.0* LSUBF
1012 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1013 ! END OF 'T12 .LE. TFREEZ' IF-BLOCK
1014 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1018 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1019 ! FOR SEA-ICE, THE SNOWMELT WILL BE ADDED TO SUBSURFACE
1020 ! RUNOFF/BASEFLOW LATER NEAR THE END OF SFLX (AFTER RETURN FROM CALL TO
1021 ! SUBROUTINE SNOPAC)
1022 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1023 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1024 ! SET THE EFFECTIVE POTNL EVAPOTRANSP (ETP1) TO ZERO SINCE THIS IS SNOW
1025 ! CASE, SO SURFACE EVAP NOT CALCULATED FROM EDIR IN SMFLX (BELOW).
1026 ! IF SEAICE (ICE==1) SKIP CALL TO SMFLX, SINCE NO SOIL MEDIUM FOR SEA-ICE
1027 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1028 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1029 ! BEFORE CALL SHFLX IN THIS SNOWPACK CASE, SET ZZ1 AND YY ARGUMENTS TO
1030 ! SPECIAL VALUES THAT ENSURE THAT GROUND HEAT FLUX CALCULATED IN SHFLX
1031 ! MATCHES THAT ALREADY COMPUTED FOR BELOW THE SNOWPACK, THUS THE SFC
1032 ! HEAT FLUX TO BE COMPUTED IN SHFLX WILL EFFECTIVELY BE THE FLUX AT THE
1034 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1037 YY = STC (1) -0.5* SSOIL * ZSOIL (1)* ZZ1/ DF1
1039 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1040 ! SHFLX WILL CALC/UPDATE THE ICE TEMPS.
1041 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1043 CALL SHFLX (STC,NSOIL,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,TBOT,DF1)
1045 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1046 ! SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SNOW COMPACTION. YY IS
1047 ! ASSUMED TO BE THE SOIL TEMPERTURE AT THE TOP OF THE SOIL COLUMN.
1048 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1049 SELECT CASE ( SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT )
1053 IF (ESD .GE. 0.01) THEN
1054 CALL SNOWPACK (ESD,DT,SNOWH,SNDENS,T1,YY)
1063 CASE ( 1 ) ! Arctic sea-ice albedo from Mills (2011)
1065 IF ( ESD >= 0.0001 ) THEN
1066 CALL SNOWPACK (ESD,DT,SNOWH,SNDENS,T1,YY)
1074 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1075 END SUBROUTINE SNOPAC
1076 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1078 SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK (ESD,DTSEC,SNOWH,SNDENS,TSNOW,TSOIL)
1080 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1081 ! SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK
1082 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1083 ! CALCULATE COMPACTION OF SNOWPACK UNDER CONDITIONS OF INCREASING SNOW
1084 ! DENSITY, AS OBTAINED FROM AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF E. ANDERSON'S
1085 ! DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (3.29), NOAA TECHNICAL REPORT NWS 19, BY VICTOR
1087 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1088 ! ESD WATER EQUIVALENT OF SNOW (M)
1089 ! DTSEC TIME STEP (SEC)
1090 ! SNOWH SNOW DEPTH (M)
1091 ! SNDENS SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)
1092 ! TSNOW SNOW SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)
1093 ! TSOIL SOIL SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)
1095 ! SUBROUTINE WILL RETURN NEW VALUES OF SNOWH AND SNDENS
1096 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1100 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: ESD, DTSEC,TSNOW,TSOIL
1101 REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: SNOWH, SNDENS
1102 REAL :: BFAC,DSX,DTHR,DW,SNOWHC,PEXP, &
1103 TAVGC,TSNOWC,TSOILC,ESDC,ESDCX
1104 REAL, PARAMETER :: C1 = 0.01, C2 = 21.0, G = 9.81, &
1106 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1107 ! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS
1108 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1109 SNOWHC = SNOWH *100.
1112 TSNOWC = TSNOW -273.15
1113 TSOILC = TSOIL -273.15
1115 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1116 ! CALCULATING OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF SNOW PACK
1117 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1118 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1119 ! CALCULATING OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY AS A RESULT OF COMPACTION
1120 ! SNDENS=DS0*(EXP(BFAC*ESD)-1.)/(BFAC*ESD)
1121 ! BFAC=DTHR*C1*EXP(0.08*TAVGC-C2*DS0)
1122 ! NOTE: BFAC*ESD IN SNDENS EQN ABOVE HAS TO BE CAREFULLY TREATED
1123 ! NUMERICALLY BELOW:
1124 ! C1 IS THE FRACTIONAL INCREASE IN DENSITY (1/(CM*HR))
1125 ! C2 IS A CONSTANT (CM3/G) KOJIMA ESTIMATED AS 21 CMS/G
1126 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1127 TAVGC = 0.5* (TSNOWC + TSOILC)
1128 IF (ESDC > 1.E-2) THEN
1134 ! DSX = SNDENS*((DEXP(BFAC*ESDC)-1.)/(BFAC*ESDC))
1135 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1136 ! THE FUNCTION OF THE FORM (e**x-1)/x EMBEDDED IN ABOVE EXPRESSION
1137 ! FOR DSX WAS CAUSING NUMERICAL DIFFICULTIES WHEN THE DENOMINATOR "x"
1138 ! (I.E. BFAC*ESDC) BECAME ZERO OR APPROACHED ZERO (DESPITE THE FACT THAT
1139 ! THE ANALYTICAL FUNCTION (e**x-1)/x HAS A WELL DEFINED LIMIT AS
1140 ! "x" APPROACHES ZERO), HENCE BELOW WE REPLACE THE (e**x-1)/x
1141 ! EXPRESSION WITH AN EQUIVALENT, NUMERICALLY WELL-BEHAVED
1142 ! POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION.
1144 ! NUMBER OF TERMS OF POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION, AND HENCE ITS ACCURACY,
1145 ! IS GOVERNED BY ITERATION LIMIT "IPOL".
1146 ! IPOL GREATER THAN 9 ONLY MAKES A DIFFERENCE ON DOUBLE
1147 ! PRECISION (RELATIVE ERRORS GIVEN IN PERCENT %).
1148 ! IPOL=9, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.6 E-6 % (8 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)
1149 ! IPOL=8, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-5 % (7 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)
1150 ! IPOL=7, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-4 % ...
1151 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1152 BFAC = DTHR * C1* EXP (0.08* TAVGC - C2* SNDENS)
1155 ! PEXP = (1. + PEXP)*BFAC*ESDC/REAL(J+1)
1157 PEXP = (1. + PEXP)* BFAC * ESDCX / REAL (J +1)
1161 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1162 ! ABOVE LINE ENDS POLYNOMIAL SUBSTITUTION
1163 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1164 ! END OF KOREAN FORMULATION
1166 ! BASE FORMULATION (COGLEY ET AL., 1990)
1167 ! CONVERT DENSITY FROM G/CM3 TO KG/M3
1170 ! DSX=DSM+DTSEC*0.5*DSM*G*ESD/
1171 ! & (1E7*EXP(-0.02*DSM+KN/(TAVGC+273.16)-14.643))
1173 ! & CONVERT DENSITY FROM KG/M3 TO G/CM3
1176 ! END OF COGLEY ET AL. FORMULATION
1178 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1179 ! SET UPPER/LOWER LIMIT ON SNOW DENSITY
1180 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1181 DSX = SNDENS * (PEXP)
1182 IF (DSX > 0.40) DSX = 0.40
1183 IF (DSX < 0.05) DSX = 0.05
1184 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1185 ! UPDATE OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY DEPENDING ON LIQUID WATER DURING
1186 ! SNOWMELT. ASSUMED THAT 13% OF LIQUID WATER CAN BE STORED IN SNOW PER
1187 ! DAY DURING SNOWMELT TILL SNOW DENSITY 0.40.
1188 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1190 IF (TSNOWC >= 0.) THEN
1191 DW = 0.13* DTHR /24.
1192 SNDENS = SNDENS * (1. - DW) + DW
1193 IF (SNDENS >= 0.40) SNDENS = 0.40
1194 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1195 ! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH (CM) FROM SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT AND SNOW DENSITY.
1196 ! CHANGE SNOW DEPTH UNITS TO METERS
1197 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1199 SNOWHC = ESDC / SNDENS
1200 SNOWH = SNOWHC *0.01
1202 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1203 END SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK
1204 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1206 SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0 (SNCOVR,Z0, Z0BRD, SNOWH)
1208 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1210 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1211 ! CALCULATE TOTAL ROUGHNESS LENGTH OVER SNOW
1212 ! SNCOVR FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER
1213 ! Z0 ROUGHNESS LENGTH (m)
1214 ! Z0S SNOW ROUGHNESS LENGTH:=0.001 (m)
1215 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1217 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNCOVR, Z0BRD
1218 REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: Z0
1219 REAL, PARAMETER :: Z0S=0.001
1220 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: SNOWH
1224 !m Z0 = (1.- SNCOVR)* Z0BRD + SNCOVR * Z0S
1225 BURIAL = 7.0*Z0BRD - SNOWH
1226 IF(BURIAL.LE.0.0007) THEN
1232 Z0 = (1.- SNCOVR)* Z0BRD + SNCOVR * Z0EFF
1234 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1235 END SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0
1236 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1239 SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW (TEMP,NEWSN,SNOWH,SNDENS)
1241 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1242 ! SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW
1243 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1244 ! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY TO ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW SNOWFALL.
1245 ! NEW VALUES OF SNOW DEPTH & DENSITY RETURNED.
1247 ! TEMP AIR TEMPERATURE (K)
1248 ! NEWSN NEW SNOWFALL (M)
1249 ! SNOWH SNOW DEPTH (M)
1250 ! SNDENS SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)
1251 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1253 REAL, INTENT(IN) :: NEWSN, TEMP
1254 REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: SNDENS, SNOWH
1255 REAL :: DSNEW, HNEWC, SNOWHC,NEWSNC,TEMPC
1257 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1258 ! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS
1259 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1260 SNOWHC = SNOWH *100.
1261 NEWSNC = NEWSN *100.
1263 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1264 ! CALCULATING NEW SNOWFALL DENSITY DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE
1265 ! EQUATION FROM GOTTLIB L. 'A GENERAL RUNOFF MODEL FOR SNOWCOVERED
1266 ! AND GLACIERIZED BASIN', 6TH NORDIC HYDROLOGICAL CONFERENCE,
1267 ! VEMADOLEN, SWEDEN, 1980, 172-177PP.
1268 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1269 TEMPC = TEMP -273.15
1270 IF (TEMPC <= -15.) THEN
1273 DSNEW = 0.05+0.0017* (TEMPC +15.)**1.5
1275 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1276 ! ADJUSTMENT OF SNOW DENSITY DEPENDING ON NEW SNOWFALL
1277 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1278 HNEWC = NEWSNC / DSNEW
1279 IF (SNOWHC + HNEWC .LT. 1.0E-3) THEN
1280 SNDENS = MAX(DSNEW,SNDENS)
1282 SNDENS = (SNOWHC * SNDENS + HNEWC * DSNEW)/ (SNOWHC + HNEWC)
1284 SNOWHC = SNOWHC + HNEWC
1285 SNOWH = SNOWHC *0.01
1287 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1288 END SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW
1289 ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1291 END MODULE module_sf_noah_seaice