3 @c Copyright (C) 1988-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
8 @dircategory Software development
10 * Bfd: (bfd). The Binary File Descriptor library.
15 This file documents the BFD library.
17 Copyright @copyright{} 1991-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
22 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding
23 Free Software'', the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with
24 the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is
25 included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
27 (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
31 (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
33 You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
34 software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
35 funds for GNU development.
40 @c@setchapternewpage odd
41 @settitle LIB BFD, the Binary File Descriptor Library
44 @subtitle{The Binary File Descriptor Library}
46 @subtitle First Edition---BFD version < 3.0 % Since no product is stable before version 3.0 :-)
47 @subtitle Original Document Created: April 1991
48 @author {Steve Chamberlain}
49 @author {Cygnus Support}
53 \def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$
54 \xdef\manvers{1.5} % For use in headers, footers too
56 \hfill Free Software Foundation\par
57 \hfill sac\@www.gnu.org\par
58 \hfill {\it BFD}, \manvers\par
59 \hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par
61 \global\parindent=0pt % Steve likes it this way
64 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
65 Copyright @copyright{} 1991-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
67 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
68 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
69 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
70 with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
71 Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
72 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
78 @node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
80 This file documents the binary file descriptor library libbfd.
84 * Overview:: Overview of BFD
85 * BFD front end:: BFD front end
86 * BFD back ends:: BFD back ends
87 * GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
88 * BFD Index:: BFD Index
91 @node Overview, BFD front end, Top, Top
95 BFD is a package which allows applications to use the
96 same routines to operate on object files whatever the object file
97 format. A new object file format can be supported simply by
98 creating a new BFD back end and adding it to the library.
100 BFD is split into two parts: the front end, and the back ends (one for
101 each object file format).
103 @item The front end of BFD provides the interface to the user. It manages
104 memory and various canonical data structures. The front end also
105 decides which back end to use and when to call back end routines.
106 @item The back ends provide BFD its view of the real world. Each back
107 end provides a set of calls which the BFD front end can use to maintain
108 its canonical form. The back ends also may keep around information for
109 their own use, for greater efficiency.
113 * How It Works:: How It Works
114 * What BFD Version 2 Can Do:: What BFD Version 2 Can Do
117 @node History, How It Works, Overview, Overview
120 One spur behind BFD was the desire, on the part of the GNU 960 team at
121 Intel Oregon, for interoperability of applications on their COFF and
122 b.out file formats. Cygnus was providing GNU support for the team, and
123 was contracted to provide the required functionality.
125 The name came from a conversation David Wallace was having with Richard
126 Stallman about the library: RMS said that it would be quite hard---David
127 said ``BFD''. Stallman was right, but the name stuck.
129 At the same time, Ready Systems wanted much the same thing, but for
130 different object file formats: IEEE-695, Oasys, Srecords, a.out and 68k
133 BFD was first implemented by members of Cygnus Support; Steve
134 Chamberlain (@code{sac@@cygnus.com}), John Gilmore
135 (@code{gnu@@cygnus.com}), K. Richard Pixley (@code{rich@@cygnus.com})
136 and David Henkel-Wallace (@code{gumby@@cygnus.com}).
140 @node How It Works, What BFD Version 2 Can Do, History, Overview
141 @section How To Use BFD
143 To use the library, include @file{bfd.h} and link with @file{libbfd.a}.
145 BFD provides a common interface to the parts of an object file
146 for a calling application.
148 When an application successfully opens a target file (object, archive, or
149 whatever), a pointer to an internal structure is returned. This pointer
150 points to a structure called @code{bfd}, described in
151 @file{bfd.h}. Our convention is to call this pointer a BFD, and
152 instances of it within code @code{abfd}. All operations on
153 the target object file are applied as methods to the BFD. The mapping is
154 defined within @code{bfd.h} in a set of macros, all beginning
155 with @samp{bfd_} to reduce namespace pollution.
157 For example, this sequence does what you would probably expect:
158 return the number of sections in an object file attached to a BFD
165 unsigned int number_of_sections (abfd)
168 return bfd_count_sections (abfd);
173 The abstraction used within BFD is that an object file has:
179 a number of sections containing raw data (@pxref{Sections}),
181 a set of relocations (@pxref{Relocations}), and
183 some symbol information (@pxref{Symbols}).
186 Also, BFDs opened for archives have the additional attribute of an index
187 and contain subordinate BFDs. This approach is fine for a.out and coff,
188 but loses efficiency when applied to formats such as S-records and
191 @node What BFD Version 2 Can Do, , How It Works, Overview
192 @section What BFD Version 2 Can Do
193 @include bfdsumm.texi
195 @node BFD front end, BFD back ends, Overview, Top
196 @chapter BFD Front End
212 * Opening and Closing::
222 @node Memory Usage, Initialization, Miscellaneous, BFD front end
223 @section Memory Usage
224 BFD keeps all of its internal structures in obstacks. There is one obstack
225 per open BFD file, into which the current state is stored. When a BFD is
226 closed, the obstack is deleted, and so everything which has been
227 allocated by BFD for the closing file is thrown away.
229 BFD does not free anything created by an application, but pointers into
230 @code{bfd} structures become invalid on a @code{bfd_close}; for example,
231 after a @code{bfd_close} the vector passed to
232 @code{bfd_canonicalize_symtab} is still around, since it has been
233 allocated by the application, but the data that it pointed to are
236 The general rule is to not close a BFD until all operations dependent
237 upon data from the BFD have been completed, or all the data from within
238 the file has been copied. To help with the management of memory, there
239 is a function (@code{bfd_alloc_size}) which returns the number of bytes
240 in obstacks associated with the supplied BFD. This could be used to
241 select the greediest open BFD, close it to reclaim the memory, perform
242 some operation and reopen the BFD again, to get a fresh copy of the data
245 @node Initialization, Sections, Memory Usage, BFD front end
248 @node Sections, Symbols, Initialization, BFD front end
249 @include section.texi
251 @node Symbols, Archives, Sections, BFD front end
254 @node Archives, Formats, Symbols, BFD front end
255 @include archive.texi
257 @node Formats, Relocations, Archives, BFD front end
260 @node Relocations, Core Files, Formats, BFD front end
263 @node Core Files, Targets, Relocations, BFD front end
264 @include corefile.texi
266 @node Targets, Architectures, Core Files, BFD front end
267 @include targets.texi
269 @node Architectures, Opening and Closing, Targets, BFD front end
270 @include archures.texi
272 @node Opening and Closing, Internal, Architectures, BFD front end
275 @node Internal, File Caching, Opening and Closing, BFD front end
278 @node File Caching, Linker Functions, Internal, BFD front end
281 @node Linker Functions, Hash Tables, File Caching, BFD front end
284 @node Hash Tables, , Linker Functions, BFD front end
287 @node BFD back ends, GNU Free Documentation License, BFD front end, Top
288 @chapter BFD back ends
290 * What to Put Where::
291 * aout :: a.out backends
292 * coff :: coff backends
293 * elf :: elf backends
296 * srecord :: s-record backend
299 @node What to Put Where, aout, BFD back ends, BFD back ends
300 @section What to Put Where
301 All of BFD lives in one directory.
303 @node aout, coff, What to Put Where, BFD back ends
306 @node coff, elf, aout, BFD back ends
307 @include coffcode.texi
309 @node elf, mmo, coff, BFD back ends
311 @c Leave this out until the file has some actual contents...
312 @c @include elfcode.texi
314 @node mmo, , elf, BFD back ends
317 @node GNU Free Documentation License, BFD Index, BFD back ends, Top
320 @node BFD Index, , GNU Free Documentation License, Top
321 @unnumbered BFD Index
325 % I think something like @@colophon should be in texinfo. In the
327 \long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill
328 \centerline{The body of this manual is set in}
329 \centerline{\fontname\tenrm,}
330 \centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}}
331 \centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.}
332 \centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/} and}
333 \centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}}
334 \centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill}
336 % Blame: doc@@cygnus.com, 28mar91.