3 @c Copyright 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000,
5 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
8 % NOTE LOCAL KLUGE TO AVOID TOO MUCH WHITESPACE
9 \global\long\def\example{%
11 \let\aboveenvbreak=\par
12 \let\afterenvbreak=\par
15 \global\long\def\Eexample{%
18 \vskip -\parskip% to cancel out effect of following \par
26 * Bfd: (bfd). The Binary File Descriptor library.
32 This file documents the BFD library.
34 Copyright (C) 1991, 2000, 2001, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
36 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
37 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
38 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
39 with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
40 Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
41 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
44 Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
45 results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
46 notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
47 (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
54 @c@setchapternewpage odd
55 @settitle LIB BFD, the Binary File Descriptor Library
58 @subtitle{The Binary File Descriptor Library}
60 @subtitle First Edition---BFD version < 3.0 % Since no product is stable berfore version 3.0 :-)
61 @subtitle Original Document Created: April 1991
62 @author {Steve Chamberlain}
63 @author {Cygnus Support}
67 \def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$
68 \xdef\manvers{1.5} % For use in headers, footers too
70 \hfill Free Software Foundation\par
71 \hfill sac\@www.gnu.org\par
72 \hfill {\it BFD}, \manvers\par
73 \hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par
75 \global\parindent=0pt % Steve likes it this way
78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
79 Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 2001, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
81 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
82 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
83 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
84 with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
85 Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
86 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
91 @node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
93 This file documents the binary file descriptor library libbfd.
97 * Overview:: Overview of BFD
98 * BFD front end:: BFD front end
99 * BFD back ends:: BFD back ends
100 * GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
101 * BFD Index:: BFD Index
104 @node Overview, BFD front end, Top, Top
105 @chapter Introduction
108 BFD is a package which allows applications to use the
109 same routines to operate on object files whatever the object file
110 format. A new object file format can be supported simply by
111 creating a new BFD back end and adding it to the library.
113 BFD is split into two parts: the front end, and the back ends (one for
114 each object file format).
116 @item The front end of BFD provides the interface to the user. It manages
117 memory and various canonical data structures. The front end also
118 decides which back end to use and when to call back end routines.
119 @item The back ends provide BFD its view of the real world. Each back
120 end provides a set of calls which the BFD front end can use to maintain
121 its canonical form. The back ends also may keep around information for
122 their own use, for greater efficiency.
126 * How It Works:: How It Works
127 * What BFD Version 2 Can Do:: What BFD Version 2 Can Do
130 @node History, How It Works, Overview, Overview
133 One spur behind BFD was the desire, on the part of the GNU 960 team at
134 Intel Oregon, for interoperability of applications on their COFF and
135 b.out file formats. Cygnus was providing GNU support for the team, and
136 was contracted to provide the required functionality.
138 The name came from a conversation David Wallace was having with Richard
139 Stallman about the library: RMS said that it would be quite hard---David
140 said ``BFD''. Stallman was right, but the name stuck.
142 At the same time, Ready Systems wanted much the same thing, but for
143 different object file formats: IEEE-695, Oasys, Srecords, a.out and 68k
146 BFD was first implemented by members of Cygnus Support; Steve
147 Chamberlain (@code{sac@@cygnus.com}), John Gilmore
148 (@code{gnu@@cygnus.com}), K. Richard Pixley (@code{rich@@cygnus.com})
149 and David Henkel-Wallace (@code{gumby@@cygnus.com}).
153 @node How It Works, What BFD Version 2 Can Do, History, Overview
154 @section How To Use BFD
156 To use the library, include @file{bfd.h} and link with @file{libbfd.a}.
158 BFD provides a common interface to the parts of an object file
159 for a calling application.
161 When an application sucessfully opens a target file (object, archive, or
162 whatever), a pointer to an internal structure is returned. This pointer
163 points to a structure called @code{bfd}, described in
164 @file{bfd.h}. Our convention is to call this pointer a BFD, and
165 instances of it within code @code{abfd}. All operations on
166 the target object file are applied as methods to the BFD. The mapping is
167 defined within @code{bfd.h} in a set of macros, all beginning
168 with @samp{bfd_} to reduce namespace pollution.
170 For example, this sequence does what you would probably expect:
171 return the number of sections in an object file attached to a BFD
178 unsigned int number_of_sections (abfd)
181 return bfd_count_sections (abfd);
186 The abstraction used within BFD is that an object file has:
192 a number of sections containing raw data (@pxref{Sections}),
194 a set of relocations (@pxref{Relocations}), and
196 some symbol information (@pxref{Symbols}).
199 Also, BFDs opened for archives have the additional attribute of an index
200 and contain subordinate BFDs. This approach is fine for a.out and coff,
201 but loses efficiency when applied to formats such as S-records and
204 @node What BFD Version 2 Can Do, , How It Works, Overview
205 @section What BFD Version 2 Can Do
206 @include bfdsumm.texi
208 @node BFD front end, BFD back ends, Overview, Top
209 @chapter BFD Front End
224 * Opening and Closing::
231 @node Memory Usage, Initialization, BFD front end, BFD front end
232 @section Memory Usage
233 BFD keeps all of its internal structures in obstacks. There is one obstack
234 per open BFD file, into which the current state is stored. When a BFD is
235 closed, the obstack is deleted, and so everything which has been
236 allocated by BFD for the closing file is thrown away.
238 BFD does not free anything created by an application, but pointers into
239 @code{bfd} structures become invalid on a @code{bfd_close}; for example,
240 after a @code{bfd_close} the vector passed to
241 @code{bfd_canonicalize_symtab} is still around, since it has been
242 allocated by the application, but the data that it pointed to are
245 The general rule is to not close a BFD until all operations dependent
246 upon data from the BFD have been completed, or all the data from within
247 the file has been copied. To help with the management of memory, there
248 is a function (@code{bfd_alloc_size}) which returns the number of bytes
249 in obstacks associated with the supplied BFD. This could be used to
250 select the greediest open BFD, close it to reclaim the memory, perform
251 some operation and reopen the BFD again, to get a fresh copy of the data
254 @node Initialization, Sections, Memory Usage, BFD front end
257 @node Sections, Symbols, Initialization, BFD front end
258 @include section.texi
260 @node Symbols, Archives, Sections, BFD front end
263 @node Archives, Formats, Symbols, BFD front end
264 @include archive.texi
266 @node Formats, Relocations, Archives, BFD front end
269 @node Relocations, Core Files, Formats, BFD front end
272 @node Core Files, Targets, Relocations, BFD front end
275 @node Targets, Architectures, Core Files, BFD front end
276 @include targets.texi
278 @node Architectures, Opening and Closing, Targets, BFD front end
279 @include archures.texi
281 @node Opening and Closing, Internal, Architectures, BFD front end
284 @node Internal, File Caching, Opening and Closing, BFD front end
287 @node File Caching, Linker Functions, Internal, BFD front end
290 @node Linker Functions, Hash Tables, File Caching, BFD front end
293 @node Hash Tables, , Linker Functions, BFD front end
296 @node BFD back ends, GNU Free Documentation License, BFD front end, Top
297 @chapter BFD back ends
299 * What to Put Where::
300 * aout :: a.out backends
301 * coff :: coff backends
302 * elf :: elf backends
305 * oasys :: oasys backends
306 * ieee :: ieee backend
307 * srecord :: s-record backend
310 @node What to Put Where, aout, BFD back ends, BFD back ends
311 All of BFD lives in one directory.
313 @node aout, coff, What to Put Where, BFD back ends
316 @node coff, elf, aout, BFD back ends
317 @include coffcode.texi
319 @node elf, mmo, coff, BFD back ends
321 @c Leave this out until the file has some actual contents...
322 @c @include elfcode.texi
324 @node mmo, , elf, BFD back ends
327 @node GNU Free Documentation License, BFD Index, BFD back ends, Top
330 @node BFD Index, , GNU Free Documentation License, Top
331 @unnumbered BFD Index
335 % I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo. In the
337 \long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill
338 \centerline{The body of this manual is set in}
339 \centerline{\fontname\tenrm,}
340 \centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}}
341 \centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.}
342 \centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/} and}
343 \centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}}
344 \centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill}
346 % Blame: doc@cygnus.com, 28mar91.