1 @c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
3 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
7 @chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
10 @node Machine Dependencies
11 @chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
14 @cindex M680x0 support
16 * M68K-Opts:: M680x0 Options
17 * M68K-Syntax:: Syntax
18 * M68K-Moto-Syntax:: Motorola Syntax
19 * M68K-Float:: Floating Point
20 * M68K-Directives:: 680x0 Machine Directives
21 * M68K-opcodes:: Opcodes
25 @section M680x0 Options
27 @cindex options, M680x0
28 @cindex M680x0 options
29 The Motorola 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
34 @cindex @samp{-l} option, M680x0
36 You can use the @samp{-l} option to shorten the size of references to undefined
37 symbols. If you do not use the @samp{-l} option, references to undefined
38 symbols are wide enough for a full @code{long} (32 bits). (Since
39 @code{@value{AS}} cannot know where these symbols end up, @code{@value{AS}} can
40 only allocate space for the linker to fill in later. Since @code{@value{AS}}
41 does not know how far away these symbols are, it allocates as much space as it
42 can.) If you use this option, the references are only one word wide (16 bits).
43 This may be useful if you want the object file to be as small as possible, and
44 you know that the relevant symbols are always less than 17 bits away.
46 @cindex @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option, M680x0
47 @item --register-prefix-optional
48 For some configurations, especially those where the compiler normally
49 does not prepend an underscore to the names of user variables, the
50 assembler requires a @samp{%} before any use of a register name. This
51 is intended to let the assembler distinguish between C variables and
52 functions named @samp{a0} through @samp{a7}, and so on. The @samp{%} is
53 always accepted, but is not required for certain configurations, notably
54 @samp{sun3}. The @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option may be used
55 to permit omitting the @samp{%} even for configurations for which it is
56 normally required. If this is done, it will generally be impossible to
57 refer to C variables and functions with the same names as register
60 @cindex @samp{--bitwise-or} option, M680x0
62 Normally the character @samp{|} is treated as a comment character, which
63 means that it can not be used in expressions. The @samp{--bitwise-or}
64 option turns @samp{|} into a normal character. In this mode, you must
65 either use C style comments, or start comments with a @samp{#} character
66 at the beginning of a line.
68 @cindex @samp{--base-size-default-16}
69 @cindex @samp{--base-size-default-32}
70 @item --base-size-default-16 --base-size-default-32
71 If you use an addressing mode with a base register without specifying
72 the size, @code{@value{AS}} will normally use the full 32 bit value.
73 For example, the addressing mode @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to
74 @samp{%a0@@(%d0:l)}. You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-16}
75 option to tell @code{@value{AS}} to default to using the 16 bit value.
76 In this case, @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to @samp{%a0@@(%d0:w)}.
77 You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-32} option to restore the
80 @cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-16}
81 @cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-32}
82 @item --disp-size-default-16 --disp-size-default-32
83 If you use an addressing mode with a displacement, and the value of the
84 displacement is not known, @code{@value{AS}} will normally assume that
85 the value is 32 bits. For example, if the symbol @samp{disp} has not
86 been defined, @code{@value{AS}} will assemble the addressing mode
87 @samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though @samp{disp} is a 32 bit value. You may
88 use the @samp{--disp-size-default-16} option to tell @code{@value{AS}}
89 to instead assume that the displacement is 16 bits. In this case,
90 @code{@value{AS}} will assemble @samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though
91 @samp{disp} is a 16 bit value. You may use the
92 @samp{--disp-size-default-32} option to restore the default behaviour.
94 @cindex @samp{--pcrel}
96 Always keep branches PC-relative. In the M680x0 architecture all branches
97 are defined as PC-relative. However, on some processors they are limited
98 to word displacements maximum. When @code{@value{AS}} needs a long branch
99 that is not available, it normally emits an absolute jump instead. This
100 option disables this substitution. When this option is given and no long
101 branches are available, only word branches will be emitted. An error
102 message will be generated if a word branch cannot reach its target. This
103 option has no effect on 68020 and other processors that have long branches.
104 @pxref{M68K-Branch,,Branch Improvement}.
106 @cindex @samp{-m68000} and related options
107 @cindex architecture options, M680x0
108 @cindex M680x0 architecture options
110 @code{@value{AS}} can assemble code for several different members of the
111 Motorola 680x0 family. The default depends upon how @code{@value{AS}}
112 was configured when it was built; normally, the default is to assemble
113 code for the 68020 microprocessor. The following options may be used to
114 change the default. These options control which instructions and
115 addressing modes are permitted. The members of the 680x0 family are
116 very similar. For detailed information about the differences, see the
130 Assemble for the 68000. @samp{-m68008}, @samp{-m68302}, and so on are synonyms
131 for @samp{-m68000}, since the chips are the same from the point of view
135 Assemble for the 68010.
139 Assemble for the 68020. This is normally the default.
143 Assemble for the 68030.
147 Assemble for the 68040.
151 Assemble for the 68060.
164 Assemble for the CPU32 family of chips.
167 Assemble for the ColdFire family of chips.
171 Assemble 68881 floating point instructions. This is the default for the
172 68020, 68030, and the CPU32. The 68040 and 68060 always support
173 floating point instructions.
176 Do not assemble 68881 floating point instructions. This is the default
177 for 68000 and the 68010. The 68040 and 68060 always support floating
178 point instructions, even if this option is used.
181 Assemble 68851 MMU instructions. This is the default for the 68020,
182 68030, and 68060. The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set of MMU
183 instructions; @samp{-m68851} and @samp{-m68040} should not be used
187 Do not assemble 68851 MMU instructions. This is the default for the
188 68000, 68010, and the CPU32. The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set
197 This syntax for the Motorola 680x0 was developed at @sc{mit}.
199 @cindex M680x0 syntax
200 @cindex syntax, M680x0
201 @cindex M680x0 size modifiers
202 @cindex size modifiers, M680x0
203 The 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} uses instructions names and
204 syntax compatible with the Sun assembler. Intervening periods are
205 ignored; for example, @samp{movl} is equivalent to @samp{mov.l}.
207 In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
208 (@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
209 zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), a suppressed
210 address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}), or it may be omitted
211 entirely. The use of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and
212 it may be omitted, along with the leading colon, unless a scale is also
213 specified. The use of @var{scale} means one of @samp{1}, @samp{2},
214 @samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted along with the
217 @cindex M680x0 addressing modes
218 @cindex addressing modes, M680x0
219 The following addressing modes are understood:
225 @samp{%d0} through @samp{%d7}
227 @item Address Register
228 @samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}@*
229 @samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer. @code{%a6}
230 is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
232 @item Address Register Indirect
233 @samp{%a0@@} through @samp{%a7@@}
235 @item Address Register Postincrement
236 @samp{%a0@@+} through @samp{%a7@@+}
238 @item Address Register Predecrement
239 @samp{%a0@@-} through @samp{%a7@@-}
241 @item Indirect Plus Offset
242 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})}
245 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
247 The @var{number} may be omitted.
250 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})@@(@var{onumber},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
252 The @var{onumber} or the @var{register}, but not both, may be omitted.
255 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})@@(@var{onumber})}
257 The @var{number} may be omitted. Omitting the @var{register} produces
258 the Postindex addressing mode.
261 @samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}, optionally followed by
262 @samp{:b}, @samp{:w}, or @samp{:l}.
265 @node M68K-Moto-Syntax
266 @section Motorola Syntax
268 @cindex Motorola syntax for the 680x0
269 @cindex alternate syntax for the 680x0
271 The standard Motorola syntax for this chip differs from the syntax
272 already discussed (@pxref{M68K-Syntax,,Syntax}). @code{@value{AS}} can
273 accept Motorola syntax for operands, even if @sc{mit} syntax is used for
274 other operands in the same instruction. The two kinds of syntax are
277 In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
278 (@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
279 zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), or a
280 suppressed address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}). The use
281 of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and it may always be
282 omitted along with the leading dot. The use of @var{scale} means one of
283 @samp{1}, @samp{2}, @samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted
284 along with the leading asterisk.
286 The following additional addressing modes are understood:
289 @item Address Register Indirect
290 @samp{(%a0)} through @samp{(%a7)}@*
291 @samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer. @code{%a6}
292 is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
294 @item Address Register Postincrement
295 @samp{(%a0)+} through @samp{(%a7)+}
297 @item Address Register Predecrement
298 @samp{-(%a0)} through @samp{-(%a7)}
300 @item Indirect Plus Offset
301 @samp{@var{number}(@var{%a0})} through @samp{@var{number}(@var{%a7})},
302 or @samp{@var{number}(@var{%pc})}.
304 The @var{number} may also appear within the parentheses, as in
305 @samp{(@var{number},@var{%a0})}. When used with the @var{pc}, the
306 @var{number} may be omitted (with an address register, omitting the
307 @var{number} produces Address Register Indirect mode).
310 @samp{@var{number}(@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale})}
312 The @var{number} may be omitted, or it may appear within the
313 parentheses. The @var{apc} may be omitted. The @var{register} and the
314 @var{apc} may appear in either order. If both @var{apc} and
315 @var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size} and @var{scale}
316 are omitted, then the first register is taken as the base register, and
317 the second as the index register.
320 @samp{([@var{number},@var{apc}],@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale},@var{onumber})}
322 The @var{onumber}, or the @var{register}, or both, may be omitted.
323 Either the @var{number} or the @var{apc} may be omitted, but not both.
326 @samp{([@var{number},@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale}],@var{onumber})}
328 The @var{number}, or the @var{apc}, or the @var{register}, or any two of
329 them, may be omitted. The @var{onumber} may be omitted. The
330 @var{register} and the @var{apc} may appear in either order. If both
331 @var{apc} and @var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size}
332 and @var{scale} are omitted, then the first register is taken as the
333 base register, and the second as the index register.
337 @section Floating Point
339 @cindex floating point, M680x0
340 @cindex M680x0 floating point
341 Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
342 Feel free to add the code!
344 The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
347 @cindex @code{float} directive, M680x0
349 @code{Single} precision floating point constants.
351 @cindex @code{double} directive, M680x0
353 @code{Double} precision floating point constants.
355 @cindex @code{extend} directive M680x0
356 @cindex @code{ldouble} directive M680x0
359 @code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants.
362 @node M68K-Directives
363 @section 680x0 Machine Directives
365 @cindex M680x0 directives
366 @cindex directives, M680x0
367 In order to be compatible with the Sun assembler the 680x0 assembler
368 understands the following directives.
371 @cindex @code{data1} directive, M680x0
373 This directive is identical to a @code{.data 1} directive.
375 @cindex @code{data2} directive, M680x0
377 This directive is identical to a @code{.data 2} directive.
379 @cindex @code{even} directive, M680x0
381 This directive is a special case of the @code{.align} directive; it
382 aligns the output to an even byte boundary.
384 @cindex @code{skip} directive, M680x0
386 This directive is identical to a @code{.space} directive.
393 @cindex M680x0 opcodes
394 @cindex opcodes, M680x0
395 @cindex instruction set, M680x0
396 @c doc@cygnus.com: I don't see any point in the following
397 @c paragraph. Bugs are bugs; how does saying this
400 Danger: Several bugs have been found in the opcode table (and
401 fixed). More bugs may exist. Be careful when using obscure
406 * M68K-Branch:: Branch Improvement
407 * M68K-Chars:: Special Characters
411 @subsection Branch Improvement
413 @cindex pseudo-opcodes, M680x0
414 @cindex M680x0 pseudo-opcodes
415 @cindex branch improvement, M680x0
416 @cindex M680x0 branch improvement
417 Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
418 They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
419 target. Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting @samp{j} for
420 @samp{b} at the start of a Motorola mnemonic.
422 The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations. A @code{*} flags
423 cases that are more fully described after the table:
427 +------------------------------------------------------------
428 | 68020 68000/10, not PC-relative OK
429 Pseudo-Op |BYTE WORD LONG ABSOLUTE LONG JUMP **
430 +------------------------------------------------------------
431 jbsr |bsrs bsrw bsrl jsr
432 jra |bras braw bral jmp
433 * jXX |bXXs bXXw bXXl bNXs;jmp
434 * dbXX | N/A dbXXw dbXX;bras;bral dbXX;bras;jmp
435 fjXX | N/A fbXXw fbXXl N/A
438 NX: negative of condition XX
441 @center @code{*}---see full description below
442 @center @code{**}---this expansion mode is disallowed by @samp{--pcrel}
447 These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
448 particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
449 branch target. This instruction will be a byte or word branch is that
450 is sufficient. Otherwise, a long branch will be emitted if available.
451 If no long branches are available and the @samp{--pcrel} option is not
452 given, an absolute long jump will be emitted instead. If no long
453 branches are available, the @samp{--pcrel} option is given, and a word
454 branch cannot reach the target, an error message is generated.
456 In addition to standard branch operands, @code{@value{AS}} allows these
457 pseudo-operations to have all operands that are allowed for jsr and jmp,
458 substituting these instructions if the operand given is not valid for a
462 Here, @samp{j@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
463 where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full
464 list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
466 jhi jls jcc jcs jne jeq jvc
467 jvs jpl jmi jge jlt jgt jle
470 Usually, each of these pseudo-operations expands to a single branch
471 instruction. However, if a word branch is not sufficient, no long branches
472 are available, and the @samp{--pcrel} option is not given, @code{@value{AS}}
473 issues a longer code fragment in terms of @var{NX}, the opposite condition
474 to @var{XX}. For example, under these conditions:
486 The full family of pseudo-operations covered here is
488 dbhi dbls dbcc dbcs dbne dbeq dbvc
489 dbvs dbpl dbmi dbge dblt dbgt dble
493 Motorola @samp{db@var{XX}} instructions allow word displacements only. When
494 a word displacement is sufficient, each of these pseudo-operations expands
495 to the corresponding Motorola instruction. When a word displacement is not
496 sufficient and long branches are available, when the source reads
497 @samp{db@var{XX} foo}, @code{@value{AS}} emits
505 If, however, long branches are not available and the @samp{--pcrel} option is
506 not given, @code{@value{AS}} emits
517 fjne fjeq fjge fjlt fjgt fjle fjf
518 fjt fjgl fjgle fjnge fjngl fjngle fjngt
519 fjnle fjnlt fjoge fjogl fjogt fjole fjolt
520 fjor fjseq fjsf fjsne fjst fjueq fjuge
521 fjugt fjule fjult fjun
524 Each of these pseudo-operations always expands to a single Motorola
525 coprocessor branch instruction, word or long. All Motorola coprocessor
526 branch instructions allow both word and long displacements.
531 @subsection Special Characters
533 @cindex special characters, M680x0
534 @cindex M680x0 immediate character
535 @cindex immediate character, M680x0
536 @cindex M680x0 line comment character
537 @cindex line comment character, M680x0
538 @cindex comments, M680x0
539 The immediate character is @samp{#} for Sun compatibility. The
540 line-comment character is @samp{|} (unless the @samp{--bitwise-or}
541 option is used). If a @samp{#} appears at the beginning of a line, it
542 is treated as a comment unless it looks like @samp{# line file}, in
543 which case it is treated normally.