1 @c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
3 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
7 @chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
10 @node Machine Dependencies
11 @chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
14 @cindex M680x0 support
16 * M68K-Opts:: M680x0 Options
17 * M68K-Syntax:: Syntax
18 * M68K-Moto-Syntax:: Motorola Syntax
19 * M68K-Float:: Floating Point
20 * M68K-Directives:: 680x0 Machine Directives
21 * M68K-opcodes:: Opcodes
25 @section M680x0 Options
27 @cindex options, M680x0
28 @cindex M680x0 options
29 The Motorola 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
32 @cindex @samp{-l} option, M680x0
33 You can use the @samp{-l} option to shorten the size of references to undefined
34 symbols. If you do not use the @samp{-l} option, references to undefined
35 symbols are wide enough for a full @code{long} (32 bits). (Since
36 @code{@value{AS}} cannot know where these symbols end up, @code{@value{AS}} can
37 only allocate space for the linker to fill in later. Since @code{@value{AS}}
38 does not know how far away these symbols are, it allocates as much space as it
39 can.) If you use this option, the references are only one word wide (16 bits).
40 This may be useful if you want the object file to be as small as possible, and
41 you know that the relevant symbols are always less than 17 bits away.
43 @cindex @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option, M680x0
44 For some configurations, especially those where the compiler normally
45 does not prepend an underscore to the names of user variables, the
46 assembler requires a @samp{%} before any use of a register name. This
47 is intended to let the assembler distinguish between C variables and
48 functions named @samp{a0} through @samp{a7}, and so on. The @samp{%} is
49 always accepted, but is not required for certain configurations, notably
50 @samp{sun3}. The @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option may be used
51 to permit omitting the @samp{%} even for configurations for which it is
52 normally required. If this is done, it will generally be impossible to
53 refer to C variables and functions with the same names as register
56 @cindex @samp{--bitwise-or} option, M680x0
57 Normally the character @samp{|} is treated as a comment character, which
58 means that it can not be used in expressions. The @samp{--bitwise-or}
59 option turns @samp{|} into a normal character. In this mode, you must
60 either use C style comments, or start comments with a @samp{#} character
61 at the beginning of a line.
63 @cindex @samp{--base-size-default-16}
64 @cindex @samp{--base-size-default-32}
65 If you use an addressing mode with a base register without specifying
66 the size, @code{@value{AS}} will normally use the full 32 bit value.
67 For example, the addressing mode @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to
68 @samp{%a0@@(%d0:l)}. You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-16}
69 option to tell @code{@value{AS}} to default to using the 16 bit value.
70 In this case, @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to @samp{%a0@@(%d0:w)}.
71 You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-32} option to restore the
74 @cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-16}
75 @cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-32}
76 If you use an addressing mode with a displacement, and the value of the
77 displacement is not known, @code{@value{AS}} will normally assume that
78 the value is 32 bits. For example, if the symbol @samp{disp} has not
79 been defined, @code{@value{AS}} will assemble the addressing mode
80 @samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though @samp{disp} is a 32 bit value. You may
81 use the @samp{--disp-size-default-16} option to tell @code{@value{AS}}
82 to instead assume that the displacement is 16 bits. In this case,
83 @code{@value{AS}} will assemble @samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though
84 @samp{disp} is a 16 bit value. You may use the
85 @samp{--disp-size-default-32} option to restore the default behaviour.
87 @cindex @samp{-m68000} and related options
88 @cindex architecture options, M680x0
89 @cindex M680x0 architecture options
90 @code{@value{AS}} can assemble code for several different members of the
91 Motorola 680x0 family. The default depends upon how @code{@value{AS}}
92 was configured when it was built; normally, the default is to assemble
93 code for the 68020 microprocessor. The following options may be used to
94 change the default. These options control which instructions and
95 addressing modes are permitted. The members of the 680x0 family are
96 very similar. For detailed information about the differences, see the
110 Assemble for the 68000. @samp{-m68008}, @samp{-m68302}, and so on are synonyms
111 for @samp{-m68000}, since the chips are the same from the point of view
115 Assemble for the 68010.
119 Assemble for the 68020. This is normally the default.
123 Assemble for the 68030.
127 Assemble for the 68040.
131 Assemble for the 68060.
144 Assemble for the CPU32 family of chips.
147 Assemble for the ColdFire family of chips.
151 Assemble 68881 floating point instructions. This is the default for the
152 68020, 68030, and the CPU32. The 68040 and 68060 always support
153 floating point instructions.
156 Do not assemble 68881 floating point instructions. This is the default
157 for 68000 and the 68010. The 68040 and 68060 always support floating
158 point instructions, even if this option is used.
161 Assemble 68851 MMU instructions. This is the default for the 68020,
162 68030, and 68060. The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set of MMU
163 instructions; @samp{-m68851} and @samp{-m68040} should not be used
167 Do not assemble 68851 MMU instructions. This is the default for the
168 68000, 68010, and the CPU32. The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set
176 This syntax for the Motorola 680x0 was developed at @sc{mit}.
178 @cindex M680x0 syntax
179 @cindex syntax, M680x0
180 @cindex M680x0 size modifiers
181 @cindex size modifiers, M680x0
182 The 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} uses instructions names and
183 syntax compatible with the Sun assembler. Intervening periods are
184 ignored; for example, @samp{movl} is equivalent to @samp{mov.l}.
186 In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
187 (@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
188 zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), a suppressed
189 address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}), or it may be omitted
190 entirely. The use of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and
191 it may be omitted, along with the leading colon, unless a scale is also
192 specified. The use of @var{scale} means one of @samp{1}, @samp{2},
193 @samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted along with the
196 @cindex M680x0 addressing modes
197 @cindex addressing modes, M680x0
198 The following addressing modes are understood:
204 @samp{%d0} through @samp{%d7}
206 @item Address Register
207 @samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}@*
208 @samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer. @code{%a6}
209 is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
211 @item Address Register Indirect
212 @samp{%a0@@} through @samp{%a7@@}
214 @item Address Register Postincrement
215 @samp{%a0@@+} through @samp{%a7@@+}
217 @item Address Register Predecrement
218 @samp{%a0@@-} through @samp{%a7@@-}
220 @item Indirect Plus Offset
221 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})}
224 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
226 The @var{number} may be omitted.
229 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})@@(@var{onumber},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
231 The @var{onumber} or the @var{register}, but not both, may be omitted.
234 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})@@(@var{onumber})}
236 The @var{number} may be omitted. Omitting the @var{register} produces
237 the Postindex addressing mode.
240 @samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}, optionally followed by
241 @samp{:b}, @samp{:w}, or @samp{:l}.
244 @node M68K-Moto-Syntax
245 @section Motorola Syntax
247 @cindex Motorola syntax for the 680x0
248 @cindex alternate syntax for the 680x0
250 The standard Motorola syntax for this chip differs from the syntax
251 already discussed (@pxref{M68K-Syntax,,Syntax}). @code{@value{AS}} can
252 accept Motorola syntax for operands, even if @sc{mit} syntax is used for
253 other operands in the same instruction. The two kinds of syntax are
256 In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
257 (@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
258 zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), or a
259 suppressed address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}). The use
260 of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and it may always be
261 omitted along with the leading dot. The use of @var{scale} means one of
262 @samp{1}, @samp{2}, @samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted
263 along with the leading asterisk.
265 The following additional addressing modes are understood:
268 @item Address Register Indirect
269 @samp{(%a0)} through @samp{(%a7)}@*
270 @samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer. @code{%a6}
271 is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
273 @item Address Register Postincrement
274 @samp{(%a0)+} through @samp{(%a7)+}
276 @item Address Register Predecrement
277 @samp{-(%a0)} through @samp{-(%a7)}
279 @item Indirect Plus Offset
280 @samp{@var{number}(@var{%a0})} through @samp{@var{number}(@var{%a7})},
281 or @samp{@var{number}(@var{%pc})}.
283 The @var{number} may also appear within the parentheses, as in
284 @samp{(@var{number},@var{%a0})}. When used with the @var{pc}, the
285 @var{number} may be omitted (with an address register, omitting the
286 @var{number} produces Address Register Indirect mode).
289 @samp{@var{number}(@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale})}
291 The @var{number} may be omitted, or it may appear within the
292 parentheses. The @var{apc} may be omitted. The @var{register} and the
293 @var{apc} may appear in either order. If both @var{apc} and
294 @var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size} and @var{scale}
295 are omitted, then the first register is taken as the base register, and
296 the second as the index register.
299 @samp{([@var{number},@var{apc}],@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale},@var{onumber})}
301 The @var{onumber}, or the @var{register}, or both, may be omitted.
302 Either the @var{number} or the @var{apc} may be omitted, but not both.
305 @samp{([@var{number},@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale}],@var{onumber})}
307 The @var{number}, or the @var{apc}, or the @var{register}, or any two of
308 them, may be omitted. The @var{onumber} may be omitted. The
309 @var{register} and the @var{apc} may appear in either order. If both
310 @var{apc} and @var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size}
311 and @var{scale} are omitted, then the first register is taken as the
312 base register, and the second as the index register.
316 @section Floating Point
318 @cindex floating point, M680x0
319 @cindex M680x0 floating point
320 Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
321 Feel free to add the code!
323 The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
326 @cindex @code{float} directive, M680x0
328 @code{Single} precision floating point constants.
330 @cindex @code{double} directive, M680x0
332 @code{Double} precision floating point constants.
334 @cindex @code{extend} directive M680x0
335 @cindex @code{ldouble} directive M680x0
338 @code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants.
341 @node M68K-Directives
342 @section 680x0 Machine Directives
344 @cindex M680x0 directives
345 @cindex directives, M680x0
346 In order to be compatible with the Sun assembler the 680x0 assembler
347 understands the following directives.
350 @cindex @code{data1} directive, M680x0
352 This directive is identical to a @code{.data 1} directive.
354 @cindex @code{data2} directive, M680x0
356 This directive is identical to a @code{.data 2} directive.
358 @cindex @code{even} directive, M680x0
360 This directive is a special case of the @code{.align} directive; it
361 aligns the output to an even byte boundary.
363 @cindex @code{skip} directive, M680x0
365 This directive is identical to a @code{.space} directive.
372 @cindex M680x0 opcodes
373 @cindex opcodes, M680x0
374 @cindex instruction set, M680x0
375 @c doc@cygnus.com: I don't see any point in the following
376 @c paragraph. Bugs are bugs; how does saying this
379 Danger: Several bugs have been found in the opcode table (and
380 fixed). More bugs may exist. Be careful when using obscure
385 * M68K-Branch:: Branch Improvement
386 * M68K-Chars:: Special Characters
390 @subsection Branch Improvement
392 @cindex pseudo-opcodes, M680x0
393 @cindex M680x0 pseudo-opcodes
394 @cindex branch improvement, M680x0
395 @cindex M680x0 branch improvement
396 Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
397 They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
398 target. Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting @samp{j} for
399 @samp{b} at the start of a Motorola mnemonic.
401 The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations. A @code{*} flags
402 cases that are more fully described after the table:
406 +-------------------------------------------------
408 Pseudo-Op |BYTE WORD LONG LONG non-PC relative
409 +-------------------------------------------------
410 jbsr |bsrs bsr bsrl jsr jsr
411 jra |bras bra bral jmp jmp
412 * jXX |bXXs bXX bXXl bNXs;jmpl bNXs;jmp
413 * dbXX |dbXX dbXX dbXX; bra; jmpl
414 * fjXX |fbXXw fbXXw fbXXl fbNXw;jmp
417 NX: negative of condition XX
420 @center @code{*}---see full description below
425 These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
426 particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
430 Here, @samp{j@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
431 where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full
432 list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
434 jhi jls jcc jcs jne jeq jvc
435 jvs jpl jmi jge jlt jgt jle
438 For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long displacements on
439 the 68000 or 68010, @code{@value{AS}} issues a longer code fragment in terms of
440 @var{NX}, the opposite condition to @var{XX}. For example, for the
441 non-PC relative case:
453 The full family of pseudo-operations covered here is
455 dbhi dbls dbcc dbcs dbne dbeq dbvc
456 dbvs dbpl dbmi dbge dblt dbgt dble
460 Other than for word and byte displacements, when the source reads
461 @samp{db@var{XX} foo}, @code{@value{AS}} emits
472 fjne fjeq fjge fjlt fjgt fjle fjf
473 fjt fjgl fjgle fjnge fjngl fjngle fjngt
474 fjnle fjnlt fjoge fjogl fjogt fjole fjolt
475 fjor fjseq fjsf fjsne fjst fjueq fjuge
476 fjugt fjule fjult fjun
479 For branch targets that are not PC relative, @code{@value{AS}} emits
485 when it encounters @samp{fj@var{XX} foo}.
490 @subsection Special Characters
492 @cindex special characters, M680x0
493 @cindex M680x0 immediate character
494 @cindex immediate character, M680x0
495 @cindex M680x0 line comment character
496 @cindex line comment character, M680x0
497 @cindex comments, M680x0
498 The immediate character is @samp{#} for Sun compatibility. The
499 line-comment character is @samp{|} (unless the @samp{--bitwise-or}
500 option is used). If a @samp{#} appears at the beginning of a line, it
501 is treated as a comment unless it looks like @samp{# line file}, in
502 which case it is treated normally.