2 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
3 @center Version 1.1, March 2000
6 Copyright (C) 2000, Free Software Foundation, Inc.
7 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
9 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
10 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
17 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
18 written document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
19 the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
20 modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
21 this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
22 credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
23 modifications made by others.
25 This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
26 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
27 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
28 license designed for free software.
30 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
31 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
32 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
33 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
34 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
35 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
36 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
40 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
42 This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
43 notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
44 under the terms of this License. The ``Document'', below, refers to any
45 such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
48 A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
49 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
50 modifications and/or translated into another language.
52 A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
53 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
54 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
55 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
56 within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
57 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
58 mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
59 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
60 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
63 The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
64 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
65 that says that the Document is released under this License.
67 The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
68 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
69 the Document is released under this License.
71 A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
72 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
73 general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
74 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
75 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
76 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
77 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
78 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
79 format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
80 subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
81 not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque.''
83 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
84 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
85 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
86 HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
87 PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
88 by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
89 processing tools are not generally available, and the
90 machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
93 The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
94 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
95 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
96 formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
97 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
98 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
103 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
104 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
105 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
106 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
107 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
108 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
109 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
110 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
111 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
113 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
114 you may publicly display copies.
119 If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
120 and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
121 the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
122 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
123 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
124 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
125 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
126 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
127 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
128 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
129 as verbatim copying in other respects.
131 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
132 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
133 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
136 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
137 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
138 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
139 a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
140 Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
141 general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
142 charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
143 option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
144 distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
145 Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
146 until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
147 copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
150 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
151 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
152 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
157 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
158 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
159 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
160 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
161 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
162 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
164 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
165 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
166 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
167 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
168 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.@*
169 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
170 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
171 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
172 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).@*
173 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
174 Modified Version, as the publisher.@*
175 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.@*
176 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
177 adjacent to the other copyright notices.@*
178 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
179 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
180 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.@*
181 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
182 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.@*
183 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.@*
184 I. Preserve the section entitled ``History'', and its title, and add to
185 it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
186 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
187 there is no section entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
188 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
189 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
190 Version as stated in the previous sentence.@*
191 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
192 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
193 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
194 it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
195 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
196 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
197 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.@*
198 K. In any section entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'',
199 preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
200 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
201 and/or dedications given therein.@*
202 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
203 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
204 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.@*
205 M. Delete any section entitled ``Endorsements.'' Such a section
206 may not be included in the Modified Version.@*
207 N. Do not retitle any existing section as ``Endorsements''
208 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.@*
210 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
211 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
212 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
213 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
214 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
215 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
217 You may add a section entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
218 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
219 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
220 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
223 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
224 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
225 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
226 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
227 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
228 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
229 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
230 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
231 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
233 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
234 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
235 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
240 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
241 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
242 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
243 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
244 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
247 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
248 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
249 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
250 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
251 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
252 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
253 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
254 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
256 In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled ``History''
257 in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
258 ``History''; likewise combine any sections entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
259 and any sections entitled ``Dedications.'' You must delete all sections
260 entitled ``Endorsements.''
263 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
265 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
266 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
267 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
268 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
269 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
271 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
272 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
273 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
274 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
277 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
279 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
280 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
281 distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
282 of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
283 compilation. Such a compilation is called an ``aggregate'', and this
284 License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
285 with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
286 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
288 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
289 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
290 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
291 covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
292 Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
297 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
298 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
299 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
300 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
301 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
302 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
303 translation of this License provided that you also include the
304 original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
305 between the translation and the original English version of this
306 License, the original English version will prevail.
311 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
312 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
313 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
314 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
315 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
316 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
317 parties remain in full compliance.
320 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
322 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
323 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
324 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
325 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
326 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
328 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
329 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
330 License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
331 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
332 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
333 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
334 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
335 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
339 @unnumberedsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
341 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
342 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
343 license notices just after the title page:
347 Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
348 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
349 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
350 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
351 with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with the
352 Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts being @var{list}.
353 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
354 Free Documentation License."
358 If you have no Invariant Sections, write ``with no Invariant Sections''
359 instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
360 Front-Cover Texts, write ``no Front-Cover Texts'' instead of
361 ``Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}''; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
363 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
364 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
365 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
366 to permit their use in free software.