1 @c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000
2 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
8 @chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
11 @node Machine Dependencies
12 @chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
15 @cindex M680x0 support
17 * M68K-Opts:: M680x0 Options
18 * M68K-Syntax:: Syntax
19 * M68K-Moto-Syntax:: Motorola Syntax
20 * M68K-Float:: Floating Point
21 * M68K-Directives:: 680x0 Machine Directives
22 * M68K-opcodes:: Opcodes
26 @section M680x0 Options
28 @cindex options, M680x0
29 @cindex M680x0 options
30 The Motorola 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
35 @cindex @samp{-l} option, M680x0
37 You can use the @samp{-l} option to shorten the size of references to undefined
38 symbols. If you do not use the @samp{-l} option, references to undefined
39 symbols are wide enough for a full @code{long} (32 bits). (Since
40 @code{@value{AS}} cannot know where these symbols end up, @code{@value{AS}} can
41 only allocate space for the linker to fill in later. Since @code{@value{AS}}
42 does not know how far away these symbols are, it allocates as much space as it
43 can.) If you use this option, the references are only one word wide (16 bits).
44 This may be useful if you want the object file to be as small as possible, and
45 you know that the relevant symbols are always less than 17 bits away.
47 @cindex @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option, M680x0
48 @item --register-prefix-optional
49 For some configurations, especially those where the compiler normally
50 does not prepend an underscore to the names of user variables, the
51 assembler requires a @samp{%} before any use of a register name. This
52 is intended to let the assembler distinguish between C variables and
53 functions named @samp{a0} through @samp{a7}, and so on. The @samp{%} is
54 always accepted, but is not required for certain configurations, notably
55 @samp{sun3}. The @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option may be used
56 to permit omitting the @samp{%} even for configurations for which it is
57 normally required. If this is done, it will generally be impossible to
58 refer to C variables and functions with the same names as register
61 @cindex @samp{--bitwise-or} option, M680x0
63 Normally the character @samp{|} is treated as a comment character, which
64 means that it can not be used in expressions. The @samp{--bitwise-or}
65 option turns @samp{|} into a normal character. In this mode, you must
66 either use C style comments, or start comments with a @samp{#} character
67 at the beginning of a line.
69 @cindex @samp{--base-size-default-16}
70 @cindex @samp{--base-size-default-32}
71 @item --base-size-default-16 --base-size-default-32
72 If you use an addressing mode with a base register without specifying
73 the size, @code{@value{AS}} will normally use the full 32 bit value.
74 For example, the addressing mode @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to
75 @samp{%a0@@(%d0:l)}. You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-16}
76 option to tell @code{@value{AS}} to default to using the 16 bit value.
77 In this case, @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to @samp{%a0@@(%d0:w)}.
78 You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-32} option to restore the
81 @cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-16}
82 @cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-32}
83 @item --disp-size-default-16 --disp-size-default-32
84 If you use an addressing mode with a displacement, and the value of the
85 displacement is not known, @code{@value{AS}} will normally assume that
86 the value is 32 bits. For example, if the symbol @samp{disp} has not
87 been defined, @code{@value{AS}} will assemble the addressing mode
88 @samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though @samp{disp} is a 32 bit value. You may
89 use the @samp{--disp-size-default-16} option to tell @code{@value{AS}}
90 to instead assume that the displacement is 16 bits. In this case,
91 @code{@value{AS}} will assemble @samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though
92 @samp{disp} is a 16 bit value. You may use the
93 @samp{--disp-size-default-32} option to restore the default behaviour.
95 @cindex @samp{--pcrel}
97 Always keep branches PC-relative. In the M680x0 architecture all branches
98 are defined as PC-relative. However, on some processors they are limited
99 to word displacements maximum. When @code{@value{AS}} needs a long branch
100 that is not available, it normally emits an absolute jump instead. This
101 option disables this substitution. When this option is given and no long
102 branches are available, only word branches will be emitted. An error
103 message will be generated if a word branch cannot reach its target. This
104 option has no effect on 68020 and other processors that have long branches.
105 @pxref{M68K-Branch,,Branch Improvement}.
107 @cindex @samp{-m68000} and related options
108 @cindex architecture options, M680x0
109 @cindex M680x0 architecture options
111 @code{@value{AS}} can assemble code for several different members of the
112 Motorola 680x0 family. The default depends upon how @code{@value{AS}}
113 was configured when it was built; normally, the default is to assemble
114 code for the 68020 microprocessor. The following options may be used to
115 change the default. These options control which instructions and
116 addressing modes are permitted. The members of the 680x0 family are
117 very similar. For detailed information about the differences, see the
131 Assemble for the 68000. @samp{-m68008}, @samp{-m68302}, and so on are synonyms
132 for @samp{-m68000}, since the chips are the same from the point of view
136 Assemble for the 68010.
140 Assemble for the 68020. This is normally the default.
144 Assemble for the 68030.
148 Assemble for the 68040.
152 Assemble for the 68060.
165 Assemble for the CPU32 family of chips.
168 Assemble for the ColdFire family of chips.
172 Assemble 68881 floating point instructions. This is the default for the
173 68020, 68030, and the CPU32. The 68040 and 68060 always support
174 floating point instructions.
177 Do not assemble 68881 floating point instructions. This is the default
178 for 68000 and the 68010. The 68040 and 68060 always support floating
179 point instructions, even if this option is used.
182 Assemble 68851 MMU instructions. This is the default for the 68020,
183 68030, and 68060. The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set of MMU
184 instructions; @samp{-m68851} and @samp{-m68040} should not be used
188 Do not assemble 68851 MMU instructions. This is the default for the
189 68000, 68010, and the CPU32. The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set
198 This syntax for the Motorola 680x0 was developed at @sc{mit}.
200 @cindex M680x0 syntax
201 @cindex syntax, M680x0
202 @cindex M680x0 size modifiers
203 @cindex size modifiers, M680x0
204 The 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} uses instructions names and
205 syntax compatible with the Sun assembler. Intervening periods are
206 ignored; for example, @samp{movl} is equivalent to @samp{mov.l}.
208 In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
209 (@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
210 zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), a suppressed
211 address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}), or it may be omitted
212 entirely. The use of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and
213 it may be omitted, along with the leading colon, unless a scale is also
214 specified. The use of @var{scale} means one of @samp{1}, @samp{2},
215 @samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted along with the
218 @cindex M680x0 addressing modes
219 @cindex addressing modes, M680x0
220 The following addressing modes are understood:
226 @samp{%d0} through @samp{%d7}
228 @item Address Register
229 @samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}@*
230 @samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer. @code{%a6}
231 is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
233 @item Address Register Indirect
234 @samp{%a0@@} through @samp{%a7@@}
236 @item Address Register Postincrement
237 @samp{%a0@@+} through @samp{%a7@@+}
239 @item Address Register Predecrement
240 @samp{%a0@@-} through @samp{%a7@@-}
242 @item Indirect Plus Offset
243 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})}
246 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
248 The @var{number} may be omitted.
251 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})@@(@var{onumber},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
253 The @var{onumber} or the @var{register}, but not both, may be omitted.
256 @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})@@(@var{onumber})}
258 The @var{number} may be omitted. Omitting the @var{register} produces
259 the Postindex addressing mode.
262 @samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}, optionally followed by
263 @samp{:b}, @samp{:w}, or @samp{:l}.
266 @node M68K-Moto-Syntax
267 @section Motorola Syntax
269 @cindex Motorola syntax for the 680x0
270 @cindex alternate syntax for the 680x0
272 The standard Motorola syntax for this chip differs from the syntax
273 already discussed (@pxref{M68K-Syntax,,Syntax}). @code{@value{AS}} can
274 accept Motorola syntax for operands, even if @sc{mit} syntax is used for
275 other operands in the same instruction. The two kinds of syntax are
278 In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
279 (@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
280 zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), or a
281 suppressed address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}). The use
282 of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and it may always be
283 omitted along with the leading dot. The use of @var{scale} means one of
284 @samp{1}, @samp{2}, @samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted
285 along with the leading asterisk.
287 The following additional addressing modes are understood:
290 @item Address Register Indirect
291 @samp{(%a0)} through @samp{(%a7)}@*
292 @samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer. @code{%a6}
293 is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
295 @item Address Register Postincrement
296 @samp{(%a0)+} through @samp{(%a7)+}
298 @item Address Register Predecrement
299 @samp{-(%a0)} through @samp{-(%a7)}
301 @item Indirect Plus Offset
302 @samp{@var{number}(@var{%a0})} through @samp{@var{number}(@var{%a7})},
303 or @samp{@var{number}(@var{%pc})}.
305 The @var{number} may also appear within the parentheses, as in
306 @samp{(@var{number},@var{%a0})}. When used with the @var{pc}, the
307 @var{number} may be omitted (with an address register, omitting the
308 @var{number} produces Address Register Indirect mode).
311 @samp{@var{number}(@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale})}
313 The @var{number} may be omitted, or it may appear within the
314 parentheses. The @var{apc} may be omitted. The @var{register} and the
315 @var{apc} may appear in either order. If both @var{apc} and
316 @var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size} and @var{scale}
317 are omitted, then the first register is taken as the base register, and
318 the second as the index register.
321 @samp{([@var{number},@var{apc}],@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale},@var{onumber})}
323 The @var{onumber}, or the @var{register}, or both, may be omitted.
324 Either the @var{number} or the @var{apc} may be omitted, but not both.
327 @samp{([@var{number},@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale}],@var{onumber})}
329 The @var{number}, or the @var{apc}, or the @var{register}, or any two of
330 them, may be omitted. The @var{onumber} may be omitted. The
331 @var{register} and the @var{apc} may appear in either order. If both
332 @var{apc} and @var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size}
333 and @var{scale} are omitted, then the first register is taken as the
334 base register, and the second as the index register.
338 @section Floating Point
340 @cindex floating point, M680x0
341 @cindex M680x0 floating point
342 Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
343 Feel free to add the code!
345 The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
348 @cindex @code{float} directive, M680x0
350 @code{Single} precision floating point constants.
352 @cindex @code{double} directive, M680x0
354 @code{Double} precision floating point constants.
356 @cindex @code{extend} directive M680x0
357 @cindex @code{ldouble} directive M680x0
360 @code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants.
363 @node M68K-Directives
364 @section 680x0 Machine Directives
366 @cindex M680x0 directives
367 @cindex directives, M680x0
368 In order to be compatible with the Sun assembler the 680x0 assembler
369 understands the following directives.
372 @cindex @code{data1} directive, M680x0
374 This directive is identical to a @code{.data 1} directive.
376 @cindex @code{data2} directive, M680x0
378 This directive is identical to a @code{.data 2} directive.
380 @cindex @code{even} directive, M680x0
382 This directive is a special case of the @code{.align} directive; it
383 aligns the output to an even byte boundary.
385 @cindex @code{skip} directive, M680x0
387 This directive is identical to a @code{.space} directive.
394 @cindex M680x0 opcodes
395 @cindex opcodes, M680x0
396 @cindex instruction set, M680x0
397 @c doc@cygnus.com: I don't see any point in the following
398 @c paragraph. Bugs are bugs; how does saying this
401 Danger: Several bugs have been found in the opcode table (and
402 fixed). More bugs may exist. Be careful when using obscure
407 * M68K-Branch:: Branch Improvement
408 * M68K-Chars:: Special Characters
412 @subsection Branch Improvement
414 @cindex pseudo-opcodes, M680x0
415 @cindex M680x0 pseudo-opcodes
416 @cindex branch improvement, M680x0
417 @cindex M680x0 branch improvement
418 Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
419 They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
420 target. Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting @samp{j} for
421 @samp{b} at the start of a Motorola mnemonic.
423 The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations. A @code{*} flags
424 cases that are more fully described after the table:
428 +------------------------------------------------------------
429 | 68020 68000/10, not PC-relative OK
430 Pseudo-Op |BYTE WORD LONG ABSOLUTE LONG JUMP **
431 +------------------------------------------------------------
432 jbsr |bsrs bsrw bsrl jsr
433 jra |bras braw bral jmp
434 * jXX |bXXs bXXw bXXl bNXs;jmp
435 * dbXX | N/A dbXXw dbXX;bras;bral dbXX;bras;jmp
436 fjXX | N/A fbXXw fbXXl N/A
439 NX: negative of condition XX
442 @center @code{*}---see full description below
443 @center @code{**}---this expansion mode is disallowed by @samp{--pcrel}
448 These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
449 particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
450 branch target. This instruction will be a byte or word branch is that
451 is sufficient. Otherwise, a long branch will be emitted if available.
452 If no long branches are available and the @samp{--pcrel} option is not
453 given, an absolute long jump will be emitted instead. If no long
454 branches are available, the @samp{--pcrel} option is given, and a word
455 branch cannot reach the target, an error message is generated.
457 In addition to standard branch operands, @code{@value{AS}} allows these
458 pseudo-operations to have all operands that are allowed for jsr and jmp,
459 substituting these instructions if the operand given is not valid for a
463 Here, @samp{j@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
464 where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full
465 list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
467 jhi jls jcc jcs jne jeq jvc
468 jvs jpl jmi jge jlt jgt jle
471 Usually, each of these pseudo-operations expands to a single branch
472 instruction. However, if a word branch is not sufficient, no long branches
473 are available, and the @samp{--pcrel} option is not given, @code{@value{AS}}
474 issues a longer code fragment in terms of @var{NX}, the opposite condition
475 to @var{XX}. For example, under these conditions:
487 The full family of pseudo-operations covered here is
489 dbhi dbls dbcc dbcs dbne dbeq dbvc
490 dbvs dbpl dbmi dbge dblt dbgt dble
494 Motorola @samp{db@var{XX}} instructions allow word displacements only. When
495 a word displacement is sufficient, each of these pseudo-operations expands
496 to the corresponding Motorola instruction. When a word displacement is not
497 sufficient and long branches are available, when the source reads
498 @samp{db@var{XX} foo}, @code{@value{AS}} emits
506 If, however, long branches are not available and the @samp{--pcrel} option is
507 not given, @code{@value{AS}} emits
518 fjne fjeq fjge fjlt fjgt fjle fjf
519 fjt fjgl fjgle fjnge fjngl fjngle fjngt
520 fjnle fjnlt fjoge fjogl fjogt fjole fjolt
521 fjor fjseq fjsf fjsne fjst fjueq fjuge
522 fjugt fjule fjult fjun
525 Each of these pseudo-operations always expands to a single Motorola
526 coprocessor branch instruction, word or long. All Motorola coprocessor
527 branch instructions allow both word and long displacements.
532 @subsection Special Characters
534 @cindex special characters, M680x0
535 @cindex M680x0 immediate character
536 @cindex immediate character, M680x0
537 @cindex M680x0 line comment character
538 @cindex line comment character, M680x0
539 @cindex comments, M680x0
540 The immediate character is @samp{#} for Sun compatibility. The
541 line-comment character is @samp{|} (unless the @samp{--bitwise-or}
542 option is used). If a @samp{#} appears at the beginning of a line, it
543 is treated as a comment unless it looks like @samp{# line file}, in
544 which case it is treated normally.