1 @c Copyright 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011
2 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
9 @node Blackfin-Dependent
10 @chapter Blackfin Dependent Features
14 @node Machine Dependencies
15 @chapter Blackfin Dependent Features
18 @cindex Blackfin support
20 * Blackfin Options:: Blackfin Options
21 * Blackfin Syntax:: Blackfin Syntax
22 * Blackfin Directives:: Blackfin Directives
25 @node Blackfin Options
27 @cindex Blackfin options (none)
28 @cindex options for Blackfin (none)
33 @cindex @code{-mcpu=} command line option, Blackfin
34 @item -mcpu=@var{processor}@r{[}-@var{sirevision}@r{]}
35 This option specifies the target processor. The optional @var{sirevision}
36 is not used in assembler. It's here such that GCC can easily pass down its
37 @code{-mcpu=} option. The assembler will issue an
38 error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which
39 will not execute on the target processor. The following processor names are
57 @code{bf535} (not implemented yet),
76 @cindex @code{-mfdpic} command line option, Blackfin
78 Assemble for the FDPIC ABI.
80 @cindex @code{-mno-fdpic} command line option, Blackfin
81 @cindex @code{-mnopic} command line option, Blackfin
90 @cindex Blackfin syntax
91 @cindex syntax, Blackfin
94 @item Special Characters
95 Assembler input is free format and may appear anywhere on the line.
96 One instruction may extend across multiple lines or more than one
97 instruction may appear on the same line. White space (space, tab,
98 comments or newline) may appear anywhere between tokens. A token must
99 not have embedded spaces. Tokens include numbers, register names,
100 keywords, user identifiers, and also some multicharacter special
101 symbols like "+=", "/*" or "||".
103 Comments are introduced by the @samp{#} character and extend to the
104 end of the current line. If the @samp{#} appears as the first
105 character of a line, the whole line is treated as a comment, but in
106 this case the line can also be a logical line number directive
107 (@pxref{Comments}) or a preprocessor control command
108 (@pxref{Preprocessing}).
110 @item Instruction Delimiting
111 A semicolon must terminate every instruction. Sometimes a complete
112 instruction will consist of more than one operation. There are two
113 cases where this occurs. The first is when two general operations
114 are combined. Normally a comma separates the different parts, as in
117 a0= r3.h * r2.l, a1 = r3.l * r2.h ;
120 The second case occurs when a general instruction is combined with one
121 or two memory references for joint issue. The latter portions are
122 set off by a "||" token.
125 a0 = r3.h * r2.l || r1 = [p3++] || r4 = [i2++];
128 Multiple instructions can occur on the same line. Each must be
129 terminated by a semicolon character.
133 The assembler treats register names and instruction keywords in a case
134 insensitive manner. User identifiers are case sensitive. Thus, R3.l,
135 R3.L, r3.l and r3.L are all equivalent input to the assembler.
137 Register names are reserved and may not be used as program identifiers.
139 Some operations (such as "Move Register") require a register pair.
140 Register pairs are always data registers and are denoted using a colon,
141 eg., R3:2. The larger number must be written firsts. Note that the
142 hardware only supports odd-even pairs, eg., R7:6, R5:4, R3:2, and R1:0.
144 Some instructions (such as --SP (Push Multiple)) require a group of
145 adjacent registers. Adjacent registers are denoted in the syntax by
146 the range enclosed in parentheses and separated by a colon, eg., (R7:3).
147 Again, the larger number appears first.
149 Portions of a particular register may be individually specified. This
150 is written with a dot (".") following the register name and then a
151 letter denoting the desired portion. For 32-bit registers, ".H"
152 denotes the most significant ("High") portion. ".L" denotes the
153 least-significant portion. The subdivisions of the 40-bit registers
157 The set of 40-bit registers A1 and A0 that normally contain data that
158 is being manipulated. Each accumulator can be accessed in four ways.
161 @item one 40-bit register
162 The register will be referred to as A1 or A0.
163 @item one 32-bit register
164 The registers are designated as A1.W or A0.W.
165 @item two 16-bit registers
166 The registers are designated as A1.H, A1.L, A0.H or A0.L.
167 @item one 8-bit register
168 The registers are designated as A1.X or A0.X for the bits that
169 extend beyond bit 31.
173 The set of 32-bit registers (R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7) that
174 normally contain data for manipulation. These are abbreviated as
175 D-register or Dreg. Data registers can be accessed as 32-bit registers
176 or as two independent 16-bit registers. The least significant 16 bits
177 of each register is called the "low" half and is designated with ".L"
178 following the register name. The most significant 16 bits are called
179 the "high" half and is designated with ".H" following the name.
182 R7.L, r2.h, r4.L, R0.H
185 @item Pointer Registers
186 The set of 32-bit registers (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, SP and FP) that
187 normally contain byte addresses of data structures. These are
188 abbreviated as P-register or Preg.
194 @item Stack Pointer SP
195 The stack pointer contains the 32-bit address of the last occupied
196 byte location in the stack. The stack grows by decrementing the
199 @item Frame Pointer FP
200 The frame pointer contains the 32-bit address of the previous frame
201 pointer in the stack. It is located at the top of a frame.
204 LT0 and LT1. These registers contain the 32-bit address of the top of
205 a zero overhead loop.
208 LC0 and LC1. These registers contain the 32-bit counter of the zero
209 overhead loop executions.
212 LB0 and LB1. These registers contain the 32-bit address of the bottom
213 of a zero overhead loop.
215 @item Index Registers
216 The set of 32-bit registers (I0, I1, I2, I3) that normally contain byte
217 addresses of data structures. Abbreviated I-register or Ireg.
219 @item Modify Registers
220 The set of 32-bit registers (M0, M1, M2, M3) that normally contain
221 offset values that are added and subtracted to one of the index
222 registers. Abbreviated as Mreg.
224 @item Length Registers
225 The set of 32-bit registers (L0, L1, L2, L3) that normally contain the
226 length in bytes of the circular buffer. Abbreviated as Lreg. Clear
227 the Lreg to disable circular addressing for the corresponding Ireg.
230 The set of 32-bit registers (B0, B1, B2, B3) that normally contain the
231 base address in bytes of the circular buffer. Abbreviated as Breg.
234 The Blackfin family has no hardware floating point but the .float
235 directive generates ieee floating point numbers for use with software
236 floating point libraries.
238 @item Blackfin Opcodes
239 For detailed information on the Blackfin machine instruction set, see
240 the Blackfin(r) Processor Instruction Set Reference.
244 @node Blackfin Directives
246 @cindex Blackfin directives
247 @cindex directives, Blackfin
249 The following directives are provided for compatibility with the VDSP assembler.
253 Initializes a two byte data object.
255 This maps to the @code{.short} directive.
257 Initializes a four byte data object.
259 This maps to the @code{.int} directive.
261 Initializes a single byte data object.
263 This directive is a synonym for @code{.byte}.
265 Initializes a two byte data object.
267 This directive is a synonym for @code{.byte2}.
269 Initializes a four byte data object.
271 This directive is a synonym for @code{.byte4}.
273 Define and initialize a 32 bit data object.