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30 .\" @(#)dir.5 8.4 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
32 .Dd $Mdocdate: April 13 2012 $
38 .Nd directory file format
40 .Fd #include <sys/types.h>
41 .Fd #include <dirent.h>
43 Directories provide a convenient hierarchical method of grouping
44 files while obscuring the underlying details of the storage medium.
45 A directory file is differentiated from a plain file by a flag in its
48 It consists of records (directory entries) each of which contains
49 information about a file and a pointer to the file itself.
50 Directory entries may contain other directories as well as plain files;
51 such nested directories are referred to as subdirectories.
52 A hierarchy of directories and files is formed in this manner
53 and is called a file system (or referred to as a file system tree).
54 .\" An entry in this tree,
55 .\" nested or not nested,
58 Each directory file contains two special directory entries; one is a pointer
59 to the directory itself called dot
61 and the other a pointer to its parent directory called dot-dot
63 Dot and dot-dot are valid pathnames, however, the system root directory
65 has no parent and dot-dot points to itself like dot.
67 File system nodes are ordinary directory files on which has
68 been grafted a file system object, such as a physical disk or a
69 partitioned area of such a disk (see
72 The directory entry format is defined in the file
76 * A directory entry has a struct dirent at the front of it, containing
77 * its inode number, the length of the entry, and the length of the name
78 * contained in the entry. These are followed by the name padded to a 4
79 * byte boundary with null bytes. All names are guaranteed NUL terminated.
80 * The maximum length of a name in a directory is MAXNAMLEN.
84 u_int32_t d_fileno; /* file number of entry */
85 u_int16_t d_reclen; /* length of this record */
86 u_int8_t d_type; /* file type, see below */
87 u_int8_t d_namlen; /* length of string in d_name */
89 char d_name[MAXNAMLEN + 1]; /* maximum name length */
92 #define d_ino d_fileno /* backward compatibility */
107 * Convert between stat structure types and directory types.
109 #define IFTODT(mode) (((mode) & 0170000) >> 12)
110 #define DTTOIF(dirtype) ((dirtype) << 12)
113 .Xr getdirentries 2 ,
119 file format appeared in