1 .. _devcycle-application-structure:
12 This chapter of the Developer's Guide describes the general structure of a
13 Native Client application. The chapter assumes you are familiar with the
14 material presented in the :doc:`Technical Overview <../../overview>`.
20 The "Hello, World" example is used here to illustrate basic
21 Native Client programming techniques. You can find this code in the
22 */getting_started/part1* directory in the Native Client SDK download.
24 Application components
25 ======================
27 A Native Client application typically contains the following components:
30 * JavaScript code, which can be included in the HTML file or contained in one or
31 more separate .js files;
32 * CSS styles, which can be included in the HTML file or contained in one or more
34 * a Native Client manifest file (with a .nmf extension) that specifies how to
35 load a Native Client module for different processors; and
36 * a Native Client module, written in C or C++, and compiled into a portable
37 executable file (with a .pexe extension) or (if using the Chrome Web Store),
38 architecture-specific executable files (with .nexe extensions).
41 Applications that are published in the `Chrome Web Store
42 <https://chrome.google.com/webstore/search?q=%22Native+Client%22+OR+NativeClient+OR+NaCl>`_
44 Web Store manifest file ``(manifest.json)`` and one or more icon files.
48 HTML file and the <embed> element
49 =================================
51 The ``<embed>`` element in an HTML file triggers the loading of a Native Client
52 module and specifies the rectangle on the web page that is managed by the
53 module. Here is the <embed> element from the "Hello, World" application:
57 <embed id="hello_tutorial"
59 src="hello_tutorial.nmf"
60 type="application/x-pnacl" />
62 In the ``<embed>`` element:
65 is the DOM name attribute for the Native Client module
66 ("nacl_module" is often used as a convention)
68 specifies the DOM ID for the Native Client module
70 specify the size in pixels of the rectangle on the web page that is
71 managed by the Native Client module (if the module does not have a
72 visible area, these values can be 0)
74 refers to the Native Client manifest file that is used to determine
75 which version of a module to load based on the architecture of the
76 user's computer (see the following section for more information)
78 specifies the MIME type of the embedded content; for Portable Native Client
79 modules the type must be "application/x-pnacl". For architecture-specific
80 Native Client modules the type must be "application/x-nacl"
88 Native Client applications have two types of manifest files: a Chrome Web Store
89 manifest file and a Native Client manifest file.
91 A **Chrome Web Store manifest file** is a file with information about a web
92 application that is published in the Chrome Web Store. This file, named
93 ``manifest.json``, is required for applications that are published in the
94 Chrome Web Store. For more information about this file see :doc:`Distributing
95 Your Application <../distributing>`. and the `Chrome Web Store manifest file
96 format </extensions/manifest>`_.
98 A **Native Client manifest file** is a file that specifies which Native Client
99 module (executable) to load. For PNaCl it specifies a single portable
100 executable; otherwise it specifies one for each of the supported end-user
101 computer architectures (for example x86-32, x86-64, or ARM). This file is
102 required for all Native Client applications. The extension for this file is
105 Manifest files for applications that use PNaCl are simple. Here is the manifest
106 for the hello world example:
114 "url": "hello_tutorial.pexe"
121 For Chrome Web Store applications that do not use PNaCl, a typical manifest file
122 contains a `JSON <http://www.json.org/>`_ dictionary with a single top-level
123 key/value pair: the "program" key and a value consisting of a nested
124 dictionary. The nested dictionary contains keys corresponding to the names of
125 the supported computer architectures, and values referencing the file to load
126 for a given architecture—specifically, the URL of the .nexe file, given by the
127 ``"url"`` key. URLs are specified relative to the location of the manifest file.
135 "url": "hello_tutorial_x86_32.nexe"
138 "url": "hello_tutorial_x86_64.nexe"
141 "url": "hello_tutorial_arm.nexe"
146 For applications that use the :ref:`glibc<c_libraries>`
147 library, the manifest file must also contain a "files" key that specifies the
148 shared libraries that the applications use. This is discussed in detail in
149 :doc:`Dynamic Linking and Loading with glibc<../devcycle/dynamic-loading>`. To
150 see some example manifest files, build some of the example applications in the
151 SDK (run ``make`` in the example subdirectories) and look at the generated
154 In most cases, you can simply use the Python script provided with the SDK,
155 ``create_nmf.py``, to create a manifest file for your application as part of the
156 compilation step (see the Makefile in any of the SDK examples for an
157 illustration of how to do so). The manifest file format is also
158 :doc:`documented<../../reference/nacl-manifest-format>`.
160 Modules and instances
161 =====================
163 A Native Client **module** is C or C++ code compiled into a PNaCl .pexe file or
166 An **instance** is a rectangle on a web page that is managed by a module. An
167 instance may have a dimension of width=0 and height=0, meaning that the instance
168 does not have any visible component on the web page. An instance is created by
169 including an ``<embed>`` element in a web page. The ``<embed>`` element
170 references a Native Client manifest file that loads the appropriate version of
171 the module (either portable, or specific to the end-user's architecture). A
172 module may be included in a web page multiple times by using multiple
173 ``<embed>`` elements that refer to the module; in this case the Native Client
174 runtime system loads the module once and creates multiple instances that are
175 managed by the module.
178 Native Client modules: A closer look
179 ====================================
181 A Native Client module must include three components:
183 * a factory function called ``CreateModule()``
184 * a Module class (derived from the ``pp::Module`` class)
185 * an Instance class (derived from the ``pp:Instance`` class)
187 In the "Hello tutorial" example (in the ``getting_started/part1`` directory of
188 the NaCl SDK), these three components are specified in the file
189 ``hello_tutorial.cc``. Here is the factory function:
193 Module* CreateModule() {
194 return new HelloTutorialModule();
197 Native Client modules do not have a ``main()`` function. The ``CreateModule()``
198 factory function is the main binding point between a module and the browser, and
199 serves as the entry point into the module. The browser calls ``CreateModule()``
200 when a module is first loaded; this function returns a Module object derived
201 from the ``pp::Module`` class. The browser keeps a singleton of the Module
204 Below is the Module class from the "Hello tutorial" example:
208 class HelloTutorialModule : public pp::Module {
210 HelloTutorialModule() : pp::Module() {}
211 virtual ~HelloTutorialModule() {}
213 virtual pp::Instance* CreateInstance(PP_Instance instance) {
214 return new HelloTutorialInstance(instance);
218 The Module class must include a ``CreateInstance()`` method. The browser calls
219 the ``CreateInstance()`` method every time it encounters an ``<embed>`` element
220 on a web page that references the same module. The ``CreateInstance()`` function
221 creates and returns an Instance object derived from the ``pp::Instance`` class.
223 Below is the Instance class from the "Hello tutorial" example:
227 class HelloTutorialInstance : public pp::Instance {
229 explicit HelloTutorialInstance(PP_Instance instance) : pp::Instance(instance) {}
230 virtual ~HelloTutorialInstance() {}
232 virtual void HandleMessage(const pp::Var& var_message) {}
236 As in the example above, the Instance class for your module will likely include
237 an implementation of the ``HandleMessage()`` function. The browser calls an
238 instance's ``HandleMessage()`` function every time the JavaScript code in an
239 application calls ``postMessage()`` to send a message to the instance. See the
240 :doc:`Native Client messaging system<message-system>` for more information about
241 how to send messages between JavaScript code and Native Client modules.
243 The NaCl code is only invoked to handle various browser-issued
244 events and callbacks. There is no need to shut down the NaCl instance by
245 calling the ``exit()`` function. NaCl modules will be shut down when the user
246 leaves the web page, or the NaCl module's ``<embed>`` is otherwise destroyed.
247 If the NaCl module does call the ``exit()`` function, the instance will
248 issue a ``crash`` event
249 :doc:`which can be handled in Javascript<progress-events>`.
251 While the ``CreateModule()`` factory function, the ``Module`` class, and the
252 ``Instance`` class are required for a Native Client application, the code
253 samples shown above don't actually do anything. Subsequent chapters in the
254 Developer's Guide build on these code samples and add more interesting