1 // Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
2 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
3 // found in the LICENSE file.
5 #include "media/filters/skcanvas_video_renderer.h"
7 #include "gpu/GLES2/gl2extchromium.h"
8 #include "gpu/command_buffer/client/gles2_interface.h"
9 #include "gpu/command_buffer/common/mailbox_holder.h"
10 #include "media/base/video_frame.h"
11 #include "media/base/yuv_convert.h"
12 #include "skia/ext/refptr.h"
13 #include "third_party/libyuv/include/libyuv.h"
14 #include "third_party/skia/include/core/SkCanvas.h"
15 #include "third_party/skia/include/core/SkImageGenerator.h"
16 #include "third_party/skia/include/gpu/GrContext.h"
17 #include "third_party/skia/include/gpu/SkGrPixelRef.h"
18 #include "ui/gfx/skbitmap_operations.h"
20 // Skia internal format depends on a platform. On Android it is ABGR, on others
22 #if SK_B32_SHIFT == 0 && SK_G32_SHIFT == 8 && SK_R32_SHIFT == 16 && \
24 #define LIBYUV_I420_TO_ARGB libyuv::I420ToARGB
25 #define LIBYUV_I422_TO_ARGB libyuv::I422ToARGB
26 #elif SK_R32_SHIFT == 0 && SK_G32_SHIFT == 8 && SK_B32_SHIFT == 16 && \
28 #define LIBYUV_I420_TO_ARGB libyuv::I420ToABGR
29 #define LIBYUV_I422_TO_ARGB libyuv::I422ToABGR
31 #error Unexpected Skia ARGB_8888 layout!
38 // This class keeps two temporary resources; software bitmap, hardware bitmap.
39 // If both bitmap are created and then only software bitmap is updated every
40 // frame, hardware bitmap outlives until the media player dies. So we delete
41 // a temporary resource if it is not used for 3 sec.
42 const int kTemporaryResourceDeletionDelay
= 3; // Seconds;
44 bool IsYUV(media::VideoFrame::Format format
) {
46 case VideoFrame::YV12
:
47 case VideoFrame::YV16
:
48 case VideoFrame::I420
:
49 case VideoFrame::YV12A
:
50 case VideoFrame::YV12J
:
51 case VideoFrame::YV12HD
:
52 case VideoFrame::YV24
:
53 case VideoFrame::NV12
:
55 case VideoFrame::UNKNOWN
:
56 case VideoFrame::NATIVE_TEXTURE
:
57 #if defined(VIDEO_HOLE)
58 case VideoFrame::HOLE
:
59 #endif // defined(VIDEO_HOLE)
60 case VideoFrame::ARGB
:
63 NOTREACHED() << "Invalid videoframe format provided: " << format
;
67 bool IsJPEGColorSpace(media::VideoFrame::Format format
) {
69 case VideoFrame::YV12J
:
71 case VideoFrame::YV12
:
72 case VideoFrame::YV12HD
:
73 case VideoFrame::YV16
:
74 case VideoFrame::I420
:
75 case VideoFrame::YV12A
:
76 case VideoFrame::YV24
:
77 case VideoFrame::NV12
:
78 case VideoFrame::UNKNOWN
:
79 case VideoFrame::NATIVE_TEXTURE
:
80 #if defined(VIDEO_HOLE)
81 case VideoFrame::HOLE
:
82 #endif // defined(VIDEO_HOLE)
83 case VideoFrame::ARGB
:
86 NOTREACHED() << "Invalid videoframe format provided: " << format
;
90 bool IsYUVOrNative(media::VideoFrame::Format format
) {
91 return IsYUV(format
) || format
== media::VideoFrame::NATIVE_TEXTURE
;
94 // Converts a |video_frame| to raw |rgb_pixels|.
95 void ConvertVideoFrameToRGBPixels(
96 const scoped_refptr
<media::VideoFrame
>& video_frame
,
99 DCHECK(IsYUVOrNative(video_frame
->format()))
100 << video_frame
->format();
101 if (IsYUV(video_frame
->format())) {
102 DCHECK_EQ(video_frame
->stride(media::VideoFrame::kUPlane
),
103 video_frame
->stride(media::VideoFrame::kVPlane
));
107 size_t uv_offset
= 0;
108 if (IsYUV(video_frame
->format())) {
109 int y_shift
= (video_frame
->format() == media::VideoFrame::YV16
) ? 0 : 1;
110 // Use the "left" and "top" of the destination rect to locate the offset
111 // in Y, U and V planes.
112 y_offset
= (video_frame
->stride(media::VideoFrame::kYPlane
) *
113 video_frame
->visible_rect().y()) +
114 video_frame
->visible_rect().x();
115 // For format YV12, there is one U, V value per 2x2 block.
116 // For format YV16, there is one U, V value per 2x1 block.
117 uv_offset
= (video_frame
->stride(media::VideoFrame::kUPlane
) *
118 (video_frame
->visible_rect().y() >> y_shift
)) +
119 (video_frame
->visible_rect().x() >> 1);
122 switch (video_frame
->format()) {
123 case VideoFrame::YV12
:
124 case VideoFrame::I420
:
126 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kYPlane
) + y_offset
,
127 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kYPlane
),
128 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kUPlane
) + uv_offset
,
129 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kUPlane
),
130 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kVPlane
) + uv_offset
,
131 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kVPlane
),
132 static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
134 video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
135 video_frame
->visible_rect().height());
138 case VideoFrame::YV12J
:
140 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kYPlane
) + y_offset
,
141 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kUPlane
) + uv_offset
,
142 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kVPlane
) + uv_offset
,
143 static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
144 video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
145 video_frame
->visible_rect().height(),
146 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kYPlane
),
147 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kUPlane
),
152 case VideoFrame::YV12HD
:
154 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kYPlane
) + y_offset
,
155 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kUPlane
) + uv_offset
,
156 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kVPlane
) + uv_offset
,
157 static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
158 video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
159 video_frame
->visible_rect().height(),
160 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kYPlane
),
161 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kUPlane
),
166 case VideoFrame::YV16
:
168 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kYPlane
) + y_offset
,
169 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kYPlane
),
170 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kUPlane
) + uv_offset
,
171 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kUPlane
),
172 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kVPlane
) + uv_offset
,
173 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kVPlane
),
174 static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
176 video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
177 video_frame
->visible_rect().height());
180 case VideoFrame::YV12A
:
181 // Since libyuv doesn't support YUVA, fallback to media, which is not ARM
183 // TODO(fbarchard, mtomasz): Use libyuv, then copy the alpha channel.
185 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kYPlane
) + y_offset
,
186 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kUPlane
) + uv_offset
,
187 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kVPlane
) + uv_offset
,
188 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kAPlane
),
189 static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
190 video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
191 video_frame
->visible_rect().height(),
192 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kYPlane
),
193 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kUPlane
),
194 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kAPlane
),
199 case VideoFrame::YV24
:
201 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kYPlane
) + y_offset
,
202 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kYPlane
),
203 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kUPlane
) + uv_offset
,
204 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kUPlane
),
205 video_frame
->data(VideoFrame::kVPlane
) + uv_offset
,
206 video_frame
->stride(VideoFrame::kVPlane
),
207 static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
209 video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
210 video_frame
->visible_rect().height());
211 #if SK_R32_SHIFT == 0 && SK_G32_SHIFT == 8 && SK_B32_SHIFT == 16 && \
213 libyuv::ARGBToABGR(static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
215 static_cast<uint8
*>(rgb_pixels
),
217 video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
218 video_frame
->visible_rect().height());
222 case VideoFrame::NATIVE_TEXTURE
: {
225 SkImageInfo::MakeN32Premul(video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
226 video_frame
->visible_rect().height()),
229 video_frame
->ReadPixelsFromNativeTexture(tmp
);
233 #if defined(VIDEO_HOLE)
234 case VideoFrame::HOLE
:
235 #endif // defined(VIDEO_HOLE)
236 case VideoFrame::ARGB
:
237 case VideoFrame::UNKNOWN
:
238 case VideoFrame::NV12
:
243 bool IsSkBitmapProperlySizedTexture(const SkBitmap
* bitmap
,
244 const gfx::Size
& size
) {
245 return bitmap
->getTexture() && bitmap
->width() == size
.width() &&
246 bitmap
->height() == size
.height();
249 bool AllocateSkBitmapTexture(GrContext
* gr
,
251 const gfx::Size
& size
) {
254 // Use kRGBA_8888_GrPixelConfig, not kSkia8888_GrPixelConfig, to avoid
255 // RGBA to BGRA conversion.
256 desc
.fConfig
= kRGBA_8888_GrPixelConfig
;
257 desc
.fFlags
= kRenderTarget_GrTextureFlagBit
| kNoStencil_GrTextureFlagBit
;
259 desc
.fOrigin
= kTopLeft_GrSurfaceOrigin
;
260 desc
.fWidth
= size
.width();
261 desc
.fHeight
= size
.height();
262 skia::RefPtr
<GrTexture
> texture
= skia::AdoptRef(
263 gr
->refScratchTexture(desc
, GrContext::kExact_ScratchTexMatch
));
267 SkImageInfo info
= SkImageInfo::MakeN32Premul(desc
.fWidth
, desc
.fHeight
);
268 SkGrPixelRef
* pixel_ref
= SkNEW_ARGS(SkGrPixelRef
, (info
, texture
.get()));
271 bitmap
->setInfo(info
);
272 bitmap
->setPixelRef(pixel_ref
)->unref();
276 bool CopyVideoFrameTextureToSkBitmapTexture(VideoFrame
* video_frame
,
278 const Context3D
& context_3d
) {
279 // Check if we could reuse existing texture based bitmap.
280 // Otherwise, release existing texture based bitmap and allocate
281 // a new one based on video size.
282 if (!IsSkBitmapProperlySizedTexture(bitmap
,
283 video_frame
->visible_rect().size())) {
284 if (!AllocateSkBitmapTexture(context_3d
.gr_context
, bitmap
,
285 video_frame
->visible_rect().size())) {
290 unsigned texture_id
=
291 static_cast<unsigned>((bitmap
->getTexture())->getTextureHandle());
292 // If CopyVideoFrameTextureToGLTexture() changes the state of the
293 // |texture_id|, it's needed to invalidate the state cached in skia,
294 // but currently the state isn't changed.
295 SkCanvasVideoRenderer::CopyVideoFrameTextureToGLTexture(
296 context_3d
.gl
, video_frame
, texture_id
, 0, GL_RGBA
, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
,
301 class SyncPointClientImpl
: public VideoFrame::SyncPointClient
{
303 explicit SyncPointClientImpl(gpu::gles2::GLES2Interface
* gl
) : gl_(gl
) {}
304 ~SyncPointClientImpl() override
{}
305 uint32
InsertSyncPoint() override
{ return gl_
->InsertSyncPointCHROMIUM(); }
306 void WaitSyncPoint(uint32 sync_point
) override
{
307 gl_
->WaitSyncPointCHROMIUM(sync_point
);
311 gpu::gles2::GLES2Interface
* gl_
;
313 DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(SyncPointClientImpl
);
316 } // anonymous namespace
318 // Generates an RGB image from a VideoFrame. Convert YUV to RGB plain on GPU.
319 class VideoImageGenerator
: public SkImageGenerator
{
321 VideoImageGenerator(const scoped_refptr
<VideoFrame
>& frame
) : frame_(frame
) {
322 DCHECK(frame_
.get());
324 ~VideoImageGenerator() override
{}
326 void set_frame(const scoped_refptr
<VideoFrame
>& frame
) { frame_
= frame
; }
329 bool onGetInfo(SkImageInfo
* info
) override
{
330 info
->fWidth
= frame_
->visible_rect().width();
331 info
->fHeight
= frame_
->visible_rect().height();
332 info
->fColorType
= kN32_SkColorType
;
333 info
->fAlphaType
= kPremul_SkAlphaType
;
337 bool onGetPixels(const SkImageInfo
& info
,
341 int* ctable_count
) override
{
346 // If skia couldn't do the YUV conversion on GPU, we will on CPU.
347 ConvertVideoFrameToRGBPixels(frame_
, pixels
, row_bytes
);
351 bool onGetYUV8Planes(SkISize sizes
[3],
354 SkYUVColorSpace
* color_space
) override
{
355 if (!frame_
.get() || !IsYUV(frame_
->format()) ||
356 // TODO(rileya): Skia currently doesn't support Rec709 YUV conversion,
357 // Remove this case once it does. As-is we will fall back on the
358 // pure-software path in this case.
359 frame_
->format() == VideoFrame::YV12HD
) {
364 if (IsJPEGColorSpace(frame_
->format()))
365 *color_space
= kJPEG_SkYUVColorSpace
;
367 *color_space
= kRec601_SkYUVColorSpace
;
370 for (int plane
= VideoFrame::kYPlane
; plane
<= VideoFrame::kVPlane
;
375 VideoFrame::PlaneSize(frame_
->format(),
377 gfx::Size(frame_
->visible_rect().width(),
378 frame_
->visible_rect().height()));
379 sizes
[plane
].set(size
.width(), size
.height());
381 if (row_bytes
&& planes
) {
383 int y_shift
= (frame_
->format() == media::VideoFrame::YV16
) ? 0 : 1;
384 if (plane
== media::VideoFrame::kYPlane
) {
385 offset
= (frame_
->stride(media::VideoFrame::kYPlane
) *
386 frame_
->visible_rect().y()) +
387 frame_
->visible_rect().x();
389 offset
= (frame_
->stride(media::VideoFrame::kUPlane
) *
390 (frame_
->visible_rect().y() >> y_shift
)) +
391 (frame_
->visible_rect().x() >> 1);
393 row_bytes
[plane
] = static_cast<size_t>(frame_
->stride(plane
));
394 planes
[plane
] = frame_
->data(plane
) + offset
;
401 scoped_refptr
<VideoFrame
> frame_
;
403 DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(VideoImageGenerator
);
406 SkCanvasVideoRenderer::SkCanvasVideoRenderer()
407 : last_frame_timestamp_(media::kNoTimestamp()),
408 frame_deleting_timer_(
410 base::TimeDelta::FromSeconds(kTemporaryResourceDeletionDelay
),
412 &SkCanvasVideoRenderer::ResetLastFrame
),
413 accelerated_generator_(nullptr),
414 accelerated_last_frame_timestamp_(media::kNoTimestamp()),
415 accelerated_frame_deleting_timer_(
417 base::TimeDelta::FromSeconds(kTemporaryResourceDeletionDelay
),
419 &SkCanvasVideoRenderer::ResetAcceleratedLastFrame
) {
420 last_frame_
.setIsVolatile(true);
423 SkCanvasVideoRenderer::~SkCanvasVideoRenderer() {}
425 void SkCanvasVideoRenderer::Paint(const scoped_refptr
<VideoFrame
>& video_frame
,
427 const gfx::RectF
& dest_rect
,
429 SkXfermode::Mode mode
,
430 VideoRotation video_rotation
,
431 const Context3D
& context_3d
) {
437 dest
.set(dest_rect
.x(), dest_rect
.y(), dest_rect
.right(), dest_rect
.bottom());
440 paint
.setAlpha(alpha
);
442 // Paint black rectangle if there isn't a frame available or the
443 // frame has an unexpected format.
444 if (!video_frame
.get() || video_frame
->natural_size().IsEmpty() ||
445 !IsYUVOrNative(video_frame
->format())) {
446 canvas
->drawRect(dest
, paint
);
451 SkBitmap
* target_frame
= nullptr;
452 if (canvas
->getGrContext()) {
453 if (accelerated_last_frame_
.isNull() ||
454 video_frame
->timestamp() != accelerated_last_frame_timestamp_
) {
455 if (video_frame
->format() == VideoFrame::NATIVE_TEXTURE
) {
456 // Draw HW Video on HW Canvas.
457 DCHECK(context_3d
.gl
);
458 DCHECK(context_3d
.gr_context
);
459 if (accelerated_generator_
) {
460 // Reset SkBitmap used in SWVideo-to-HWCanvas path.
461 accelerated_last_frame_
.reset();
462 accelerated_generator_
= nullptr;
464 if (!CopyVideoFrameTextureToSkBitmapTexture(
465 video_frame
.get(), &accelerated_last_frame_
, context_3d
)) {
470 // Draw SW Video on HW Canvas.
471 if (!accelerated_generator_
&& !accelerated_last_frame_
.isNull()) {
472 // Reset SkBitmap used in HWVideo-to-HWCanvas path.
473 accelerated_last_frame_
.reset();
475 accelerated_generator_
= new VideoImageGenerator(video_frame
);
477 // Note: This takes ownership of |accelerated_generator_|.
478 if (!SkInstallDiscardablePixelRef(accelerated_generator_
,
479 &accelerated_last_frame_
)) {
484 DCHECK(video_frame
->visible_rect().width() ==
485 accelerated_last_frame_
.width() &&
486 video_frame
->visible_rect().height() ==
487 accelerated_last_frame_
.height());
489 accelerated_last_frame_timestamp_
= video_frame
->timestamp();
490 } else if (accelerated_generator_
) {
491 accelerated_generator_
->set_frame(video_frame
);
493 target_frame
= &accelerated_last_frame_
;
494 accelerated_frame_deleting_timer_
.Reset();
496 // Draw both SW and HW Video on SW Canvas.
497 if (last_frame_
.isNull() ||
498 video_frame
->timestamp() != last_frame_timestamp_
) {
499 // Check if |bitmap| needs to be (re)allocated.
500 if (last_frame_
.isNull() ||
501 last_frame_
.width() != video_frame
->visible_rect().width() ||
502 last_frame_
.height() != video_frame
->visible_rect().height()) {
503 last_frame_
.allocN32Pixels(video_frame
->visible_rect().width(),
504 video_frame
->visible_rect().height());
505 last_frame_
.setIsVolatile(true);
507 last_frame_
.lockPixels();
508 ConvertVideoFrameToRGBPixels(
509 video_frame
, last_frame_
.getPixels(), last_frame_
.rowBytes());
510 last_frame_
.notifyPixelsChanged();
511 last_frame_
.unlockPixels();
512 last_frame_timestamp_
= video_frame
->timestamp();
514 target_frame
= &last_frame_
;
515 frame_deleting_timer_
.Reset();
518 paint
.setXfermodeMode(mode
);
519 paint
.setFilterLevel(SkPaint::kLow_FilterLevel
);
521 bool need_transform
=
522 video_rotation
!= VIDEO_ROTATION_0
||
523 dest_rect
.size() != video_frame
->visible_rect().size() ||
524 !dest_rect
.origin().IsOrigin();
525 if (need_transform
) {
528 SkFloatToScalar(dest_rect
.x() + (dest_rect
.width() * 0.5f
)),
529 SkFloatToScalar(dest_rect
.y() + (dest_rect
.height() * 0.5f
)));
530 SkScalar angle
= SkFloatToScalar(0.0f
);
531 switch (video_rotation
) {
532 case VIDEO_ROTATION_0
:
534 case VIDEO_ROTATION_90
:
535 angle
= SkFloatToScalar(90.0f
);
537 case VIDEO_ROTATION_180
:
538 angle
= SkFloatToScalar(180.0f
);
540 case VIDEO_ROTATION_270
:
541 angle
= SkFloatToScalar(270.0f
);
544 canvas
->rotate(angle
);
546 gfx::SizeF rotated_dest_size
= dest_rect
.size();
547 if (video_rotation
== VIDEO_ROTATION_90
||
548 video_rotation
== VIDEO_ROTATION_270
) {
550 gfx::SizeF(rotated_dest_size
.height(), rotated_dest_size
.width());
553 SkFloatToScalar(rotated_dest_size
.width() / target_frame
->width()),
554 SkFloatToScalar(rotated_dest_size
.height() / target_frame
->height()));
555 canvas
->translate(-SkFloatToScalar(target_frame
->width() * 0.5f
),
556 -SkFloatToScalar(target_frame
->height() * 0.5f
));
558 canvas
->drawBitmap(*target_frame
, 0, 0, &paint
);
562 // SkCanvas::flush() causes the generator to generate SkImage, so delete
563 // |video_frame| not to be outlived.
564 if (canvas
->getGrContext() && accelerated_generator_
)
565 accelerated_generator_
->set_frame(nullptr);
568 void SkCanvasVideoRenderer::Copy(const scoped_refptr
<VideoFrame
>& video_frame
,
570 Paint(video_frame
, canvas
, video_frame
->visible_rect(), 0xff,
571 SkXfermode::kSrc_Mode
, media::VIDEO_ROTATION_0
, Context3D());
575 void SkCanvasVideoRenderer::CopyVideoFrameTextureToGLTexture(
576 gpu::gles2::GLES2Interface
* gl
,
577 VideoFrame
* video_frame
,
578 unsigned int texture
,
580 unsigned int internal_format
,
582 bool premultiply_alpha
,
584 DCHECK(video_frame
&& video_frame
->format() == VideoFrame::NATIVE_TEXTURE
);
585 const gpu::MailboxHolder
* mailbox_holder
= video_frame
->mailbox_holder();
586 DCHECK(mailbox_holder
->texture_target
== GL_TEXTURE_2D
||
587 mailbox_holder
->texture_target
== GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB
||
588 mailbox_holder
->texture_target
== GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES
);
590 gl
->WaitSyncPointCHROMIUM(mailbox_holder
->sync_point
);
591 uint32 source_texture
= gl
->CreateAndConsumeTextureCHROMIUM(
592 mailbox_holder
->texture_target
, mailbox_holder
->mailbox
.name
);
594 // The video is stored in a unmultiplied format, so premultiply
596 gl
->PixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_CHROMIUM
, premultiply_alpha
);
597 // Application itself needs to take care of setting the right |flip_y|
598 // value down to get the expected result.
599 // "flip_y == true" means to reverse the video orientation while
600 // "flip_y == false" means to keep the intrinsic orientation.
601 gl
->PixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_FLIP_Y_CHROMIUM
, flip_y
);
602 gl
->CopyTextureCHROMIUM(GL_TEXTURE_2D
, source_texture
, texture
, level
,
603 internal_format
, type
);
604 gl
->PixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_FLIP_Y_CHROMIUM
, false);
605 gl
->PixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_CHROMIUM
, false);
607 gl
->DeleteTextures(1, &source_texture
);
610 SyncPointClientImpl
client(gl
);
611 video_frame
->UpdateReleaseSyncPoint(&client
);
614 void SkCanvasVideoRenderer::ResetLastFrame() {
616 last_frame_timestamp_
= media::kNoTimestamp();
619 void SkCanvasVideoRenderer::ResetAcceleratedLastFrame() {
620 accelerated_last_frame_
.reset();
621 accelerated_generator_
= nullptr;
622 accelerated_last_frame_timestamp_
= media::kNoTimestamp();